英语国家概况课件 America The Political System

AmericaThePoliticalSystem

Contents1.GovernmentPrinciples2.TheFederalGovernment3.StateandLocalGovernment1.GovernmentPrinciplesThepoliticalsystemoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaisestablishedonthebasisofthreemainprinciples:federalism,theseparationofpowersandrespectfortheConstitution,andtheruleoflaw.Thethreemainbranchesofgovernmentareseparateanddistinctfromoneanother.Thegovernmentisregulatedbyasystemof

“checksandbalances”definedby

theAmerican

Constitution,whichisthebasisofAmericanlaws

andasocialagreementforthepeopleoftheUnited

States.Undertheprincipleof“checksandbalances”,thefederalgovernmentisdividedintothree

branches:

theexecutive,thelegislativeandthe

judicial.1.GovernmentPrinciplesWhatis“checksandbalance”?ThetermwascoinedbytheFrenchpolitical,enlightenmentthinkerMontesquieu.

Thelegislativewriteslaws;Theexecutiveenforcesthelaws;Thejudiciaryinterpretsthelaws.Whogivesthethreebranchesthesepowers?TheLegislativeTheExecutiveTheJudicial请输入标题2.TheFederalGovernmentTheExecutiveBranchPowersofthePresident

Heshould“preserve,protectanddefendtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates”andtotakecarethatthelawsbefaithfullyexecuted.HeisCommander-in-ChiefofthearmedforcesoftheUnitedStatesandhasthepowertoraise,train,supervise,anddeployAmericanarmedforces,providedCongressshowsnodisagreement.请输入标题2.TheFederalGovernmentTheExecutiveBranchPowersofthePresident*ThepresidentdeterminesAmerica’sforeignpolicywiththeAdviceandConsentofCongress.*ThepresidentcheckstheCongressinmakinglawsforthenation.*Hecanissueexecutiveorders,havethebindingforceoflawsuponfederalagencies.*ThepresidentchecksthejudicialbranchknownastheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.请输入标题2.TheFederalGovernment●

Howtoelectapresident?TheelectionprocessintheUnitedStatesisrathercomplex,evenanAmericancitizencanbepuzzledsometimes.Thegeneralelectioncanbedividedintothreesteps:primaryelection,partyconventionsandthecampaignforthegeneralelection.PrimaryElectionPartyConventionsTheCampaignfortheGeneralElection请输入标题2.TheFederalGovernmentHowtoelectapresident?

PrimaryElectionThefirststepisprimaryelection.Bothparties

holdtheirconventionstoelectdelegates.Infact,earlybeforeprimary

election,everyaspirantfor

presidentialcandidacybeginshispersonalcampaign

forthedelegateelectedbyhispartymembers.请输入标题2.TheFederalGovernment

Howtoelectapresident?

PartyConventionsThesecondstepisthattheelecteddelegatescast

theirvotesforpresidentialcandidatesintheirparty’s

nationalconventions,nominatingapresidentanda

vice-president.“Winner-take-all”

principle请输入标题2.TheFederalGovernment

Howtoelectapresident?

CampainsThethirdstepisnationalwidecampaignand

ballotheldinNovember.

Towinvoters’

support,

candidatestriedeverymeanslike

TV,radio,

newspaper,

door-to-door-visit,publicspeech,andsoontoconvincethevotersthatheismorecompetentto

solvethecurrentandfutureproblemsthanhisrival.请输入标题2.TheFederalGovernment●

TheLegislativeBranchItconsistsoftwohouseswithequalpowers:theSenateandtheHouseofRepresentatives.请输入标题2.TheFederalGovernment●

TheLegislativeBranchHouseofRepresentativesTheHouseofRepresentatives,withtheSpeakerasitshead,currentlytheleaderofthemajoritypartyintheHouse,hasapermanentmembershipof435.Theseatsofeachstatedependonitspopulation.ThemembersoftheHousearecalledrepresentativesorCongressmembers.Theymustbeatleast25yearsold,havebeenanAmericancitizenfornolessthansevenyearsandresidentsinthestatesfromwhichheiselected.Representativesareelectedeverytwoyears,butwithnolimitationonthenumberofterms.ElectionsareinNovemberofeven-numberedyears.请输入标题2.TheFederalGovernment●

TheLegislativeBranchSenateTheSenatehas100memberswitheachstatehavingtwosenators.Thetermofofficeissixyears,withone-thirdoftheSenateseatsupforelectioneverytwoyears.Asenatormustbeover30yearsold,andhavebeenanAmericancitizenforatleastnineyearsandaresidentinthestateinwhichheorsheisseekingelectiveoffice.TheheadoftheSenateservesasthevice-presidentoftheUnitedStates.请输入标题2.TheFederalGovernment●

TheLegislativeBranch

PowersoftheCongress

•Makelaws•Acceptthestatesecretary•AcceptthechiefjusticeandjusticesintheSupremeCourt•Maketheannualbudget•Impeachthehigh-levelofficials,eventhepresident请输入标题2.TheFederalGovernment●

TheJudicialBranchTheJudicialBranchismadeoftheSupreme,11federalcourtsofappeals,91federaldistrictcourtstheSupremeCourtiscomposedofoneChiefJusticeand8justiceswhocanhavelife-termserviceTheSupremeCourt请输入标题2.TheFederalGovernment●

TheJudicialBranch●

PowersoftheSupremeCourt

•InterprettheConstitutionandotherfederallaws

•Havejurisdictionovercases•Thechiefjusticeandjusticesservelife-longterms请输入标题2.TheFederalGovernment

Thepresidentcanstartorendawar,butheshouldapprovedbytheCongress.ThepresidentcannominateanddismisstheStateSecretory,thejusticesoftheSupremeCourt,butheshouldgettheconsentoftheSenate.And,hecanevenbeimpeachedifprovedofviolatingtheConstitution.

TheCongresscanmakelaws,butthebillcannotbevalid

withoutthepresident’ssignature.

TheSupremeCourtcaninterprettheConstitutionandthelawsmadebytheCongress,butitsjusticesarenominatedbythepresidentandapprovedbytheCongress.

Eachbranchcancheckandblocktheactionoftheotherbranches.Theyareinbalanceandnobranchcanacttobemorepowerfulthantheothertwobranches.请输入标题2.StateandLocalGovernmentIntheAmericanfederalistsystem,citizensare

usually

subjecttothreelevelsof

government,

federal,

state,andlocal.Thefederalgovernment

dealswithforeignaffairsandmattersofgeneral

concerntoallthestates.Thestateshavethebasic

functionsofprovidinglawandorder,education,publichealthandmostofthethings

concerningeverydaylife.Thelocalgovernments

dutiesare

commonlysplitbetweencounty

and

municipal

governments.请输入标题2.StateandLocalGovernmentCountiesarethemajorunitsof1ocalgovernmentsinmoststates,buttheirs