新高考英语二轮复习题型专练32 概要写作主题提炼策略(原卷版)

高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）32概要写作主题提炼策略【概要写作精准提炼主旨四步走】第1步读懂原文，明确篇章结构写概要之前，一定要先通读原文，确定文章的体裁和主题。在正确把握文章主旨和段落大意后，明确原文的篇章结构。根据意义划分文中的自然段，意义段的数量对应的就是要点的数量。[提醒]一个自然段不一定是一个要点，有时几个自然段说明一个要点，有时一个自然段包含数个要点。第2步去次留精，提炼关键信息·明确全文的篇章结构后，就要处理原文的内容，目的是保留主要内容，删除次要内容。·先找出主题句，同时标注与主题相关的关键词，最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。·原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息如列举数字和列举的事例等无须在概要中一一列出。例如：eq\a\vs4\al(Don'tforgettheclock)—ortheradio.Peoplewhoeq\a\vs4\al(eatslowly)tendtoeq\a\vs4\al(consume)about70eq\a\vs4\al(fewercalories)(卡路里)permealthanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals.eq\a\vs4\al(Beginkeepingtrackofthetime)，andtrytoeq\a\vs4\al(makedinnerlastatleast30minutes).Andwhileyou'reatit,actuallysitdowntoeat.Ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown,turnrelaxingmusic.Itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthroughameal.(画线部分为主题句)本段落主要内容为吃饭慢减少对热量的摄入，因此要将用餐时间延长至至少三十分钟。用自己的语言将画线部分重组后，关键信息如下：Recordthetimeandsetdinnertimeforhalfanhouraseatingslowlyhelpstakeinlesscalories.第3步归纳要点合理转换表达明确每个意义段的关键信息后，接下来应用自己的语言准确地表达各意义段的要点。为避免和原文的句子重复，可利用同义转述和句式转换这两种形式归纳要点。各要点的词数应根据文中对应内容的篇幅来定，分清主次。转换表达注意遵循2个原则①不增不减不曲：客观精准地表述原文要点，不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原材料所表达的意思。②不繁：在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。例如：Yourhousemayhaveaneq\a\vs4\al(effect)onyoureq\a\vs4\al(figure).Expertssaythewayyoueq\a\vs4\al(design)youreq\a\vs4\al(home)couldeq\a\vs4\al(playarolein)whetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff.Youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.Herearesomeeq\a\vs4\al(ways)toturnyoureq\a\vs4\al(home)intopartofyoureq\a\vs4\al(diet)plan.(画线句为主题句)主题句关键词如画线所示：The_wayyoudesignyourhomemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan.转换表达时可利用同义替换将ways改为tips;Thewayyoudesignyourhome改为Howtohaveyourhomedesigned。主题句转换为Howtohaveyourhomedesignedaffectsyourfigure.Belowaretipstodesignyourhometohelpdiet.第4步句式多样注意过渡衔接在概要中合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，但句子结构不可过长，也不要用太复杂的句子结构。同时选用适当的过渡衔接词衔接上下文，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。【策略演示】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。(2018年11月，浙江卷)It'sareallyeq\a\vs4\al(goodidea)toeq\a\vs4\al(visitcolleges)beforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampus(校园)likevisiting_and_seeing_for_yourself_the_dorms,_classrooms_and_athletic_equipment_and,_of_course,_the_students.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyifeq\a\vs4\al(theschoolsyouareapplyingto)eq\a\vs4\al(happentobemorethanacarrideaway).Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.There'seq\a\vs4\al(noexcuse)nottoeq\a\vs4\al(visit)theeq\a\vs4\al(schools)inyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon'tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,eq\a\vs4\al(gotocheckitout)！Ifcampusvisitsaren'tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldeq\a\vs4\al(findsometime)betweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstoeq\a\vs4\al(visit)theeq\a\vs4\al(schools)you'dliketoattend.It_can_save_you_a_lot_of_heartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon'tlikeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn'tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,theneq\a\vs4\al(checkout)theeq\a\vs4\al(onlinecollegefairs)atCollegeWeekLive.It'sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,andcollegecounselors(顾问),anditwon'tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonlinecollegefairat.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan'ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou'dliketoattend.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【思路点拨】第1步读懂原文，明确篇章结构原文是说明文，为确保精彩的大学生活，在申请大学前应抽时间提前了解大学。第1段：提出观点——在你上大学之前，要亲眼看看想申请的大学。第2段：一定要去看看当地的大学。第3段：如在申请之前没去过，在申请之后或得到录取通知书之前，一定要去大学看看。第4段：如果无法亲自参观，登录网站了解相关信息。分析各段主旨可判断，文章第1～2段是一个意义段，3～4段分别是2个意义段，故原文3个意义段可归纳为3个要点。第2步去次留精，提炼关键信息本文关键信息已在文中用画线和阴影形式体现，其中画线词为与主题句相关的关键信息，其他则为次要信息。第3步归纳要点，合理转换表达采用同义转述、句式转换等方法灵活准确归纳要点，如：①第一段主题句和第二段主题句可概括为要点1：该要点中的“goodidea”可用wisechoice转述；“inyourlocalarea”可转换为whereyoulive。②第三段主题句可概括为要点2:该要点中的“visitingandseeingforyourself”可转换为payapersonalvisit。③第四段主题句可概括为要点3：该要点中的“timeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible”可转换为alltheaboveisnotaffordable。第4步句式多样，注意过渡衔接句式要多样，可利用非谓语动词和状语从句，丰富概要部分的句式。【参考范文】Asasenioryearstudent,it'sawisechoicetovisitwould­becollegesnearwhereyoulivebeforeattendingthemforseeingisbelieving.(要点1)Youshouldfindachancetopayapersonalvisitevenatyourwaitingincaseyoufeeldisappointedafterwards.(要点2)Ifalltheaboveisnotaffordable,youareadvisedtosearchtheonlinecollegefairatCollegeWeekLivewhereyoucangetthenecessaryinformation.(要点3)【题型演练】1阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Itisimportantthatyouteachyourbabytoreadatanearlyage.Why?Obviously,beingabletoreadisthebasisforanysuccessfuleducation,sotheearliertheystart,thebetter.Alltoooften,parentsleaveeducatingtheirchildrenuptoschools,whichprobablyexplainswhytheUnitedStatesiscurrentlyranked18thinitsrateofreadingandwriting.Teachingyourbabytoreadprovidesbrainexerciseandithasalsobeenshowntoincreasethebaby’sIQbecausethereissimplynobettertimeinaperson’slifeforlearningthanwhentheyarebabies.Duringthistime,theirbrainsaredevelopingrapidly.Thesoonertheybegintoread,thesoonertheycanbegintolearnothersubjects.Thisway,bythetimeyourchildrenbeginschool,theywillalreadyknowwhat’sbeingtaught,andwillbeputonthefasttrack.Maybetheywillevenskipagradedowntheroad.Oneofthecaseswas17-month-oldElizabethBarrettwhodrewpublic’sattention.Shewasgivenaseriesofwordsandevensentencesthatshecouldreadquitewell.Herparentshadbeenreadingtohersinceshewasbornandhadprovidedherwithaveryearlyeducation.Readingisthemostimportantthingtoteachbabiesatayoungage.Itdoesn’thavetobestressfulordifficultforyourchild.Learningcanbefunatsuchanearlyage,anditcanbeaccomplishedsoeasilythattheywon’thavetostruggleinordertolearn.Ifyou’reinterestedinteachingyourbabytoread，thebestwaytostartisbyspendingjustafewminuteseveryday.Flashcardsareahelpfultool.Simplyshowyourbabymatchingpictureontheoppositeside.Therearealsovideosthathelptoteachbabiestoread.Thereisnobettertimetoteachyourbabytoreadthanthepresent.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Themantarayisoneofthelargestfishesintheworld,reachingupto29feetinwidth.Andmantaraysaresomeofthefriendliestcreatures.Theyallowdiverstoswimrightuptothem.Unfortunately,thesegentleanimalsareinbigtrouble.Since2011,mantarayshavebeenlistedasathreatenedspeciesworldwide.Overfishingisconsideredthebiggestthreattogiantmantanumbers,bothintentionalandaccidental.Peoplecatchmantaraysfortheirgillplates—thepartsthroughwhichtheyfiltertheirfoodfromseawater—aresoldinChinaformedicalpurposes.Drivenbythehugedemand,fishermenhavehuntedthemmercilessly.From2010to2013,thenumberofrayskilledannuallytosupplythegillplatemarkettripledto150,000.Clearly,overfishingisbadforanyseacreature,butit’sevenworseforgiantmantarays.Femalemantasusuallyhaveonlyonebaby,everytwotofiveyears.Soeverymantaraythatwascaughthurtsthepopulationinabigway.Toprotectgiantmantapopulation,Peru,acountryinSouthAmerica,recentlytookabigsteptoprotectgiantmantarays.Itbannedfishingforthem.Peoplewhobreakthelawcanbefinedorhavetheirfishinglicensestakenaway.Evenmantarayscaughtaccidentallyinfishingnetsmustbereleased.Althoughothercountrieshavepassedlawstoprotectmantarays,Peru’smaybethemostimportantoneyet,becausetherearemoregiantmantaraysinthePacificOceannearPeruthaninanyotherplaceintheworld.ScientistsworkingintheMantaTrust,anorganizationthatresearchesmantarays,arealsotryingtoprotectmantaraysbylearningmoreaboutthem.Earlierthisyear,theorganizationattachedvideocameras,calledCrittercams,tomantaraysoffthewestcoastofMexico.Thephotosthecamerascollectcouldhelpresearcherspredictwhereandwhenmantaraysswim.Thescientistcouldusetheinformationtowarnfishingboatstoavoidtheseareas,helpingreducethenumberofaccidentallycaughtmantarays.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Parentsalwayswantthebestfortheirchildrenandgivingthem;thebesteducationisalwaysontopofthelist.Butifyouthinkeducationisalltheyneed,maybeyoushouldthinktwice.Sure,youlearnalotofthingsinschool,butthereareimportantlessonsandskillsyouwillneedinlifethatonecanonlylearnathome.Therefore,teachingthechildrentodohouseholdchoresisveryhelpfulintheirgrowth.Mostfamiliesnowadayshirehousemaidstodothechores,sochildrendon’tgettoexperiencedoingitanymore.Butstudiesarguethatit’sstillnecessarytoletchildrendothem.Helpingathomecanbeatrainingplaceforyourchildrentowhateverresponsibilitiestheymayhaveinthefuture.Bydoingso,theycanlearnwhatmightbeoftheiradvantagewhentheygrowup.“Performingchoresofferskidsafeelingofself-sufficiency,helpsthemdevelopaworkethic,istiedtoacademicsuccessinschool,makesthemfeelusefulandteachesthemtheimportanceofhelpingothersandcontributingtothegreatergood.”Although,mostparentscanalsoarguethatitisnoteasytoforcetheirchildrentodochores.Itisanatureforthechildrentorefusetodochoreswhentheyaretoldto.Buttherearewaysthatcanturnhouseholdchoresintoamorelikelyactivityforthechildren.First,startthemyoung.Thisdoesn’tmeanthatyouletyourchildrendohugetasksatanearlyage.Youcangraduallyincreasetheleveloftasksastheygrowoldbutnevereverpushthemtoohard.Second,appreciateeverylittleachievement.Praisethemorgivethemsomething.Childrenloverewardsanditdrivesthemtodobetter.Mostimportantly,letthemknowthataskingthemtohelp-outisnotapunishment.Choresshouldneverbeusedasapunishment.Theymightgetdoneintheshortterm,buttheeffectswon’tlast.Thisapproachdoesnotgivethechildthefeelingofdoingsomethingbecauseitistherightthingtodo.Itonlymakesthemhatechoresandhopingoutevenmore.Choresshouldbeusedasasenseofpurpose.Explaintothemthatitisfortheirbenefitandeverythingtheylearnfromitisfortheiradvantage.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Beesareverystrangecreatures.Theyhavetheirownwayoftellingeachotherthattheyhavefoundanewflower.Theybringsomeofitsnectar(花蜜)backhomeandthendoalittledancethatshowswheretheflowerisandhowfarawayitis.Inautumntheworkerbeesgooutandcollectasmuchnectarandpollen(花粉)astheycancarry.Thentheyreturntomakehoneyandstoreitforthelongcoldwinter.Beesbuildtheirownhousesbuttheydonotalwayshaveroundtopslikepeopledrawtheminstorybooks.Theyareusuallyfivestoreyshigh.Thequeenbeealwayshasthebottomstorey.Inbetweenthebottomstoreyandalltheresttherearebarsonlyjustwideenoughfortheworkerstopassthrough.Thequeenbeecannevergouptotheotherfloorsbecausesheisbiggerthanalltheotherbees.Thestoreysthequeencan’tenterarewherethestoreroomsare.Thereareroomsforpollen,nectarandroyaljellies(蜂王浆).Ifthereisafiretheworkershavetocoverthewallsandentranceoftherooms.Theyhavetomovethehoneyandthenectarandpollenawayfromthehotwallsoftheroom.Thequeenistheonlythatcanlayeggs.Shemateswithamalebeecalledadrone.Oncethequeenhaslaidtheeggsshethrowsthedroneoutbecauseadronejustsitsaroundeatinghoneyandnectar.Hecannotgooutandcollectpollenbecausedronesdonothavepollen-carryingthingsontheirlegsliketheworkershave.Youngbeesarecallednursesbecausetheyhavetonursethenewbornbeeswhethertheylikeitornot.Whatabeeendsupbeingwhenitgrowsupdependsonwhatiteats.Ifitistobeaqueenitmustfeedonroyaljelliesanditmustnever,everseteyesonanotherqueen.Ifitdoestheymustfighttillonlyoneofthemisstillalive.5阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Collegestudentsneedtextbookstohelpthemlearnandearnanacademicdegree.However,ontopoftuition,roomandboardandmeals,whyaretextbookssoexpensive?Textbookscovermanyareasofknowledge.Theyarepreparedspecificallywithalotofinformationthatincludemanyoriginalpictures,specialcharts,andspecificdata.Textbooksareextremelyusefultostudentsforlearningandprofitableforthecompaniesthatpublishthem.Whiletextbookscanbeafinancialburdenonthestudent,theycanbeprofitableforabookscouter(侦察员).Abookscouterisanopportunistwhobuyscheapusedbooksatthriftstores(二手店)orbooksales,andsellsthemformoremoney.Brandnewtextbooksarethemostdesiredofbooksforscouterssincetheytypicallycostover$100.Ofcourse,usedtextbooksdon’tcostasmuch.Butwhenthescoutergoestoathriftstoreandbooksales