THE--GILDED-AGE.ppt

1、THE GILDED,AGE 1878-1898,1.What is GILDED AGE 2.Background information and features 3.The cause, process and impact of the invasion,Key words: Industrialization 工业化 The American system 美国制度 Federal Reserve Act 联邦储备法案 Sherman Anti-trust Act 谢尔曼反托拉斯法 Urbanization 城市化 Nativism本土主义 Chinese Exclusion Act

2、 排华法案 Gentlemans Agreement 君子协定 Populist Movement 平民党运动 Peoples Party 人民党 Progressive Movement 进步运动,Cause of Industrialization,It was territory provided domestic market The American have abundant resources for industrialization American s inquisitiveness and acquisitiveness motived them to invent ne

3、w equipment .A very important invention was mass production known as the American system The railroad,SOCIAL IMPACT OFINDUSTRIALIZATION,A . Immigration and Urbanization,1.foreginUSA rural areacities 2.City life underwent fast changes. People work and live in the cities. The wealthier lived around th

4、e edge of the city, leaving the city center full of new immigrants and the poor. Many of new immigrants lived in tenement houses which were poorly maintained and unsanitary. Immigrants made up the majority of the city population .Life for the new immigrants in the cities was hard .,Immigrants made u

5、p the majority of the city population .Life for the new immigrants in the cities was hard Resulted in: The large influx of new immigrants finally resulted movement in an anti- immigrants movement in the second half 19th century known as Nativism,Cause of Nativism,The native Americans believed their

6、culture is superior to that of the new immigrants. The native Americans were afraid that the new immigrants taking low-paying jobs might drive wages down and took jobs away from them. Racism,The impact of Nativism,The new immigrants suffered discrimination ,in 1182, Congress passed the Chinese Exclu

7、sion Act .The Chinese Exclusion remained in force until World Warwhen China and American became allies。,镀金时代是马克吐温的第一部长篇小说，发表于1873年，通过对一位企业家兼政客的描写，揭露了西部投机家、东部企业家和政府官吏三位一体掠夺国家和人民财富的黑幕。“闪光”所掩盖的其实是种种丑陋不堪的社会现实。镀金时代，一个绝佳的书名。美国正处在经济迅速发展的“黄金时代”，一个“遍地黄金”的时代。但又有多少人包括道貌岸然的议员、政客们，借此机会假公济私，投机取巧，行贿受贿，贪污腐化，中饱私囊。表面

8、繁荣，掩盖着腐败的风气、道德的沦丧及其它潜在的危机。所谓“黄金时代”，只不过是个内里虚空，矛盾重重的“镀金时代”一个时代的梦破灭了。后来的历史学家们也沿用了这一形象化的概念来解说这个时代，可见其具有极强的概括力。 有位记者以镀金时代的真实性问题就询于马克吐温。马克吐温在酒席上回答说：“美国国会中有些议员是狗婊子养的”。这话被公诸报端，引起国会议员的愤慨，纷纷要求他澄清或道歉“声明”。马克吐温写道：“日前小的在酒席上发言，说有些国会议员是狗婊子养的，事后有人向我兴师问罪，我再三考虑，觉得此言是不妥的，故特登报声明，把我的话修改如下：美国国会中的有些议员不是狗婊子养的，幸祈鉴谅”这个“声明”使那些

9、议员们啼笑皆非，使广大读者捧腹大笑。马克吐温不愧为讽刺文学大家！,1873年，马克吐温出版了小说镀金时代。从此，人们用这个词来形容，从南北战争结束到20世纪初的那一段美国历史。南北战争为美国资本主义发展扫清了道路，加上不断涌入的移民和西部新发现的矿藏，这一切使得美国的工业化极速发展，国家财富迅速增长。到20世纪初，美国已经是世界上最强的工业国了。历史学家认为，在这一历史时期，商业上的投机风气猖獗，政治上腐败严重，不少人以不正当手段发财致富，并以炫耀财富为荣，有些人口中的这个“黄金时代”不过是“镀金时代”罢了,工业的成长与移民潮成为美国历史上在这个时期的特征。钢铁的生产量急遽增加，而西部资源，例

10、如木材、金子、银子，也因为要改善交通系统而需求量大增。铁路的发展，让西部丰富的资源得以源源不断运到东部。当时对钢铁与石油也有很大的需求。工业化的结果，让许多人创造了相当大的财富，例如约翰洛克菲勒 (John D. Rockfeller) 因为石油致富、安德鲁卡内基 (Andrew Carnegie) 因为钢铁而致富等。因为这些人靠着买低卖高的手段，赚取大量财富，所以他们都被称为是强盗大亨 (Robber Baron) 。之所以把这个时代称为镀金时代 (Gilded Age) ，是因为有许多人在这个时期里成为巨富，也因为富有，而过着金色的生活。,Features,1，In the country

11、 It went through industrialization and urbanization. Monopoly replace free competition. 2, In foreign policy The country started imperialist expansion.,Cause of Industrialization,It was territory provided domestic market the American have abundant resources for industrialization American s inquisiti

12、veness and acquisitiveness motived them to invent new equipment .A very important invention was mass production known as the American system The railroad,monopoly,Social impact of industrialization,A.Immigration and Urbanization 1.foreignUSA rural area cities 2. City life underwent fast changes. Peo

13、ple work and live in the cities. The wealthier lived around the edge of the city, leaving the city center full of new immigrants and the poor. Many of new immigrants lived in tenement houses which were poorly maintained and unsanitary.,Immigrants made up the majority of the city population. Life for

14、 the new immigrants in the cities was hard. Resulted in: The large influx of new immigrants finally resulted in an anti-immigrants movement in the second half 19th century known as Nativism.,Cause of Nativism,1.The native Americans believed their culture is superior to that of the new immigrant. 11.

15、The native Americans were afraid that the new immigrants taking low-paying jobs might drive wages down and took jobs away from them. 111.Racism,The impact of Nativism,Chinese Exclusion Act 1882,Gentlemans Agreement 1907,b. Labor unions,In order to cut the cost as low as possible, employers would mak

16、e the workers work for long hours at minimum pay under very bad condition. On march 25, 1911, the fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company killed 146 workers. Besides long working hours and low pay, the workers also suffered from high prices because the big trust could practically set prices without

17、competition.,The central labor union,Workers began to organize themselves to fight for better working conditions, shorter working days and higher wages. The Central Labor Union adopted a resolution in 1885, calling on the “ wage-earing class” to arm itself and get ready to use violence if necessary

18、to fight their“common oppressors, the aristocratic vagabonds and exploiters.,American federation of labor,The most influential union in the late 19th century was the American federation of labor. AFL was a craft union and was mainly concerned about the interests of skilled workers and fought for att

19、ainable goals such as shorts working hours and better pay within the industry. Haymarket Square incident. On May 1, 1886, AFL called for a nation wide strike for eight-hour working day.,In the same year, the union formed an Independent Labor Party and participated in the election campaigns later tha

20、t year, winning considerable votes in city election. In 1905, the Industrial Workers of the World(IWW) was organized, aiming to have all the workers into “One Big Union. Its main goal was to abolish the capitalist system.,c. Rural problems,Railroad companies charged very high rates for transporting

21、farmers products to the market. To fight against the railroads discrimination against small shippers, farmer set up the Famers Alliance. Then economic depression of the 1890s made the farmers situation even worse.,Workers believed that farm interests were not protected because the farmers did not ha

22、ve enough representatives in Congress to help them so launched the Populist Movement. To advance their causes in Congress, they organized the Peoples Party (Populist Party) to select their own people to Congress.,The party demand that the government should,go off the gold standard of currency and pr

23、int more paper money abolish the national banking system nationalize the railroads institute a graduated income tax elect U.S. senators by direct popular vote allow people to participate directly in government by means of referendum.,D. The progressive movement,At the beginning of the 20th century,

24、a group of intellectuals and well-educated small business joined the reforming effort and started the Progressive Movement. Journalists made investigations and exposed corruption in government, cheating in business, and the terrible working condition. They were known as the muckrakers and their writ

25、ings as muckraking journalism.,Upton Sinclairs The Jungle was the best example of the muckraking literature. His description later resulted in pure food and drug laws. During their administrations, the Sherman Antitrust Act was repeatedly used.,New laws were also passed to curb corruption and solve

26、economic problems. In 1913, the 17th Amendment to the Constitution was adopted which required that Senators be directly elected by the people instead of being chosen by the state legislature.,It was also in 1913 that Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act which established 12 district banks under the supervision of the Federal Reserve Board in Washington. The District banks could regulate money supply by providing or limiting loans to member banks. This helped to satisfy the economys seasonal needs for money and ward off eco