英语语法短语及习题

形容词、副词的比较级和最高级【语法精讲】一、构成规则(一)形容词的构成规则1.一般情况加-er,-esttall→taller→tallestgreat→greater→greatest2.以不发音e结尾的单音节词加-r,-stlarge→larger→largestnice→nicer→nicest3.在重读闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-estbig→bigger→biggesthot→hotter→hottest4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,把y变i,再加-er,-esteasy→easier→easiestheavy→heavier→heaviest5.其他双音节词和多音节词,加more,mostbeautiful→morebeautiful→mostbeautifuldifferent→moredifferent→mostdifferent注意:最高级前要加the,不加表示“非常”,amostimportantmeeting一个非常重要的会议(二)副词的构成规则1.大多数以ly结尾的副词前加more和most来构成比较级和最高级。easily→moreeasily→mosteasily2.少数单音节副词,加-er,-est构成其比较级和最高级。二、用法(一)原级的用法1.“甲+be(+倍数)+as+形容词原级+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙„„的几倍”。TomisasoldasKate.汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。TomistwiceasoldasKate.汤姆的年龄是凯特的两倍。2.“甲+be+not+as/so+形容词原级+as+乙”表示“甲不如乙„„”。Thisroomisnotas/sobigasthatone.这个房间不如那个大。3.“甲+实意动词(+倍数)+as+副词原级+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙„„的几倍”。TomrunsasfastasMike.汤姆和迈克跑得一样快。TomrunstwiceasfastasMike.汤姆跑的速度是迈克的两倍。4.“甲+助动词+not+动词原形+as/so+副词原级+as+乙”表示“甲不如乙„„”。Hedoesn’twalkasslowlyasyou.他走路不像你那样慢。(二)比较级的用法1.“甲+be(+倍数)+形容词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙„„”或“甲比乙„„几倍”。LessonOneismucheasierthanLessonTwo.第一课比第二课容易得多。Tomlooksevenyoungerthanbefore.汤姆甚至比以前看起来更年轻。Thisroomisthreetimesbiggerthanthatone.这个房间比那个大三倍。2.“甲+be+形容词比较级+than+anyother+单数名词+介词短语”表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都„„”,含义是“甲在同一范围中最„„”。TheYangtzeRiverislongerthananyotherriverinChina.长江比中国的任何一条其他的河都长。3.“甲+be+the+形容词比较级+ofthetwo(...)”表示“甲是两者中较„„的”。Mybrotheristhetallerofthetwo.我的哥哥是那两个中较高的那个。4.“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越„„”。Heisgettingtallerandtaller.他长得越来越高。5.the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越„„,就越„„”。Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyou’llmake.你越认真,犯的错误就越少6.“特殊疑问词+be+形容词比较级,甲or乙?”Whichisbigger,theearthorthemoon?地球和月亮,哪个更大?7.“甲+实意动词(+倍数)+副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙„„”或“甲比乙„„几倍”。Igotupearlierthanmymotherthismorning.我今天早晨起床比我妈还早。8.“特殊疑问词+实意动词+副词比较级,甲or乙?”Whodrawsbetter,JennyorDanny?谁画得比较好,珍妮还是丹尼?(三)最高级常用句型结构1.“主语+be+the+形容词最高级(+单数名词)+in/of短语”表示“„„是„„中最„„的”。Tomisthetallestinhisclass./ofallthestudents.汤姆是他班里/所有学生当中最高的。2.“主语+be+oneofthe+形容词最高级+复数名词+in/of短语”表示“„„是„„中最„„之一”。BeijingisoneofthelargestcitiesinChina.北京是中国最大城市之一。3.“特殊疑问词+be+the+形容词最高级+甲,乙,or丙?”用于三者以上的比较。Whichcountryisthelargest,China,BrazilorCanada?中国、巴西和加拿大,哪个国家最大?4.“主语+实意动词(+the)+副词最高级+in/of短语”表示“„„是„„中最„„的”。Ijump(the)farthestinmyclass.我是我班里跳得最远的。【语法巧练】Ⅰ单项选择1.Thisbookis-----thatone,but------thanthatone.A.asdifficultas;expensiveB.asmoredifficultas;moreexpensiveC.asdifficultas;moreexpensiveD.moredifficultas;asexpensive2.Whenspringcomes,itgets-----A.warmandwarmB.colderandcolderC.warmerandwarmerD.shorterandshorter3.Theearthisabout-------asthemoon.A.asfiftytimebigB.fiftytimesasbigC.asbigfiftytimesD.fiftyastimesbig4.Thesechildrenare------thisyearthantheywerelastyear.A.moretallB.moretallerC.verytallerD.muchtaller5.NewYorkisoneof------intheworld.A.thelargestcityB.thelargecitiesC.thelargercitiesD.thelargestcitiesⅡ句型转换6.Thecaptainisthehappiestofalltheplayers.(改为同义句)Thecaptainis------------------------------anyotherplayer.7.Thisdictionaryisasgoodasthatone.(改为否定句)Thisdictionary--------good-----------thatone.8.Tomis150cmtall.Mikeis150cmtall,too.(改为同义句)Tomis----------------Mike.9.Moreandmorepeoplebegintoloveinterestingtravel.(改为同义句)Interestingtravelisbecoming------------and-----------------.10.Russiaisthelargestcountryintheworld.(对画线部分提问)------isthelargestintheworld?Ⅲ.完成句子11.你游泳没有你弟弟好。Youcan’tswim----------------yourbrother.12.今天比昨天冷得多。Itis-------------todaythanitwasyesterday.13.她的身体状况一天天好起来。Heisgetting----------------everyday.15.英语是世界上最重要的语言之一。Englishisoneof---------------languagesintheworld.过去进行时【语法精讲】过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或者某段时间正在进行或发生的动作,常和表过去的时间状语连用,如:Iwasdoingmyhomeworkatthistimeyesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。Theywerewaitingforyouyesterday.他们昨天一直在等你。一、过去进行时的构成:肯定形式:主语+was/were+v.-ing否定形式:主语+wasnot(wasn’t)/werenot(weren’t)+v.-ing一般疑问句形式:Was/Were+主语+v.-ing。二.过去进行时的基本用法:1.过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与之连用的时间状语(从句)有:atthattime/moment,(at)thistimeyesterday(lastnight/Sunday/week...),at+点钟+yesterday(lastnight/Sunday...),whensb.didsth.等,如:Whatwereyoudoingatsevenlastnight?昨天晚上七点你在干什么?Iwascookingwhensheknockedatthedoor.她敲门时我正在做饭。2.when后通常用短暂性动词,while后通常用持续性动词,因此它所引导的状语从句中,谓语动词常用进行时态,如:Whenitrained,Iwaswalkingonthestreet.=WhileIwaswalkingonthestreet,itrained.我正在街上走时,突然下起雨来了。3.when用作并列连词时,主句常用进行时态,从句则用一般过去时,表示“主句动作发生的过程中,另一个意想不到的动作发生了”。如:Iwaswalkinginthestreetwhensomeonecalledme.我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。Wewereplayingoutsidewhenitbegantorain.我们正在外边玩,这时下起雨来了。【语法巧练】单项选择1.I------------amealwhenyoume.A.cooked;wereringingB.wascooking;rangC.wascooking;wereringingD.cooked;rang2.They-----------afootballgamefrom7to9lastnight.A.werewatchingB.watchC.watchedD.arewatching3.Whatbook----you-----whenI------youatfouryesterdayafternoon?A.did;read;wasseeingB.did;read;sawC.were;reading;sawD.were;reading;wasseeing4.ItwasFridayevening.Mr.andMrs.Green-------------readytoflytoEngland.A.weregettingB.getC.aregettingD.got5.We--------forTomattenlastSunday.Heoftenkeptus.A.waited;waitB.werewaiting;waitC.waited;waitingD.werewaiting;waitingⅡ.用所给词的适当形式填空6.Whilemotherwas------------(do)somewashing,Iwas------------(make)akiteforKate.7.ThistimeyesterdayJack’sfatherwas----------------(wash)hiscar.8.Iwas-----------------(telephone)afriendwhenBob--------------(come)in.9.Whenheknockedatthedoor,myauntwas---------------(cook)dinner.10.Thestudentswere-------------(sing)and-------------------(dance)happilyontheplaygroundatthattime.Ⅲ句型转换11.Thegirlwasshoppingwhenshemetheroldfriend.(改为同义句)-----------------------------------------,shemetheroldfriend.12.TheywereworkingwhenIgotthere.(对画线部分提问)---------------------------------------------whenIgotthere?13.WewerewatchingTVateightlastnight.(改为否定句)We-------------------------------------------TVateightlastnight.14.Sherodeherbiketoschooljustnow.(用at4:00yesterday改写句子)She------------------------------------herbiketoschoolat4:00yesterday.15.WewereshoppingatthistimelastSunday.(对画线部分提问)-----------------------------youshopping?1.—Ourschoolbuswillleaveat8o’clocktomorrow.Don’tbelate.—OK.Iwillbetheretenminutes---------.(2013安徽)A.soonerB.slowerC.fasterD.earlier2.Debbieisgrowingfast.Sheiseven---------thanhermother.(2013北京)A.tallB.tallerC.tallestD.thetallest3.—Whichseasondoyoulike----------,summerorwinter?(2013长沙)—Summer.A.wellB.bestC.better4.AttheBeijingOlympics,Boltbrokethe100-meterand200-recordsandbecamethemanintheworld.(2013德州)A.fastestB.heaviestC.tallestD.slowest5.It’smuchtohaveasmalllovelyroomthanabigcoldone.(2013杭州)A.goodB.wellC.betterD.best状语从句【语法精讲】状语从句含义及分类:状语从句用来修饰主句中的动词、副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句。1.时间状语从句时间状语从句常用when,as,while,before,after,since,not...until,assoonas,whenever等连词来引导。ItwasraininghardwhenIgottoschoolyesterday.昨天我达到学校时,正下着大雨。Whilehewasdoinghishomework,thetelephonerang.他做作业时,电话响了。Ashewalkedalong(沿着„„走)thelake,hesanghappily.他一边沿着湖散步,一边高兴地唱歌。2.原因状语从句原因状语从句通常由because,since,as引导。Sinceyoucan’tanswerthequestion,I’llasksomeoneelse.既然你不能回答这个问题,那我问其他人了。Asitisraining,weshallnotgotothezoo.由于下雨,我们不去动物园了。Hedidn’tcometoschoolbecausehewasill.他因为病了,所以没来上学。3.结果状语从句结果状语从句由so...that,such...that,so(that)引导。Heissopoorthathecan’tbuyabikeforhisson.他太穷了,不能为他的儿子买自行车。Sheissuchagoodteacherthateverybodylikesher.她是如此好的一名教师,每个人都喜欢她。Mypencilfellunderthedesk,so(that)Icouldn’tseeit.我的铅笔掉到课桌下面了,以至于看不见了。4.条件状语从句条件状语从句通常由if,unless引导。Whatshallwedoifitsnowstomorrow?如果明天下雪我们该做什么?Don’tleavethebuildingunlessItellyouto.不要离开这座楼,除非我告诉你离开。5.比较状语从句常用as(so)...as,than引导。JimrunsfasterthanTom.Jim比Tom跑得快。Thisriverisalmostaslongasthatriver.这条河和那条河几乎一样长。6.让步状语从句让步状语从句通常由although,though等连词引导。Thoughheisyoung,heknowsalot.虽然他很小,但知道很多。AlthoughIamtired,Imustgoonworking.虽然我很累,但我必须继续工作。7.目的状语从句由so(that),inorderthat引导。Westartedearlysothatwecouldcatchthefirsttrain.我们很早就出发,目的是赶上第一班火车。Weusethecomputerinorderthatwemaysavetime.我们用电脑是为了节省时间。We’llsitnearthefrontsowecanhearthespeakerbetter.我们会坐在前面,为的是能听得更好。【语法巧练】Ⅰ.单项选择1.----------therainstops,we’llsetoffforthestation.A.BeforeB.UnlessC.AssoonasD.Though2.Youwillbeabletogetgoodmarks------------------------.A.whileyouaredoingyourhomeworkbyyourselfB.ifyoudosomerevisioneverydayC.beforeyoubegintostudyhardD.untilyoufollowyourteachers’advice3.Wedidn’tgohome----------wefinishedthework.A.sinceB.untilC.becauseD.though4.Speaktohimslowly----------hemayunderstandyoubetter.A.sinceB.sothatC.forD.because5.Suzhouisnot-------------beautiful------------Hangzhou.A.as;thanB.so;asC.even;thanD./;thanⅡ.句型转换6.Sheissuchakindwomanthatwealllikeher.(改为同义句)Sheis-------------kind---------------wealllikeher.7.Hedidn’tgotothezoobecausehehadtolookafterhissister.(改为同义句)Hehadtolookafterhissister---------------hedidn’tgotothezoo.8.Theykeptontalkinguntiltheteachercamein.(改为同义句)Theystoptalkingtheteachercamein.9.Thinkover,andyou’llworkouttheproblem.(改为同义句)--------------thinkover,you’llworkouttheproblem.10.Mikeisnotastallashisbrother.(改为同义句)Mike’sbrotheris-----------------------Mike.Ⅲ.完成句子11.布鲁斯太太对学生非常亲切,以至于学生把她当作母亲。Mrs.Brucewas--------kindtoher-------theylookedherastheirmother.12.你一到上海就给我打个电话好?Willyoupleasecallme----------yougettoShanghai.13.这个七岁的女孩酷爱钢琴,以至于她已经坚持练习两年了。Theseven-year-oldgirllikesplayingthepiano-------much--------------shehaskeptpracticingfortwoyears.14.虽然她很忙,她还坚持自学英语。--------------------shewasverybusy,shekeptonlearningEnglishbyherself.15.他长大后想当一名记者。Hewantstobeajournalist----------he-----------up.1.Theriverswillbecomedirtieranddirtier--------------wetakeactiontoprotectthem.(2013安徽)A.sinceB.ifC.untilD.unless2.Ithinkhe’sbeendrinking,---------------I’mnotcompletelysure.(2013杭州)A.ifB.thoughC.untilD.as3.Kate’sdadisgettingold.Shewillgobackhometoseehim------------itisconvenient.(2013江西)A.becauseB.wheneverC.althoughD.unless4.Ihatetravellingbyair----------------youusuallyhavetowaitforhoursbeforetheplanetakesoff.(2013上海)A.becauseB.thoughC.untilD.unless5.PeterspeaksChinesewellindeed,butofcoursenot-------------alocalspeakerinChina.(2013苏州)A.sofluentlyasB.morefluentthanC.asfluentasD.muchfluentlythan1.fewerpeople更少的人（fewer修饰名词复数，表示否定）2.lessfreetime更少的空闲时间（less修饰不可数名词，表示否定）3.intenyears10年后（in的时间短语用于将来时，提问用Howsoon）4.fallinlovewith…爱上……例：WhenImetMr.Xuforthefirsttime,Ifellinlovewithhimatonce.当我第一次见到许老师，我立刻爱上他。5.livealone单独居住6.feellonely感到孤独（比较：livealone/goalone等）Thegirlwalkedalonealongthestreet,butshedidn'tfeellonely.那女孩独自沿着街道走，但她并不感到孤独。7.keep/feedapetpig养一头宠物猪8.flytothemoon飞上月球9.hundredsof+复数数百/几百（概数，类似还有thousandsof;millionsof）10.thesameas和……相