万学海文考研英语语法及长难句基础课程

考研十训[引]一训曰：汝不可因惰而随心所睡；二训曰：汝不可移志而半途而废；三训曰：汝不可随性而泡哥追妹；四训曰：汝不可因苦而哭天抹泪；五训曰：汝不可因闷而夜夜买醉；六训曰：汝不可求闲而叫嚣疲惫；七训曰：汝不可进步而自我陶醉；八训曰：汝不可没座而迟到早退；九训曰：汝不可因惧而错过机会；十训曰：汝不可考上便吹嘘不累！万学海文考研英语2012基础课程【语法及长难句】主讲：付博20XX年3月9日HYPERLINKQ1、长难句在何处是考点？HYPERLINKQ2、是什么把句子变长了？HYPERLINKQ3、是什么把句子变难了？HYPERLINKQ4、考研中长难句的难度？Q1、长难句在何处是考点？阅读中：划分结构、宏观理解翻译中：划分结构、推断词义写作中*：利用结构、合理填充完形中*：利用结构、去粗取精【范例】Man’syouthisawonderfulthing,itissofullofanguishandmiracle,andhenevercomestoknowitasitis,untilithasgoneawayfromhimforever.【范例】P-135Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousabouttheCauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn'ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.1.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch[D]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch【范例】P-135Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.【范例】Cheatinginexaminationscomeslessthroughthepressurefromthesetestsandmorefromstudent’sdishonesty.Thedeteriorationofenvironmentcomeslessthroughthefragilityofnatureitselfandmorefromofaggressivehumandestruction.【范例】However,suchstatisticscannotconveytheeffectsofobesity,betheymoderateorserious,7thequalityoflifeandtheimpactofprematuredeathsassociatedwithobesity.7.A.in B.with C.for D.onHYPERLINK【返回总目录】Q2、是什么把句子变长了？并列句复合句比较结构简单句S+VS+V+OS+LV+SCS+V+O1+O2S+V+O+OC并列句：A：基本形式Sentence1,sentence2,…,sentencen,andsentencen+1.【范例】2001-71Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.B:其他形式表示并列：neither/norWhatIsaidistrue,normustweforgetaboutit.表示对比：whileIlikeswimmingwhilemygirlfriendthinksitsuicide.表示转折：but/yetNETEMisboring,yetitisasocialladderwehavetoclimb.表示因果：for/soHepaidthesweat,sohegotthesweet.表示选择：or/either...or/neither...norYoushouldbebrave,orshewouldmarrythat“Mr.Brave”.C：难点解析【范例】P-135…Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.…59. Theword“it”(line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto________.[A]thelackofstablecommunities[B]thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels[C]theincreasedmobilityoffamilies[D]thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace【范例】P-135Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。【范例】P-135Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。（二）复合句：A：基本形式主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句定语从句状语从句【范例】Whathesaidiswhatheisdoing.【范例】News,massage,conclusion,assertion,assumption,suggestion,implication,…Igotthenewsthatourteamhadwon.IgotthenewsthatIhadbeenlongingfor.【范例】ThefirstplacethatIwillshowyouaroundisBigWildGoosePogoda,onthetopfloorofwhichyoucanappreciatethebeautifulsceneryofthecity.Tothenorthofthetowerlocatesasquarefullofhistoricaltopicswhereyoucanindulgeinthousandsofpoems.【范例】P-136Forexample,withsmallclasses,teacherscanidentifyandremedyincipientproblemsamongstudentsatriskforlowachievement.Effortsrequiredtolifttheseweightsseemsconsiderable.Theneedtoloveandtobelovedseemsuniversal.Maybethisisonetraitthatseparateshumanbeingsfromotheranimals.Studentsbraveenoughtoattemptthecoursedeservetosucceed.【范例】P-137ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。【范例】P-137Whentheworkiswelldone，aclimateofaccident-freeoperationisestablishedwheretimelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.B：难点解析【范例】P-136Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace–allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing–areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Whatdoes“which”referto?A.ways B.contributionC.productivity D.economy【并列句、复合句综合训练】【范例】1992-75Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.（三）比较结构：HYPERLINK【返回总目录】Q3、是什么把句子变难了？抽象表达被动语态逻辑问题语序问题特殊成分抽象表达【范例】P136But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.1999text3【范例】2009-Text4Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.被动语态【范例】Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbynomeansbecomparedwithscientists’processes,andtheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.逻辑问题关于否定部分否定Idon’tknowanythingabouther.（一无所知）Idon’tknoweverythingabouther.（并不全知道）Noneoftheanswersareright.（都不正确）Alltheanswersarenotright.(并非都正确)Idon’tknowanyofthem.（全不认识）Idon’tknowallofthem.（并非都认识）Not+all,both,every,always,以及entirely,altogether,completely,quite和allthetimeNotallmencanbemasters.Idon'twantboththebooks.我不是两本书都要。Both(the)windowsarenotopen.两扇窗子并不都开着。Noteverybookiseducative.Everybookisnoteducative.不是每本书都有教育意义的。Thisflowerisnotseeneverywhere.这花并不是随处可见的。Heisnotalwayssosad.他并不是一直都这样悲伤。Thebusinessmanisnottobeentirelytrusted.不可以完全信任商人。Hefeltnotaltogethersatisfied.他并不完全满意。Idon'tagreecompletely.我并不完全同意。Afoolishmandoesn'tmakeamistakeallthetime.笨人未必老是犯错误。Hedidnotspeakclearlyandcorrectly.他讲得清楚但不正确。Thisfilmisnotinterestingandinstructive.Thisfilmisnotinterestingorinstructive.Thisfilmisnotinterestingbutinstructive.Thehouseisnotbigandcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbig,butcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbigorcomfortable.Not…any…,no,none,neither,noone,never,not(never)…atall等用于完全否定Nomencanbemasters.Iwantneitherofthebooks.Neitherofwindowsareopen.Thisflowerisseennowhere.Heisneversosadatall.Thebusinessmanisnevertobetrustedatall.Idon'tagreecompletelyatall.Hedidnotspeakclearlyorcorrectly.否定转移：否定主语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语Everyonecannotenjoythepopmusic否定表语和宾语Theclothdoesn`tfellsoftIdon`tlikebothofthebooks.否定状语HehasnotcometothedecisionquicklyIdidnotdoitformyself.Childrenoftodaydonotautomaticallybecomemoresophisticatedbecausetheyhavetheaccesstomoreinformationthanchildrenofthepast.今天的孩子不会因为比过去的孩子更多的接触了信息就会自然地变得更加成熟双重否定Cannot…too/cannever…too/canhardly…too/cannot+over~~Youcannotbetoocautiouswhendriving.Thisideacannotbeoveremphasized。Not+否定意义的词Makingamessisnotuncommonforayoungmanfromhome.Althoughheisyoungforawriter,heisnotunknown否定词+形容词或副词的比较级=最高级NowherecanIexpecttofindabettergirlthanmywife.Nothingismorepreciousthanthehealth.Thereisnothingmorenaturalthanachild`sbeliefinhisparents.关于比较as…as…notso…as…notsomuch…as…notsomuchas…asmuch…as…Heisasoldasme.Peoplearenotsogenuineastheyusedtobe.Heisnotsomuchadoctorasateacher.Idon`tsomuchasknowhisname.XisasmuchBasA.Confidenceisasmuchasourceofdangerasofdanger.AisasmuchXasB.他大舅他二舅都是他舅，高桌子低板凳都是木头。Apauperhasasmucharighttolearnasaking.Tomarrytwowomenisasmuchabadthingastobesingle.Thedrunkardisasmuchadangertosocietyasalunaticatlarge.Hetaerismisasmuchasocialinstitutionasanyother.It`sasmuchaquestionasanythingelse.Knowbetterthan…Bewiserthan….Iamwiserthantobelievewhathesaid.Childreniswiserthantobelievestoriesfromadults.易混比较总结Nomorethan=onlyNotmorethan=lessthan,atmostNolessthan=asmuchas,justas Notlessthan=morethan,atleastNomore…than=neither…nor… Notmore…than=less…thanNot…anymorethan…=nomore…than… Notless…=more…thanNoless…than=both…and【范例】Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.语序问题A．完全倒装：Overthebridgemarchedthesoldiers.Oneverytopofhilllivesahermit.Thencametheordertodesertthecity.Nowisthehourwhentheysaygoodbye.【范例】P138-B1Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization:fully76percentofJapan’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.B．部分倒装否定副词作状语置于句首时，助动词，情态动词放在主语之前，谓语部分位置不变Hardlyhadhegotoutofthecourtwhenreportersraisedalotofquestonstohim.Only+状语置于句首，部分倒装Onlyafterhehadspokenouttheworddidherealizehahadmadeabigmistake.C.虚拟倒装Weretheytoceaseadvertising,priceswouldbesignificantlyreduced.D．强调倒装Soabsurdwashismannerthateveryonestaredathim.【范例】P139-E2Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguageformthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.【范例】P138-A4ImplicitwithinTyler’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,sharedandpatternedbehaviors.E．平衡倒装【范例】P138-A1-4Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvulgarizeactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologies,whichenablethestorage,anddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreeterspeedtomorelocationsthanhe’severbeenpossiblebefore.Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.ImplicitwithinTyler’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,sharedandpatternedbehaviors.【范例】P138-C1IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocraticwayaboutmoralproblems.【范例】P136-性质主语2Forafamilyoffour,forexample,itismoreconvenientaswellascheapertositcomfortablyathome,withalmostunlimitedentertainmentavailable,thantogooutinsearchofamusementelsewhere.特殊成分主格结构A．常见基本结构Herearethefirstvolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.Shecameintotheroom,earredwithcold.Heputonhissocks,wrongsideout.Hecameoutofthelibrary,largebookunderarm.B．带with的独立主格结构Withthehardworktobedone,wehavetoprepareforit.Withtheguideleadingus,wegottothevillage.Hestoodthere,withhishandraised.Withthedooropen,helefttheclassroom.Withtheglovesoff,sheleftcold.C．独立主格的省略Generallyspeaking,Strictlyspeaking,Talkingof,Speakingof,Judgingfrom,Takingallthingsintoconsideration,Considering…Otherthingsbeingequal,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.Takingallthingsintoconsideration,wecandrawaconclusionthatthistheoryshouldbeputintopractice.HYPERLINK【返回总目录】Q4、考研中长难句的难度？Thatsexratiowillbefavoredwhichmaximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmitted.译文：这种性别比例能在最大程度上增加个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制的数量，所以这种性别比例得到认可。难句类型：倒装、省略Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词译文：哈代的缺陷缘于两个方面，一方面，他显然无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。AssheputitinTheCommonReader.“ItissafetosaythatnotasinglelawhasbeenframedoronestonesetuponanotherbecauseofanythingChaucersaidorwrote;andyet,aswereadhim,weareabsorbingmoralityateverypore.”译文：正如她在《普通读者》中所说，“我们完全可以说，乔叟所说或者所写的东西并没有给人们形成任何的定规，也没有强加给人们什么样的规则；然而，随着不断深入到他的作品中去，我们一点一点逐渐接受了其中全部的道德教诲。疑难单词1.frame[freim]n.框,结构,骨架v.构成,设计,陷害2.absorb[əb'sɔ:b]v.吸收,吸引...的注意,使全神贯注3.morality[mɔ'ræliti]n.道德,美德4.pore[pɔ:,pɔə]n.毛孔,小孔v.熟读,熟视,细想AlthoughGutmanadmitsthatforcedseparationbysalewasfrequent,heshowsthattheslaves’