阅读解题步骤方法.ppt

1、,阅读理解 解题步骤及方法,1. 典型英语文章的写作脉络和答题步骤及技巧 总的来说，英语文章结构比较严谨，脉络清楚，所以我们在读任何文章的时候，脑子里面一定要有一根线，先掌握了典型文章的展开方法，再加上一些引子等，就成了所有四级阅读文章的结构。我们先以2000年6月的文章为例进行讲解体会。,请在2分钟以内读完这篇文章：,Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform

2、 of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States? Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to expect supe

3、rior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter

4、to lose professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform?,Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible（可减税的）. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. Primary among the arguments against

5、 uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, s

6、peak, and act similarly, on the job at least. Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the

7、home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.,Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the

8、United States? Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to

9、inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform?,Uniforms also have many practical ben

10、efits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible（可减税的）. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people w

11、ho must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least. Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. T

12、hough they are long lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.,文章第一段给出了主题：uniforms，并且提出了问题：Why are u

13、niforms so popular in the United States? 在第二段作者讨论支持制服的主要原因，我们需要注意两个词：for, first。第三段紧接着提到制服的一些实际的好处。 第四段作者的笔锋一转，提到反对制服的主要原因，两个关键词是：primary, against。同样，在第五段给出的是一些反对制服的实际问题。 本文可以分为主题段（第一段）和展开段（第二、三和四、五段）。其中二、三段是一个小的展开，四、五段是第二个小的展开。读到这里，同学们实际上应该知道，这篇文章主要讲的是制服的优点（第二、三段）和缺点（第四、五段）。那么做本文的第五题就很容易了：,5. The b

14、est title for this passage would be . A) Uniforms and Society B) The Importance of Wearing a Uniform C) Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform D) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms,而且我们可以有这样的判断：第二、四段应该是老师出题的重点，因为它们讲的是主要的方面；而三、五段可以一带而过，因为讨论的是一些次要的内容。同时，我们应该了解每篇文章不是每一句话都要仔细读的。实际上，每篇文章都有四分之一左右的内

15、容不需要读。如果我们觉得有一句话不读就不放心的话，那么可以读，但是对那些次要的内容不能花过多的时间，基本上扫一眼知道不重要就行了。 请读本文的前四题，并且找到它们在文中对应的地方（先不要做题）：,1. It is surprising that Americans who worship variety and individuality . A) still judge a man by his clothes B) hold the uniform in such high regard C) enjoy having a professional identity D) will res

16、pect an elevator operator as much as a general in uniform 2. People are accustomed to thinking that a man in uniform . A) suggests quality work B) discards his social identity C) appears to be more practical D) looks superior to a person in civilian clothes,3. The chief function of a uniform is to .

17、 A) provide practical benefits to the wearer B) make the wearer catch the public eye C) inspire the wearers confidence in himself D) provide the wearer with a professional identity 4. According to the passage, people wearing uniforms . A) are usually helpful B) have little or no individual freedom C

18、) tend to lose their individuality D) enjoy greater popularity 可以看出，第一题出自第一段，中间两题出自第二段，第四题出自第四段。,总结起来，英文行文方式：倒金字塔形，即最重要的内容一般放在最前面加以介绍，越往后重要性越低。 在做阅读理解题时有两个标准：速度和准确度。一般同学们有两种阅读顺序： 读文章读题和选项回到文章中找答案检查； 读题目和选项读文章做题检查。 分析一下，第一种方法可能同学们读得比较细，准确度的要求容易达到，但绝大部分人是无法在规定时间内读完文章并做题的；而第二种方法容易达到速度的要求，准确度的要求又很难达到。,综

19、合这两种方法，可以归纳出既照顾速度又考虑准确度的阅读步骤： 1）Skim(略读) 2）Read the questions (without the choices) 3）Scan(查读) and locate 4）Review,1）浏览全文。拿到一篇文章我们先花2分钟左右的时间读第一段的头三句话和后面每一段的第一句话，目的是掌握全文主题和每段大意。因为绝大部分英语文章的行文方式呈倒金字塔形（见上述），通常最重要的内容放在前面。 2）读题干，但不要读选项，花1.5分钟左右。读时应把题干的关键词下划线，这样带着问题读文章，定位就精确多了。 3）查读和定位。花57分钟找到题目所在的地方，并且做题。

20、 4）检查。注意在检查时如果没有确凿把握，不要随意改动自己的第一选择，因为研究证明第一选择比第二选择的正确可能性大。,2.题型及应对策略,主旨题在每一篇文章中都会直接或间接地涉及， 所以读完一篇文章必须能够找出它的主题句，或自己 归纳出主题。 主旨题的题目形式一般为： The passage is mainly about _. Which of the following expresses the main idea of the passage? What is the general topic of the passage? The author is mainly concerne

21、d with _. The main theme of the passage is _. Paragraph 2 is mainly about _. Which of the following best summarizes the authors opinion? What is the authors purpose in writing this passage? The best title of this passage is _.,主题句出现的位置： 1）开门见山。绝大多数的文章主题句出现在开头。 2）水到渠成。小部分文章的主题句出现在结尾处。 3）前后呼应。即文章开头点题，

22、结尾总结，首尾结合给出主题。 4）中间也可点题。 5）留给读者自己归纳。有些英语作者喜欢和读者捉迷藏，有时出题老师也愿意找这类文章给考生设置一些障碍。,推论题 这类问题的难度相对较大，需要我们不仅读懂字面含义，而且理解其字里行间的隐含意思。 一般题目形式为： The author seems to be in favor of/against. We can infer/assume that. It can be concluded from the passage that. The passage suggests that. The author of the passage woul

23、d most likely imply. It can be learned that.,态度题 要做这类题目，需要我们了解全文的主题，而且还要找到一些信息词判断作者的态度或语气是什么。 态度题的提问方式有： What is the authors attitude in writing this passage? What is the authors tone? 解题技巧为： 1）掌握文章中心； 2）找到“信息词”。,可能的选项如下： arbitrary武断的 advisory建议的 complimentary赞扬的 concerned关心的,关注的 critical批评的 emotion

24、al情绪化的 sarcastic嘲讽的 ironical讥讽 humorous幽默的 indifferent漠不关心的 informative提供信息的 outraged愤怒的 descriptive描述的 explanatory解释的 sympathetic同情的 enthusiastic热情的 cautious小心翼翼的 objective客观的 neutral中庸的,不偏不倚的 compromising妥协的 subjective主观的 optimistic乐观的 pessimistic悲观的,词义题 有些问题是对于文章中的单词进行提问，即词义题。 词义题的题目形式有： The word

25、.in the first paragraph most probably means _. What is the meaning of .? By .the author refers to _. The expression .can be replaced by _. 词义题有两种情况： 1）超纲词汇。出题老师故意给出难词，要求同学们运用上下文各种信息找到意思。如“accentuate”，“cushion”等。 2）熟词生义。有些词同学们知道常用意思，但在文章中的意思就不一定了解。如“official”，“community”等。,1）下定义（Definition）：即在一个生词后面给

26、出它的定义，我们从定义就可以容易地找出生词的意思。 He takes a special interest in botanythe study of plants. 从破折号后面的注释我们知道“botany”意思为“植物学”。,解题时六大技巧,2）重述（Restatement）：在生词后面用一句话或一个短语从另外一个角度解释一下这个词。 He is very fastidious. It is extremely hard to please and satisfy him. First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial a

27、nd take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. The word “provincial” most probably means _. A) limited in outlook B) like people from the provinces C) rigid in thinking D) interested in world financial affairs,【解析】从“pro

28、vincial”后面的部分可知，美国人对于地方事务更感兴趣，比如对于世界地理的知识的了解在美国从来就不是很强。那么“provincial”最可能指美国人视野狭隘，答案为A。,3）相关信息（Related information）：用上下文的相关信息猜出生词的含义。 The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply dont mix as easily as I assumed in high s

29、chool. Individually they shape a person in very different ways; together they threaten to confuse. The word “they” in “.together they threaten to confuse” refers to _. A) practicality and rationality B) engineering and the liberal arts C) reality and noble ideals D) flexibility and a value system,【解

30、析】从第一句话可知，“they”指的是“engineering and the liberal arts”，即工科和文科。答案为B)。,4）举例（Exemplification）：即在生词后面用一个例子加以解释，我们从例子的含义可以推知生词的意思。 The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so

31、that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military? The author mentions the example of “backpacks” to show the importance of _. A) increasing usage among students B) exploring new market sections C) pleasing the young as well as the old D) serving both military and civil needs,【解析】文章提到后肩背包的例子是为了说明“market modification