中美知识产权贸易摩擦现状及应对措施分析

中美产权贸易摩擦现状及应对措施分析摘要近来，中美两国经济在互相依靠不断加强的同时，彼此之间的摩擦及冲突也在不断晋级。其中中美产权贸易摩擦日渐成为中美贸易摩擦的焦点，已成为中国企业对美出口的最大障碍。中国企业频频遭遇美国有关产权的337调查，时至今日中国己经成为美国产权调查最主要的调查对象和最大的受害国。这不仅给涉案的中国企业造成宏大的经济损失，同时也严峻阻碍了我国对外贸易的平稳安康开展。面对上述场面，无论从理论意义上说，还是从理论意义上看，中美产权贸易摩擦都值得探讨。本文在学术界已获得的相关探讨根底上，首先对中美产权贸易摩擦的现状进展描绘，而后分析了摩擦的现状特征，然后剖析了中美产权贸易摩擦产生的缘由，接着又阐述了中美产权贸易摩擦对中国的影响。进而结合我国实际状况，提出了我国应对中美产权摩擦的应对措施。关键词：中美产权贸易摩擦337调查应对措施AnalysisofCounter-measureandCurrentSituationofSino-USPropertyRightsTradeFrictionAbstractInrecentyears,Sino-USeconomicinterdependencecontinuetostrengthen.Atthesametime,thefrictionandconflictwitheachotherareconstantlyupgraded.Sino-UStradefrictioninwhichPropertyisbecomingthefocusofSino-UStradefriction,ChinesecompanieshavebecomethebiggestobstacletoexportstotheU.S..ChinesecompaniesfrequentlysufferfromtheU.S.337investigationsrelatedtoProperty,todayChinahasbecomethemostimportantAmericanPropertyrightsinvestigatersandthebiggestvictimofthesurvey.ThisisnotonlytoChinesecompaniesinvolvedinthecasewhosufferedgreateconomiclosses,butalsoaseriousimpedimenttoChina'sstableandhealthydevelopmentofforeigntrade.Facingthementionedsituation,bothfromtheoreticalsense,andfromthepracticalpointofview,Sino-UStradefrictionofPropertyrightsareworthstudying.Thisarticlehasbeenmadeonthebasisofacademiccommunity’srelatedresearch.Firstly,thearticledescribedthecurrentsituationofSino-USPropertyRightstradefriction,andthenanalyzesthecurrentcharacteristicsoffriction,andthenanalyzesthecausesofSino-USPropertyrightstradefriction,andthentheydescribedtheeffectofChina-USPropertyrightstradefrictiontoChina.Andthenaccordingtothecurrentsituationinourcountry,putforwardourcounter-measuretothetradefrictionofSino-USPropertyrights.Keywords:Sino-US；Property；Tradefriction；337survey；Counter-measure；外文文献AnalysisofCounter-measureandCurrentSituationofSino-USPropertyRightsTradedisputeFirst，TheUnitedStatesandprotectionofPropertydisputesStatusChina'saccessiontoWTO,therapiddevelopmentofSino-UStrade,whichChinaexportstotheU.S.morethan30%annualincrease,from92.5billionU.S.dollarsin2003to203.5billionU.S.dollarsin2006,theU.S.tradedeficitwithChinaisgrowing.Moreover,inanti-dumping,countervailingandsafeguardmeasuresandspecialsafeguardmeasures,technicaltrade,exchangerateandotheraspectsoffrictionarealsoincreasing.5November2003theformerMinisteroftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofCommerceEvanson"TheWallStreetJournal"publishedanarticleentitled"U.S.faircompetition,China"Thearticle,that"thecurrentlackofreciprocityintraderelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandamajorsourceoffriction"Amongthem,thelackofprotectionofPropertyinChinatotheUnitedStates,undervaluedcurrency,China'sopaquelegalandotherreasonsthattheU.S.provokedthedisputewithChina.Thus,theUnitedStateshasformedapoliticalPropertyrights-tradedeficit-thethoughtpatternsofunemployment,theU.S.hasbeenthelackofprotectionofPropertyinChinaU.S.tradedeficitasanexcuseandjustification.China,theUnitedStatesin2006launchedthe"Special301"reviewandthesub-provincialreview;2007totheWTOdisputesettlementbodyagainstChina's"impactofPropertyprotectionandenforcementmeasures,"thelawsuit;thesametime,involvingChina,theUnitedStates"337investigation"ofcasesalsoincreasedrapidly.Second,Sino-USdisputesoverPropertyprotectionreasonsSino-USdisputesbetweenPropertyprotectionalongtime,butalsopresentsthegrowingtrend.AccordingtoU.S.officialsandcivilsocietyorganizationsissuedstatementsanddocuments,thattheSino-USIPRdisputesinChinaislargelyduetoproblemsinIPRprotection,suchasseriousviolations,lawenforcement,lackoftransparencyoflawenforcement.However,thedisputeledtoSino-USPropertyprotectionreasons,notjustlistentoonesideoftheUnitedStates,butalsotoseetheotherside.ThereasonwhysuccessiveU.S.protectionofPropertydisputes,anditsthreemainreasons:1,China'shugetradesurpluswiththeUnitedStatesSinceChina'sreformandopeningupdiplomaticrelationswiththeUnitedStatessincethetwocountrieshaveachievedrapideconomicdevelopment,ChinahasgraduallychangedfromtheU.S.tradedeficittotradesurplus,andthefavorablebalanceofexpanding.Statisticalstandardsasreasonsforthediscrepancybetweenthetwocountries,theU.S.tradedeficitwithChinaGengshiBistatistics,ChinaCustomsfigureshigherthanalength,theamountishugeshocking.BecausetheU.S.textile,steel,automobileandothercompetitiveadvantagesintheinternationalmarkethavegraduallylosttheownersofdomestictextile,steelandautomakerstoputpressureontheGovernment,causedtheriseoftradeprotectionism.U.S.governmentinordertomeetthesedomesticforces,butalsokeepthedomesticeconomicproblemsduetohugetradedeficit,frequentlyputpressureonChina.2,China-USeconomicrelationsofunequalinternationalstatusSino-USeconomicandtraderelationsalsoleadtounequalSino-UStradefrictionanddisputetheimportanceofPropertyprotectionreasons.TheUnitedStatesistheworld'slargesteconomyandlargestcountryinforeigntrade,manycountrieshavetorelyontheU.S.market,sotheU.S.influenceonothercountriescanbesaidtobeenormous,andChinaisnoexception.However,inturn,theU.S.dependenceonChinaisverylow.Insuchunequaltraderelationsunderthepremise,Chinaofteninapassiveposition,strugglingtocopewith,oreventomaintainitseconomicdevelopmenthadinthepolicyformulationandimplementationtomakeconcessions.TheUnitedStatesisrelyingonitseconomicsuperiorityandadvancedtechnology,protectionofPropertyrightsin"proper"name,tolimitourcompany'scompetitivenessindomesticandforeignmarketsinordertoprotecttheirPropertyrightsandmarketadvantagespurposes.3,theChinesestillneedtofurtherimprovetheIPRprotectionsystemChina'saccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization,Propertyprotectionhasbecomethecountry'smaineconomicpolicy.Propertyrightsofforeigntradeactivitiesinthesituationhasclearlyimproved,buttherearealsosomeproblems.China'scurrenteconomicandtradereformshavenotyetfullycompleted,inconflictwithWTOrulesrepealthelawsandregulations,modification,coordination,andlegislationisstillinprogress;oftheWTOdisputesettlementmechanismarenotfamiliarwiththerulesandproceduresandlackofexperience,cannoteffectivelyuseofrelevantlawsandregulationssafeguardingthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofourcountry;intheimplementation,thereisstilltheoverallproblemofinadequatelawenforcement,failuretoabidestrictlyenforced,impunityisveryserious.Atthesametime,manyofourweakawarenessofPropertybusiness,piracyisserious.Third,theSino-USdisputeonIPRprotectionofChinaPropertyrelationsareintheSino-USrelationscanhaveamajorimpact,becausetherelationshipbetweenSino-USPropertyrightsarepoliticized,thatis,PropertyissuesinSino-USrelationsisnotonlyalegalissue,itisnotonlyaneconomicandtradeproblems,butalsoapoliticalissue.CanalsosaythatSino-USrelationsChina-USPropertyRightsundertheinfluenceofpoliticalrelations,thetwocountrieshasincreasinglybecomeapoliticalobjectivetoachieveaneffectivemeans,whilealsograduallyhavetheinterestsofbothcountriestocoordinateandcontroltherelationshipbetweenthedirectionofbilateralrelationsthepoliticalfunction.Theonehand,theperformancecharacteristicsofSino-USrelationsintheUnitedStatesintensifiedtheconflictbetween,ontheotherhandtheperformanceofthegrowthinthepossibilitiesforcooperation.TheroleofChina-USrelationsliesinProperty:itspossiblecooperationinSino-USrelationsfromthedevelopedtothenecessityofcooperationprovidesadeterministicpath;PropertyrightsandpoliticalrelationshipbetweenPropertylegalsystemforChinatohaveanimportantimpactontheprocess.TofulfillthefirstIPagreement.Chinain1992andrevised"PatentLaw"toexpandthescopeofpatentprotection,extendingthetermofpatentprotection,enhancedpatentprotection,andimprovethepatentapprovalprocess.ThelegalsystemonPropertylawrevisedandstrengthenedPropertyagreement,isdeepinChina'sopeningupthecaseofcontinuouslycarriedout,ingeneralterms,inlinewiththeoveralleconomicandsocialdevelopmentrequirements.ThepoliticalrelationshipbetweenChinaandtheU.S.PropertyrightstoPropertyrightsinChinaaheadofthelegalsystemandspeeduptheprocess.中文翻译：中美产权疼惜争议及其应对策略分析一、中美产权疼惜争议现状中国参与WTO以来,中美贸易开展迅猛,其中,中国对美国出口每递增30%以上,已从2003925亿美元增至20062035亿美元,美国对华贸易逆差则日益扩大。不但如此,在反倾销、反补贴、保障措施及特殊保障措施、技术贸易、汇率制度等方面的摩擦也日渐增加。2003年11月5日美国商务部原部长Evans在华尔街日报发表了题为美国公允竞争,中国呢的文章,认为“目前缺少对等是美中贸易关系发生摩擦的主要根源〞。其中,中国对美国缺少产权疼惜、人民币汇率低估、中国法律的不透亮等缘由使得美国挑起对华争端。由此可见,美国政界已形成了产权-贸易逆差-失业的思维形式,美国始终将中国对产权疼惜不力作为美国贸易逆差的借口和理由。2006美国对中国发起了“特殊301条款〞审查并进展分省审查;2007向WTO争端解决机构提出针对中国的“影响产权疼惜和执行的措施〞的诉讼;同时,美国对中国涉及“337调查〞的案件也快速增加。二、中美产权疼惜出现争议的缘由中美两国之间的产权疼惜纷争由来已久,而且呈现愈演愈烈的趋势。依据美国官方和民间组织发布的声明和文件来看,认为中美产权纷争的主要缘由在于中国在产权疼惜方面存在问题,例如侵权现象严峻、执法不力、执法缺乏透亮度等。但是导致中美产权疼惜纷争的缘由,不能只听美国的一面之辞,还要看到问题的另一面。中美产权疼惜纷争之所以接连不断,其主要缘由有三点:(一)中国对美贸易的宏大顺差自中国改革开放及美建交以来,两国经贸获得了突飞猛进的开展,中国也由对美贸易逆差渐渐转变为贸易顺差,并且顺差额不断扩大。由于两国统计口径不一样的缘由,美国统计的对华逆差更是比中国海关统计的数字高出一截,数额之巨令人骇人动目。由于美国纺织品、钢铁、汽车等在国际市场上竞争优势渐渐相继丢失,国内纺织业主、钢铁及汽车消费商对政府施加压力,引起了国内贸易疼惜主义的抬头。美国政府为了迎合这些国内权利,也不断将国内经济问题归结于巨额贸易逆差,对中国频频施压。(二)中美经济关系国际地位的不对等中美经济贸易关系的不对等也是引发中美贸易摩擦及产权疼惜纠纷的重要缘由。美国是世界上第一经济强国,也是最大的从事对外贸易的国家,很多国家都要依靠着美国的市场,所以美国对其他国家的影响力可以说是宏大的,中国也不例外。但是反过来,美国对中国的依存度却很低。在这样不对等的贸易关系的前提下,中国就往往处于被动的地位,疲于应对,甚至为了维护本国经济开展而不得不在有关的政策的制定和执行上作出让步。而美国正是依托自身经济优势和先进技术程度,在疼惜产权的“正值〞名义下,限制我国企业在国内外市场的竞争力,以此到达维护其产权优势和市场优势的目的。(三)中国产权疼惜体系尚需进一步完善我国参与世界贸易组织后,产权疼惜已成为国家的主要经济政策。对外贸易活动中的产权状况已有明显的改善,但同时也存在一些问题。我国目前的经济贸易体制改革尚未完全完成,及WTO规则相抵触的法律法规的废止、修改、协调及立法仍在进展中;对WTO争端解决机制规则和程序的不熟识和阅历缺乏,不行以有效地运用相关法律法规维护我国正值权益;在执行上,照旧存在整体执法力度不够的问题,有法不依、执法不严、违法不纠现象特殊严峻。及此同时,我国很多企业的产权意识淡薄,侵权盗版现象严峻。三、中美产权疼惜争议对两国的影响产权关系之所以在中美关系中可以产生重要的影响,是因为中美产权关系被政治化,也就是说,产权问题在中美关系中不仅是一个法律问题,也不仅是一个经贸问题,而且还是一个政治问题。也可以说,中美产权关系在中美政治关系的影响下,越来越成为实现中美两国政治目的的有效手段,同时还逐步具备协调和限制两国利益关系、影响两国关系走向的政治功能。中美关系的特点一方面表如今中美之间冲突的加剧,另一方面表如今合作可能性的增长。中美产权关系开展的作用在于:它对中美关系从合作的可能性开展到合作的必定性供应了一条确定性的途径;产权关系政治化对中国产权法制化进程也产生重要的影响。为了兑现第一个产权协议的内容。中国于1992修改的专利法中扩大了专利疼惜的范围,延长了专利疼惜期限,强化了专利权的疼惜,完善了专利权审批程序。关于产权法律制度修订和加强产权执法的协议,是在我国对外开放不断深人的状况下进展的,从总体上来看,符合我国经济社会开展的总体要求。而中美产权关系政治化使我国的产权法制化的进程提早和加快了。Sino-UStradefrictionandthereasonsfortheevolutionofPropertySecond,theSino-UStradefrictionandtheevolutionofPropertyMainlandChinahasfromthe80soflastcenturyandtheUnitedStatesonPropertydisputes,manytimesadisputeandreachanagreement.Tointensity,thismayallbasedontheU.S."Special301"investigationbroughtthecaseisunprecedented.(A)thefirstPropertydisputeThefirstPropertydisputesinthelate80s.April1989,theU.S.TradeRepresentativeOfficeissueda"Reportoftheexternaltradebarriers,"theUnitedStatesaccusedChinaoffailingtoprovideadequateandeffectiveintellectualprotection,especiallycopyrightsysteminthepatentsystemandthereisaseriousdefect,itwillbeChinaincludedinthe"keyobservationoftheState"list.

(B)ThesecondPropertydisputesPropertydisputesinthesecondfrom1991to1992.April26,1991includedtheUnitedStatestraderepresentativetoChina,"focuscountries"list,andthatChina'spatentlawprotectionofyourrangeisnotenough;copyrightlawisnotfullyworkedout:Thecomputersoftwaredoesnotcomeundertheprotectionofliteraryworks.AtthesametimelaunchedtheChineselaws,policiesandotheraspectsofinvestigations.Thetwosidesduringthewar,whileintraderetaliationhasconductedseveralroundsofconsultations,culminatingintheJanuary17,1992signedthefirstagreementonPropertyprotection.

(C)ThethirdintherelevantPropertydisputesOccurredin1994,thethirdSino-USPropertydispute.February1994,theU.S.traderepresentativeaccusedChina:Propertysince1992invasiontovotestraightup;trademarkinfringementveryseriousphenomenon:lackoftransparencyinlawenforcement:theUnitedStatestowelStatescopyrightandpatentrightsdonotprovideadequateandeffectiveprotection.April30,1994,inthe"Special301"annualadjustmentLian

,TheU.S.TradeRepresentativetoChinaagainas"themostseriousviolationsoftheU.S.patentandcopyrightcountry"andthreatenedwithin60daysifunabletoreachasettlementagreement,Chinawillbeincludedin"keycountries"list.June,theStateCouncilInformationOfficeoftheChinesegovernmentissueda'ChinaProperty,"thewhitesection,announcedtotheworldthedevelopmentofthePropertysysteminChina.February26,1995,thetwosidesexchangednoteswiththewaythetwosides,and<effectivePropertyprotectionandimplementationoftheActionPlan"asanannextoanagreement.

(D)FourthPropertydisputesFourthofPropertydisputesoccurredin1996.ThistimethefocusisonCD,videoproductsandCD.TheillicitproductionofROM.U.S.delegatesthatChinahadnotkepttheeffectiveimplementationoftheUnitedStatesandChinareachedagreementonPropertyprotection.Afterseveralroundsofnegotiationsthetwosides,onJune17,1997tothethirdPropertyagreementnegotiated.Butthisagreementonlyrelatestothemobilityissueratherthanaseriesofcommitments.

(E)intensifyingSino-USIPRdisputesApril29,2005,theU.S.justiceannouncedthe"Special301"report.Thistime,Chinahasonceagainbeenincludedinthe"keyobservationoftheState"list.Butinthepastbeenaccusedof"imperfectlegislation"doesnotDivisionI,the"strictlyenforced","opaquework"becamethefocus.Inaddition,ChinalaunchedintheU.S."Special301investigation"atthesametime,moreandmoreuseof"337"tostartinfringementproceedingsagainstChineseproducts.

Second,Sino-UStradefrictioncausesofPropertyRights

Sino-UStradeinthemouthofJrelatedtoPropertyissues『frequentfriction,ontheonehandandtheU.S.tradeprotectionismisrampantabout:otherhand,ChinaitselfisalsointhelackofPropertyrightsofPropertycausesfrequentfriction.

(A)oftheU.S.tradeprotectionismisrampantIntheory.Underfreetrade,theworldtrappedinaccordancewiththecomparativeadvantageofdivisionoflaborandtradetoachieveitsmaximumbenefits.However.Freetradesystemisjustabeautifulideal,today'sinternationaltradeactivitiesintheexistenceofthephenomenonoftradeprotectionismofallkinds.Accordingtoformsofchange,internationaltradeprotectionismhasgonethroughfourphases:thefirststageisthestageofthetraditionalhigh-tariffbarriers:thesecondphaseofthegeneralnon-tariffOrganisationfootbarrierstage:thethirdphaseoffullgeneralnon-tariffbarriersandtechnicalShiubarrierstotradebothstages.Thefourthstageisthemaintechnicalbarrierstotradeprotectionismstage.Withthedevelopmentofinternationaleconomicintegrationandtradeliberalizationinthetraditionaltariffandnon-tariffbarrierscontinuetoremovethesoilbaseatthesametime,boastofitstechnicaltradebarriersandgreaterflexibilityandhiddenintheimplementationandoperationconvenience,subjecttotradeprotection.Fengyiofallages.Gametwoisthemethodused,analysisoftradebarriersthecountrytosetuptechnologyandbrakeintrinsicmotivation.

Assumptions:(1)AStateBStateanddivisionoflaboraccordingtocomparativeadvantageandtrade;(2)AandBaroundthecountrytoallowonlywaytolimittheuseoftechnicalbarriersotherexports.Inordershallbethegreatergood.Lacattleonbothsides}programcanchoose,oneisnotsettechnicalbarriers;oneistheTechnicalBarrier:(3)Bdoesnotexistbetweenthedecisionmakerstheinformationconstraints,theirlevelofsatisfactionofanypolicycanbeusedtoaccuratelyvaluemeasured.AndstrategiesoftheirprofitsasshowninFigurel.Here,usingtheclassicalmethodtoanalyzethegamemodelprisonersettechnicalsoilbarrieraroundthehousemotives.Anygovernmentpolicytoothercountriesasgiven,thenasarationalchoiceofcountrieswillhavedominantstrategyofthemotivationthatsettechnicalbarriers.Andremovethebadpolicythatisstrictlynotsettechnicalbarriers.ThisdecisionbringsbenefitstocountriesnottosetthecountrythanthewelfareofIllismaller.Thetopleftofthefigurethevalue(O,O)tothebottomrightofthefigureislessthanthevalue(0.5,O.5).

Althoughthesettingofnationaltechnicaltradebarriersthatlovedoesnotsettechnicalbarrierstotradecanimprovewelfare,willsetthetechnicaltradebarriersbetweentheinterestsoftiledamage,buttheystillhavethemotivationtosettechnicalbarrierstotrade,itisthepursuitofself-interestgameresults.

Propertyprotectionasatechnicalbarriertotrade.Isduetotechnologyinnovation,soinaparticularareaof​​technologyintheclearlead,withindependentPropertyrights,accesstothemonopolisticcompetitiveadvantage.Ininternationaltrade,Propertyprotectionisdifferentfromotherformsoftechnicalbarrierstotrade,itisoftenenoughtoprotecttheobjectexporteroftechnologygoods.SincethereformandopeningupChina'seconomyhassustainedrapidgrowthofmorethan20years,theaveragegrowthrateof9%,foreigntradegrowthratereached19.8%.EspeciallyafterChina'saccessiontoWTO,China'simportandexportgrowthin2001,only7.5%,andfromtheincreaseintotalimportsandexportsin2002werehigherthan20%ofitsannualgrowthratein2003,2004toupto35%ormore,China'sforeigntradegrowth

Startoacceleratethetrend.Amongthem,theimportandexportvolumefrom2001to509.77billionU.S.dollarsin2007to2.1trillion,equivalenttothe"WTO"beforemorethan4timesin2001.Atthesametime.Sino-USeconomicandtraderelations,IllStateisbecomingamajorreversetheUnitedStatestoraisethecountry.Inthiscontext.ThesharpincreaseinSino-UStradefrictionisinevitable.WTOframework,thevarioustariffbarriershavefallensubstantially,thetraditionalimportquotas,licensing,andothernon-tariffmeasuresbytheconstraintsandrestrictions,intoonestepiscanceledandnorms.BecausetheU.S.ismainlytheknowledgeandtechnology-intensiveindustries,strengthenPropertyprotection,notonlycantheownerofPropertyprotectionbenefits,butalsolong-termtechnologicalsuperioritytheUnitedStates,isconducivetoitslong-termdevelopment.Meanwhile,thetowelisthecountry'sforeigntradeinthemajorplusTtrade,lackofcorepatentedtechnology.Therefore,thetwosidesofthegameinthetowelduringpodisf-,theUnitedStatesisboundtoprotectitsownsetoftechnicalbarrierstotrade,ofwhichChina'sIPsystemisimperfect,thelackofcoretechnologypatent,isboundtomakeuseofPropertybarrierstoUnitedStateswillgetmorebenefits.So,tosay,Sino-USeconomicandtraderelationsbetweenthefrictiongeneratedinthePropertytradeprotectionismisactuallyareflectionoftheUnitedStates.

(B)theinadequacyofPropertyinChina

1.TheChinesegovernment'sinadequateprotectionofProperty

Sino-UStradefrictioninmanyofthePropertyaspectsoftheChinesegovernmentfocusonwhethertheprotectionofPropertylegislationimprovement,effective.TheUnitedStatesbelievesChina'simperfectlegislationonProperty,lawenforcementisnotenough,cannoteffectivelyprotectAmericanpatents.WithChina'saccessionto"WTO",ChinahastakenmanymeasurestoimprovethePropertysystemtointernationalstandards,butenforcementofPropertyprotectionwiththeUnitedStatestherearestillsomegaps.ThisleadstoviolationsofChinesecompanieshaveoccurred,thereisnosenseofinnovation,therewillinevitablyleadtoSino-UStradefrictiononPropertyrights.Turn2.Chinesecompanieslackcorepatentedtechnology,lackofconfidenceinresponsetoPropertylitigation

Inrecentyears,withChina'srapideconomicgrowthandgrowingcapacityofChina'sforeigntrade.ButChina'sforeigntradegrowthmainlydependsontheprocessingindustry,thelackofindependentPropertyrightsandcorepatentedtechnology,easytoinvolvementintheinfringementofProperty.Therefore,ChineseenterprisesraisedU.S.Section337casesshowedanincreasingtrend.Inthe"Section337"investigation,thecompanycanprovethefactofimportationofinfringingproductsthatarerelevantindustriesintheUnitedStatescanbeconvicted.Thus,U.S.companies,mentionthe"Section337"requirementapricottoneisrelativelylow,filingiseasy.Forbusinessesinvolvedincopyrightinfringement.Astheinvestigationconcerningthetechnicalcontentofmoreprofessionaltodealwiththemmorecomplicatedandmoredifficult.Surveyto337Chineseenterprisesfacealackof

Theconfidenceoftherespondentdidnottakeanymeasures,whichwilleventuallyconvictedthedefendantabsentthegroundsofpassiveacceptanceofthecontentsoftheproductswereexcludedduetothefailureintheU.S.market.

Third,thefrictionfaceofU.S.Propertyrights,Chinashouldtakemeasuresto

(A)TheChinesegovernmentshouldtakemeasuresto

1.StrengtheningthelegalprotectionofPropertyrights,includingPropertylegislationandlawenforcementandeconomicdevelopmentoftheclosecontact.Firstofall,technologyandPropertysystemisconducivetoeffectiveallocationofinformationresources;second.Propertysystemthatencouragesinnovationandcreativity,encouragingthedevelopmentofadditionalinformation:Finally,aneffectivePropertysystemtopromotenewtechnologyproductsandmarketization.GovernmenttostrengthenprotectionofPropertylawandenforcementTemple,theinventorcanbeaneffectiveincentivetoincreasethevarietyofinventionandcreation,therebyenhancingthecountry'sinnovationcapability.GraduallyreducetheU.S.tradetIIcausedbythelackofinnovationandPropertyfreeoffriction,especially"Section337"investigationincasesofpatentinfringementrelatedtothecore.

2.RaiseawarenessofPropertyprotection

ProtectionofPropertyisthekeyliesintheawarenessofIPRprotection.Itdependsonthegovernment'sattitudetowardsPropertyprotection.RobustprotectionofPropertylegislationandstrictlawenforcement,theoccurrenceofviolationswouldhaveadeterrenteffect.Atthesametime,strengthenPropertyprotection,butalsotoimprovethenation'sawarenessofIPRprotection.

(B)oftheChineseenterprisesshouldtakemeasuresto

China-UStraderelationsfaceofPropertyissues,ChineseenterprisesshouldnotonlyattachimportancetoPropertyrights,increaseinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentofproductswithindependentPropertyrights,andtaketheroadofindependentinnovation.Tofacefrictionandadoptapositiveattitude,understandingofU.S.Referenceto：

[1]ChungGouverneur.Matson.ReportontheforefrontofPropertylaw.TowelCountryEconomicPublishingHouse.2007.

[2]thewholehub.Onetheorypointsacrosstechnicalbarrierstotradeoff.Economicimpactstudywiththemushrooms.EconomicSciencePublishingstrong.2006

中文翻译：中美贸易摩擦中产权的演化及缘由分析一、中美贸易中产权摩擦的演化中国大陆地区从上世纪80头曾经及美国就产权争端问题，屡次发生纠纷，并达成协议。就猛烈程度而言，可能在全部基于美国“特殊301条款〞提起的调查案中是前所未有的。

(一)第一次产权争端

第一次产权争端发生在上世纪80头末。19894月，美国贸易代表办公室发表了外围贸易壁垒报告，指责中国未能对美国学问产品供应足够有效的疼惜，特殊是在专利制度和著作权制度方面存在着严峻的缺陷，故将中国列入了“重点视察国家〞的名单上。

(二)第二次产权争端

第二次产权争端发生在1991到1992。1991年4月26日美国贸易代表将中国列入“重点国家〞名单，并指贵中国对专利法疼惜的范围不够；版权法没有完全制订出来：计算机软件没有依据文学作品来疼惜等。同时发起对中国法律、政策等方面的调查。期间中美双方在贸易报复战的同时曾进展屡次磋商，最终在1992年1月17日签署了第一个关于产权疼惜的协议。

(三)第三次中关产权争端

1994发生第三次中美产权争端。19942月，美国贸易代表指责中国：产权侵投自1992以来直线上升；商标侵权现象也很严峻：执法上缺少透亮度：巾国对美国的版权和专利权没有赐予充分有效的疼惜等。1994年4月30日，在“特殊301条款〞度调整中，美国贸易代表再一次将中国列为“最严峻侵扰美国专利权和版权的国家〞，并威逼假设在60天内无法达成解决方法的协议，即将中国列入“重点国家〞名单．6月，中国政府国务院新闻办公室发布了‘中国产权的白皮节，向世界公布了中国产权制度的开展状况。1995年2月26日，中美双方承受双方换文的方式，并以<有效疼惜及施行产权的行动方案作为附件达成协议。

(四)第四次产权争端第四次产权争端发生在1996。这一次的焦点是CD、影视产品和CD．ROM的非法消费。美国代表认为中国没存有效施行此前中国及美国达成的有关产权疼惜的协议。中美双方经过多轮会谈，于1997年6月17日就产权会谈达成了第三个协议。但这次协议只涉及到行动性的问题而不是一系列的承诺。

(五)中美产权争端日趋猛烈2005年4月29日，美国义公布了“特殊301”