小学英语英语故事名人故事卡尔

卡尔・马克思生平

KarlHeinrichMarxwasbornonMay5th,1818inthecityofTrier,Germanytoa

comfortablemiddle-class,Jewishfamily.Hisfather,alawyerandardentsupporter

ofEnlightenmentliberalism,convertedtoLutheranismwhenMarxwasonlyaboyin

ordertosavethefamilyfromthediscriminationthatPrussianJewsenduredatthe

time.Marxenjoyedabroad,seculareducationunderhisfather,andfoundan

intellectualmentorinFreiherrLudwigvonWestphalen,aPrussiannoblemanwithwhom

Marxdiscussedthegreatliteraryandphilosophicalfiguresofhisday.Notably,

itwasWestphalenwhointroducedtheyoungMarxtotheideasoftheearlyFrench

socialistSaint-Simon.

AsastudentinBonnandBerlin,Marxwasgreatlyinfluencedbythephilosophyof

Hegel.WhileMarxwasimpressedwiththeHegelianprofessorsunderwhomhestudied,

heultimatelyfoundhimselfattractedtoagroupofstudentsknownasthez/Young

Hegelians.z/Thisgroupofyoungiconoclasts,includingDavidStrauss,BrunoBauer,

andMaxStirner,wereinspiredbyHegelbutweredeterminedtochampionthemore

radicalaspectsoftheoldmaster，ssystem,Inparticular,theseLeftHegelians

calledintoquestiontheconservatismtheysawinHegeTsavowedpoliticaland

religiousphilosophies.AlthoughMarxdesiredacareerasanacademicatthetime,

hispoliticalsympathiespreventedhimfromreceivinganpositioninthe

state-controlleduniversitysystem.Instead,Marxturnedtojournalismwherehis

radicalpoliticsattractedtheattentionofPrussiancensors.Thepublicationfor

whichheworkedwasshutdownforitspoliticallyincorrectcommentary,andthe

frustratedMarxtraveledtoParis.

Parisin1843wasaninternationalcenterofsocial,political,andartisticactivity

andthegatheringplaceofradicalsandrevolutionariesfromalloverEurope.In

ParisMarxbecameinvolvedwithsocialistsandrevolutionariessuchasProudhonand

Bakunin.Mostsignificantly,though,itwasinParisthatMarxmetFriedrichEngels,

thesonofawealthytextilemanufacturerinEnglandwhohadbecomeasocialistafter

observingthedeplorableconditionofworkersinhisfather，sfactories.Together,

MarxandEngelsbegantodeveloptheideaswhichbecameRevoultionaryProletarian

Socialism,or,asitisbetterknown,Communism.Eventually,Marxwasexiledfrom

Francein1845atthebehestofthePrussiangovernmentforantiroyalistwritings.

AfterleavingParis,MarxtraveledtoBelgiumwherehebecameinvolvedwithagroup

ofartisanscallingthemselvestheCommunistLeague.In1847theCommunistLeague

commissionedMarxandEngelstopenastatementoftheirbeliefsandaims.This

statementbecametheCommunistManifesto,whichMarxzealouslycomposedin

anticipationtherevolutionsof1848.WhenrevolutiondidbegininGermanyin1848,

MarxtraveledtotheRhinelandtoencourageitsprogress.Whentherevolutionfailed,

MarxreturnedtoParisbutsoonleftforLondonwherehewouldremainfortherest

ofhislife.

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MarxwaitedinLondonforthefiresofrevolutiontoigniteagain.Inpreparation

forthis,hespenthistimeincorrespondencewithrevolutionaryleadersonthe

Continent,ignoringtheEnglishChartistsandTradeUnionistswhomhethought

simplemindedandineffectual.Eventually,Marxrealizedthattherevolutionwasnot

imminent,andhewithdrewfromhisassociations,buryinghimselfintheBritish

Museumtoresearchthehistoryofclassconflict.Thefruitofthisresearchwas

Marx'sgreatDasKapital,thefirstvolumeofwhichwaspublishedin1867.

ThingsbegantoturnaroundforMarxin1863whenFrenchworkerstraveledtoEngland

inordertoestablishafederationofworkingmenpledgedtooverthrowtheeconomic

statusquo.AlthoughMarxdisagreedwithmanyoftheideologicalfactionsinthe

group,herecognizedthesignificanceofthiseventandlefthisself-imposedexile

tojointhem.Marxsuccessfullyinsinuatedhimselfintotheleadershipofthegroup,

nowknownastheInternational,anddeliveredhisfamousInauguralAddresstothe

FirstInternationalasatriumphantproclamationofhisprinciples.AtlastMarx

hadwhathehaddesiredsince1847;hehadprovidedtheintellectualfoundationfor

asocialistmovementoverwhichheexercisedfullorganizationalcontrol

Marx'ssatisfactionsoonended,however,astheParisCommuneof1871,thefirst

trueinstanceofworkersachievingpowerforthemselves,turnedintoabloody

disaster.ThemorepacifisticEnglishworkersbecamefrightenedandtheFrench

movementfelltoinfighting.TheanarchistsupportersofBakunintriedtowrest

controloftheInternationalfromMarx,andthestrugglebetweenMarxandthe

anarchistsfinallyleadtothedissolutionofthegroupin1876.

Inthefewremainingyearsofhislife,Marxwrotealmostnosignificantworks.His

statureastheformerleaderoftheInternational,though,didmakehimasought

afterresourcefornewrevolutionarygroupsthroughoutEuropeand,inparticular,

inRussia.AlthoughMarxhelpedthesenewleadersashecould,hedidnottakeon

anyleadershiprolesinanymovementagain.MarxdiedinLondonin1883,still

awaitingtheinevitablerevolutionwhichhehadpredicted.

AbouttheCommunistManifesto

In1846KarlMarxwasexiledfromParisonaccountofhisradicalpolitics.Hemoved

toBelgiumwhereheattemptedtoassemblearagtaggroupofexiledGermanartisans

intoanunifiedpoliticalorganization,theGermanWorkingMen'sAssociation.Marx,

awareofthepresenceofsimilarorganizationsinEngland,calledthesegroups

togetherforameetinginthewinterof1847.UnderMarx'sinfluencethisassemblage

ofworking-classpartiestookthename〃TheCommunistLeague,z/discussingtheir

grievanceswithcapitalismandpotentialmethodsofresponse.Whilemostofthe

delegatestothisconferenceadvocateduniversalbrotherhoodasasolutiontotheir

economicproblems,Marxpreachedthefieryrhetoricofclasswarfare,explaining

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tothemesmerizedworkersthatrevolutionwasnotonlythesoleanswertotheir

difficultiesbutwasindeedinevitable.TheLeague,completelytakenwithMarx,

commissionedhimtowriteastatementoftheircollectiveprinciples,astatement

whichbecameTheCommunistManifesto.

Aftertheconference,MarxreturnedtoBrussels,carryingwithhimadeclaration

ofsocialismpennedbytwodelegates,thelonecopyofTheCommunistJournal,the

publicationoftheLondonbranchoftheCommunistLeague,andastatementof

principleswrittenbyEngels.AlthoughMarxfollowedEngel，sprinciplesveryclosely,

theManifestoisentirelyofhisownhand.Marxwrotefuriously,butjustbarely

madethedeadlinetheLeaguehadsetforhim.TheManifestowaspublishedinFebruary

1848andquicklypublishedsoastofantheflamesofrevolutionwhichsmoldered

ontheContinent.WhenrevolutionbrokeoutinGermanyinMarch1848,Marxtraveled

totheRhinelandtoputhistheoryintopractice.Whenthisrevolutionwassuppressed,

MarxfledtoLondonandtheCommunistLeaguedisbanded,theManifestoitsonlylegacy

totheworld.

TheManifestohaslivedalongandillustriouslife.Whileitwashardlynoticed

amongstthecrowdedfieldofpamphletsandtreatisespublishedin1848,ithashad

amoreprofoundeffectontheintellectualandpoliticalhistoryoftheworldthan

anysingleworkinthepast150years.Ithasinspiredthecommunistpoliticalsystems

whichrulednearlyhalftheworld，spopulationatitsheightanddefinedthechief

ideologicalconflictofthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,alteringeventhose

countrieswhichstoodfirmlyagainstcommunism,e.g.WesternEuropeanandAmerican

WelfareStates.Intellectually,Marx'sworkhasprofoundlyinfluencednearlyevery

fieldofstudyfromthehumanitiestothesocialsciencestothenaturalsciences.

ItishardtoimagineanareaofserioushumaninquirywhichMarxismhasnottouched.

ButevenintheenormousbodyofworkrelatedtoMarxism,TheManifestoisundoubtedly

unique.Evenatitsshortlength(only23pagesatitsfirstprinting),itisthe

onlyfullexpositionofhisprogramthatMarxwrote.AndwhileMarxdevelopedhis

viewsthroughouthiscareer,heneverdepartedfarfromtheoriginalprinciples

outlinedtherein.TheManifestois,withoutadoubt,Marx'smostenduringliterary

legacy,settinginmotionamovementwhichhas,althoughnotinexactlythewayMarx

predicted,radicallychangedtheworld.AsMarxfamouslyassertedinhisTheseson

Feuerbach,〃Thephilosophershaveinterpretedtheworldinmanyways.Whatmatters

ischangingit.〃Noonehasepitomizedthisasmuchashe.

卡尔•马克思

全世界无产阶级的伟大导师和领袖，马克思主义的创始人。生于普鲁士莱茵省特里尔城一个

犹太人律师家庭。曾先后就学于波恩大学和柏林大学法律系，重点学习历史和哲学，获哲学

博士位。在学期间参加青年黑格尔派，主张激进的无神论。1842年起担任《莱茵报》撰稿

人，10月任主编。在此期间通过写报纸评论，对反动政府进行了深刻揭露，思想开始从唯

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心主义立场转向唯物主义，从革命民主主义转向共产主义。1843年《莱茵报》被查封，马

克思和燕妮•威斯特华伦结婚并迁居巴黎，开始同德国、法国秘密工人社团建立联系，经常

参加工人、手工业者的集会，开展对政治经济学、空想社会主义和历史的研究。1844年初

创办《德法年鉴》，发表《黑格尔法哲学批判导言》《论犹太人问题》等文章，第一次指出无

产阶级是唯一能消灭剥削制度的阶级，工人运动必须与科学的世界观相结合；主张“对现存

的一切进行无情的批判”，尤其是“武器的批判”。这些文章和当时给阿•卢格的几封信，标

志着马克思世界观的转变已经完成。

1844年8月底，马克思和恩格斯在巴黎会见，从此他们为无产阶级解放事业并肩战斗到终

生。他们首先共同系统地研究科学的新世界观。第一个成果是《神圣家族》，批判了青年黑

格尔派主要代表人物布鲁诺•鲍威尔等的唯心主义哲学，阐述了人民群众是历史的创造者这

一历史唯物主义的基本原理。1844年，马克思又写了《经济学-哲学手稿》。1845年，因从

事革命活动，被法国政府驱逐出境，迁居比利时首都布鲁塞尔，写出著名的《关于费尔巴哈

的提纲》，不久，又与恩格斯合写了《德意志意识形态》，进一步在批判青年黑格尔派的基础

上阐明了新世界观的理论，特别是历史唯物主义的一些基本原理，第一次提出了无产阶级夺

取政权的历史任务。1846年，与恩格斯一起创立了共产主义通讯委员会和德意志工人协会,

批判了蒲鲁东主义、魏特林平均共产主义和“真正的”社会主义。1847年发表《哲学的贫

困》，同年加入共产主义者同盟。1847年12月一一1848年月，参加了同盟第二次代表大会,

并受大会委托，同恩格斯一起起草了同盟的纲领，这