英语语法之动词时态与语态

学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载英语语法专题讲解——动词的时态与语态动词的时态 英语中不同时间或方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示，这种表示动作或状态发生时间或方式的动词形式称作动词时态。时间主要有四个主要部分，即现在、过去、将来和过去将来。动作方式也有四种，即一般、完成、进行和完成进行。中学课本中需掌握的时态主要有九种：时态的构成形式列表：按时间分按方式分现在过去将来过去将来一般IdoIdidIshalldoIshoulddo进行IamdoingIwasdoingIshallbedoingIshouldbedoing完成IhavedoneIhaddoneIshallhavedoneIshouldhavedone完成进行IhavebeendoingIhadbeendoingIshallhavebeendoingIshouldhavebeendoing一、一般现在时(do/does)主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often,always,fromtimetotime等时间状语；表示客观规律、永恒真理、名言警句等。Heusuallygoestoworkat7o’clockeverymorning.ShehasabrotherwholivesinNewYork.Theearthgoesaroundthesun.Practicemakesperfect.注意事项：1.表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：IlearnedthattheearthgoesaroundthesunwhenIwasinprimaryschool.2.在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时。如：Ifheacceptsthejob,hewillgetmoremoneysoon.WhenIhaveenoughmoney,Ishalltravelaroundtheworld.3.在makesure(certain),mind,care,matter＋宾语从句，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。Solongasheworkshard,Idon’tmindwhenhefinishestheexperiment.Pleasemakesurethatyouturnoffthelightafteryouleavethehouse.4.在the+比较级…，the+比较级…的句型中,若主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时。Theharderyoustudy,thebetterresultsyouwillget.二、一般过去时(did)表示在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或表示过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday;justnow;lastweek;in1945,atthattime;once;afewdaysago等等。如：Wheredidyougojustnow?WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.注意事项：1.usedto+do表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作，to为不定式，后接动词原形。be/become/getusedto+doing，表示习惯于…Heusedtosmokealot.Hehasgotusedtogettingupearly.2.在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。Hesaidhewouldbuymeacomputerifhegotaraise.三、一般将来时表示在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况，常和tomorrow,nextyear,in2046等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达6种。1）用shall/willdo表示(shall用于第一人称，will用于各人称)如：Therainwillstopsoon.Shallwegothereatfive?2）用begoingtodo表示。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.计划，安排要发生的事。例如：Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。c.有迹象要发生的事。例如：Lookatthedarkclouds,itisgoingtorain.3）用betodo表示，指按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.4）用beabouttodo表示，意为马上做某事。例如：HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意：beabouttodo不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5)用现在进行时表示。常见动词为表示位置转移的动词如：go,come,leave,start,arrive等，可用现在进行时表示将来时。如：UncleWangiscoming.They'releavingforBeijing.6)用一般现在时表示。根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作，在时间和条件状语从句中，都可用一般现在时表示将来时。如：Thenewtermstarts(begins)onAugust29th.Ifitdoesn'traintomorrow,wewillgooutforapicnic.注意事项：在“祈使句+and/or+句子”结构中，and/or后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。如：Useyourheadandyouwillfindaway.Runfasteroryouwillnothaveanyotherchancetocatchupwithhim.四、现在完成时(have/hasdone)表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在；也可表示从过去某时间开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。Ihavebeentoshanghai.Hehasn’tgivenmeanymoretroublesincethen.现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：1.for+时间段；since+时间点TheyhavelivedinBeijingforfiveyears.TheyhavelivedinBeijingsince1995.2.常见的不确定的时间状语：lately;recently,already,yet,uptonow;tillnow;sofar,thesedays...Hasitstoppedrainingyet?SofarIhavelearnedover3000Englishwords.3.在一些表示最近几世纪/年/月以来……的时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。inthepastfewyears/months/weeks/days；overthepastfewyears;duringthelastthreemonths;forthelastfewcenturies,throughcenturies;throughouthistory等。如：Chinahasdevelopedalotoverthepastfewyears.4.在句型It/This/Thatisthe/myfirst/second…timethat…和It/This/Thatis+形容词最高级(thebest,worst,only,mostinteresting…)+名词＋that…中，that从句中要用现在完成时。如：ThisismyfirsttimethatIhavevisitedChina.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmIhaveeverseen.Thatistheonlybookthathehaswritten.五、过去完成时(haddone)表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在过去的过去，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。Bytheendoflasttermwehadfinishedthebook.Theyfinishedthetaskearlierthanwehadexpected.注意事项：1.在hardly/scarcely...when;nosooner...than句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。Ihadhardlyfinishedmyworkwhenhecametoseeme.Ihadnosoonergotintotheroomthanitbegantosnow.2.表示某人第几次做某事，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。Thatwasthesecondtimethatshehadseenhergrandfather.3.动词hope,expect,think,intend,mean,want,suppose,plan等用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。IhadhopedthatIcoulddothejob.IhadintendedtoseeyoubutIwastoobusy.六、将来完成时(willhavedone)表示在将来某时刻之前已完成的动作或到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：Theywillhavebeenmarriedfor20yearsbythen.YouwillhavereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.注意事项：1.常用的时间状语一般是by+将来的时间。如：bytheendofthisyear,by8o’clockthisevening,byMarchnextyear以及由bythetime…,before或when等引导的副词从句。Bytheendofnextmonth,hewillhavetraveled1000milesonfoot.Bythetimeyoureachthestation,thetrainwillhaveleft.BynextTuesday,Iwillhavegotreadyfortheexams.※2.在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。Thechildrenwilldotheirhomeworkthemomenttheyhavearrivedbackfromschool.七、现在进行时(am/is/aredoing)a.表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：Wearewaitingforyou.b.表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.c.表示渐变，这样的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。例如：Theleavesareturningred.It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.d.与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：Youarealwayschangingyourmind.注意事项：1.在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。Lookoutwhenyouarecrossingthestreet.2.表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。MarryisleavingonFriday.八、过去进行时(was/weredoing)表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。常用的时间状语有thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while等。例如：Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.注意：过去进行时也可以表示过去将来的含义。九、将来进行时(willbedoing)表将来某个时间正在发生的动作或状态，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：She'llbecomingsoon.I'llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说I'llbehavingatalkwithher.动词的语态动词的语态有两种：一种是主动语态（主语是动作的执行者），另一种是被动语态（主语是动作的承受者）。被动语态的构成：⑴助动词be+（not）+（及物动词的）过去分词此时，由助动词be来反映时态的变化，常见有以下八种形式：一般现在时am+过去分词现在进行时am+being+过去分词isisareare一般过去时was+过去分词过去进行时was+过去分词werewere一般将来时will+be+过去分词过去将来时would+be+过去分词shallshould现在完成时have+been+过去分词过去完成时had+been+过去分词has⑵情态动词+（not）+be+（及物动词的）过去分词can+be+过去分词maymust⑶主动语态变为被动语态的方法：主动语态：主语+谓语动词+宾语（执行者）（承受者）被动语态：主语+be+过去分词（+by+执行者）（承受者）一般省略被动语态的用法：1.当不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时（如例句1②）。2.当需要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时（如例句2）。1.自从1988年以来，工人们建造了三座大桥。①Theworkershavebuiltthreebridgessince1988.（主动语态）②Threebridgeshavebeenbuilt(bytheworkers)since1988.（被动语态）（推荐）2.那个学校教日语。Japaneseistaughtinthatschool.注意：感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加"to"。例如：Theteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.-->Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher).Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.-->Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground(byus).被动语态中的特殊用法：

1.短语动词的被动语态短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：MysisterwillbetakencareofbyGrandma.Suchathinghasneverbeenheardofbefore.2.表示"据说"或"相信"的词组，基本上由believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand等组成。例如：Itissaidthat…据说Itisreportedthat…据报道Itisbelievedthat…大家相信Itishopedthat…大家希望Itiswellknownthat…众所周知Itisthoughtthat…大家认为Itissuggestedthat…据建议Ithasbeendecidedthat…大家决定Itmustberememberedthat…务必记住的是3.主动形式表示被动意义1）wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等。例如：Thebooksellswell.这本书销路好。Thisknifecutseasily.这刀子很好用。Thecarpetwashedeasily.这地毯很好洗。2）blame,let(出租)等。sbbetoblame./sthbetolet.例如：Iwastoblamefortheaccident.Thehouseistolet.3）在need,require,want,worth(形容词),deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：Thedoorneeds/requires/wantsrepairing.门需要修了。Thisbookisworthreading.这本书值得一读。Jackdeservespraising.Jack值得受到表扬Thelibraryneeds___,butit'llhavetowaituntilSunday.A.cleaningB.becleanedC.cleanD.beingcleaned随堂练习：1.---Doyouknowourtownatall?---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming

2.Theycan'tleaveuntilthey_____theirwork.A.did

B.aredoing

C.havedone

D.hasdone

3."Hasheseenthisfilm?"

"Yes.He______itseveraldaysago."

A.saw

B.hasseen

C.hadseen

D.wasseeing

4.NowMikeisn'there.He______MrGreen's.Perhapshe______backinafewminutes.

A.wentto;iscoming

B.hasgoneto;willcomeC.hasbeento;willbe

D.isgoingto;hascome

5.Thatdayhe_______hisclothesbeforehecametoseeme.

A.haswashed

B.washed

C.hadbeenwashing

D.waswashed

6.Ihaven'tfinishedmycomposition.

I______fortwohoursandahalf.

A.havewrittenit

B.havebeenwritingitC.wroteit

D.amwrittingit

7.Thebridgewhich______lastyearlooksreallybeautiful.

A.wasbuilt

B.built

C.wassetup

D.hadbeenbuilt8.I_____heresinceImovedhere.A.willwork

B.worked

C.work

D.havebeenworking9."Where______therecorder?Ican'tseeitanywhere.""I___itrighthere.Butnowit'sgone."

A.didyouput/haveput

B.haveyouput/put

C.hadyouput/wasputting

D.wereyouputting/haveput

10.Don'tcometonight.Iwouldratheryou_____tomorrow.

A.come

B.came

C.willcome

D.coming

11."Thiscloth_____welland_____long.""Ok.I'lltakeit."

A.washes/lasts

B.iswashed/lasted

C.washes/islasted

D.iswashing/lasting

12.I______seeyou,butIdidn't,forIhadnotime.

A.hadwantedto

B.haswantedto

C.wanted

D.waswanted

13.I______inGuangZhouforsixyearsbythisOctober.

A.havelived

B.wasliving

C.willbeliving

D.shallhavelived

14.Bythistimenextyearhe______fromthecollege.

A.willbegraduating

B.shouldbegraduating

C.willhavegraduated

D.isgraduating

15.Idon'tknowwhenhe______,butwhenhe______,I'llletyouknow.

A.willcome/comes

B.comes/willcome

C.comes/comes

D.willcome/willcome

16.Jim______alatenightfilmathomewhen,rightinthemiddleofathrillingscene,thetelevisionwentblank.(2013陕西)A.watchedB.hadwatchedC.waswatchingD.wouldbewatching17.Weareconfidentthattheenvironment______byourfurthereffortstoreducepollution.(2013辽宁)A.hadbeenimprovedB.willbeimprovedC.isimprovedD.wasimproved18.Hewasunhappywhenhesoldhisguitar.Afterall,he______itforaverylongtime.(2013辽宁)A.hashadB.hadhadC.hasD.had19.Thegirlhasagreatinterestinsportand_______badmintonclassestwiceaweekoverthelastthreeyears.(2013福建)A.tookB.istakingC.takesD.hasbeentaking20.—Idon’tunderstandwhyyoudidn’tgotothelectureyesterdayafternoon.—I’msosorry.ButI_______myhomework.(2013湖南)A.haddoneB.wasdoingC.woulddoD.amdoing21.—CouldIuseyourcartomorrowmorning?—Sure.I_______areportathome.（2013江苏）A.willbewritingB.willhavewrittenC.havewrittenD.havebeenwriting22.Closethedooroffearbehindyou,andyou____thedooroffaithopenbeforeyou.(2012湖南)A.SawB.haveseenC.willseeD.areseeing23.Ifeels