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燃烧仿真软件OpenFOAM教程:燃烧模型与化学反应机理1燃烧仿真基础1.1燃烧的基本概念燃烧是一种化学反应过程,其中燃料与氧化剂(通常是空气中的氧气)反应,产生热能和光能,以及一系列的化学产物。燃烧过程可以分为三个主要阶段:预热阶段、燃烧阶段和后燃阶段。预热阶段燃料被加热至其着火点;燃烧阶段燃料与氧化剂反应,释放大量能量;后燃阶段,反应产物继续冷却并最终达到环境温度。燃烧的特性可以通过几个关键参数来描述,包括燃烧速度、火焰温度、燃烧效率等。燃烧速度是指燃料与氧化剂反应的速率,它受到燃料类型、温度、压力和反应物浓度的影响。火焰温度是燃烧过程中产生的最高温度,通常与燃烧效率和产物的组成有关。燃烧效率衡量了燃料中化学能转化为热能的比例。1.2燃烧模型的分类燃烧模型用于描述和预测燃烧过程中的物理和化学行为。根据其复杂性和应用范围,燃烧模型可以分为以下几类:零维模型:假设燃烧在无限小的体积内进行,忽略空间变化,仅考虑时间变化。适用于描述燃烧室内的整体燃烧过程。一维模型:考虑燃烧过程在单一方向上的变化,如火焰传播。适用于描述层流火焰的特性。二维和三维模型:考虑燃烧过程在两个或三个方向上的变化,能够更准确地模拟实际燃烧环境中的复杂流动和传热现象。适用于描述湍流燃烧和多相燃烧。在OpenFOAM中,常用的燃烧模型包括:层流燃烧模型:假设燃烧过程在层流条件下进行,适用于低速燃烧和预混燃烧。湍流燃烧模型:考虑湍流对燃烧过程的影响,适用于高速燃烧和非预混燃烧。多相燃烧模型:考虑燃烧过程中不同相态(如气相、液相、固相)之间的相互作用,适用于描述喷雾燃烧和固体燃料燃烧。1.3化学反应机理简介化学反应机理描述了化学反应的详细步骤,包括反应物之间的相互作用、中间产物的形成以及最终产物的生成。在燃烧仿真中,化学反应机理是模拟燃烧过程的关键,它决定了燃烧的速率、产物的组成以及能量的释放。OpenFOAM支持多种化学反应机理,包括:简单反应机理:如一步反应模型,适用于快速燃烧过程的简化模拟。详细反应机理:如GRI-Mech3.0,包含数百个反应步骤,能够更准确地描述复杂燃料的燃烧过程。1.3.1示例:使用OpenFOAM进行层流燃烧仿真以下是一个使用OpenFOAM进行层流燃烧仿真的简单示例。我们将使用层流燃烧模型和一个简化的一步反应机理来模拟甲烷在空气中的燃烧。1.3.1.1准备仿真环境首先,确保OpenFOAM已经安装在你的系统上。然后,创建一个新的案例目录,并在其中设置物理属性和初始条件。#创建案例目录

mkdirmethaneAirCombustion

cdmethaneAirCombustion

#初始化案例

foamDictionary-cloneconstant/thermophysicalProperties1.3.1.2设置化学反应机理在constant目录下创建一个chemistryProperties文件,用于定义化学反应机理。这里我们使用一个简化的一步反应机理:echo"

typeoneStep;

chemistryTypefiniteRate;

">constant/chemistryProperties1.3.1.3定义燃料和氧化剂的物理属性在constant/thermophysicalProperties文件中,定义甲烷和空气的物理属性:thermoType

{

typehePsiThermo;

mixturemixture;

transportconst;

thermohConst;

equationOfStateperfectGas;

speciespecie;

energysensibleInternalEnergy;

}

mixture

{

specie

{

species(CH4O2N2H2OCO2);

equationOfState

{

speciespecie;

energysensibleInternalEnergy;

}

}

thermodynamics

{

CH4

{

molWeight16.04;

CpCoeffs(1.664E+031.17E-02-2.195E-061.432E-09-9.817E-14);

Hf-5.092E+04;

}

O2

{

molWeight32.00;

CpCoeffs(1.035E+030.0);

Hf0.0;

}

N2

{

molWeight28.01;

CpCoeffs(1.042E+030.0);

Hf0.0;

}

H2O

{

molWeight18.015;

CpCoeffs(1.333E+030.0);

Hf-2.418E+05;

}

CO2

{

molWeight44.01;

CpCoeffs(1.333E+030.0);

Hf-3.935E+05;

}

}

transport

{

CH4

{

As4.265E-20;

Cs1.0;

Pr0.72;

}

O2

{

As2.66E-19;

Cs1.0;

Pr0.72;

}

N2

{

As2.66E-19;

Cs1.0;

Pr0.72;

}

H2O

{

As6.419E-20;

Cs1.0;

Pr0.72;

}

CO2

{

As5.474E-20;

Cs1.0;

Pr0.72;

}

}

}1.3.1.4设置初始和边界条件在0目录下,设置初始和边界条件。这里我们假设一个简单的二维燃烧室,其中甲烷从左侧进入,空气从右侧进入:#设置速度场

echo"

(

(000)

(000)

)

">0/U

#设置压力场

echo"

(

101325

101325

)

">0/p

#设置温度场

echo"

(

300

300

)

">0/T

#设置化学组分场

echo"

(

(10000)

(00.210.7900)

)

">0/Y1.3.1.5运行仿真使用OpenFOAM的层流燃烧求解器laminarFoam来运行仿真:laminarFoam1.3.1.6分析结果仿真完成后,可以使用OpenFOAM自带的后处理工具,如paraFoam,来可视化和分析仿真结果:paraFoam在paraFoam中,可以查看温度分布、化学组分浓度、燃烧速度等关键参数,以评估燃烧过程的特性。通过以上步骤,我们展示了如何使用OpenFOAM进行层流燃烧仿真的基本流程。这仅为燃烧仿真的一小部分,实际应用中可能需要更复杂的模型和更详细的化学反应机理来准确预测燃烧过程。2OpenFOAM入门2.1OpenFOAM概述OpenFOAM(OpenFieldOperationandManipulation)是一个开源的CFD(计算流体动力学)软件包,由OpenCFD有限公司开发并维护,现由SINTEFDigital的FoamFoundation管理。它提供了一系列的工具和求解器,用于模拟复杂的流体流动、传热、燃烧等现象。OpenFOAM的核心优势在于其高度的灵活性和可扩展性,允许用户自定义模型和方程,以适应特定的研究或工程需求。2.2OpenFOAM的安装与配置2.2.1安装步骤下载OpenFOAM安装包:访问OpenFOAM官方网站,下载适合你操作系统的安装包。安装依赖库:在Ubuntu系统中,可以使用以下命令安装所需的依赖库:sudoapt-getupdate

sudoapt-getinstallbuild-essentialcmakelibopenmpi-devopenmpi-binlibblas-devliblapack-devlibfftw3-devlibboost-all-dev解压并编译OpenFOAM:解压下载的安装包,并进入解压后的目录,运行./Allwmake进行编译。配置环境变量:编辑.bashrc文件,添加以下行:exportWM_PROJECT_DIR=<OpenFOAM安装目录>

source$WM_PROJECT_DIR/etc/bashrc测试安装:运行test-all命令,确保所有测试通过。2.2.2配置步骤设置求解器路径:在.bashrc中,确保$WM_PROJECT_DIR指向正确的OpenFOAM安装目录。更新环境变量:运行source~/.bashrc,使更改的环境变量生效。安装额外库:根据需要,安装额外的库或模块,如化学反应库chemkin。2.3OpenFOAM案例运行流程2.3.1创建案例目录OpenFOAM使用案例目录来组织和运行模拟。每个案例目录包含所有必要的输入文件,如网格、边界条件、物理属性和控制参数。创建案例目录的基本步骤如下:复制模板案例:使用foamCloneCase命令从OpenFOAM的$FOAM_TUTORIALS目录中复制一个模板案例。foamCloneCase$FOAM_TUTORIALS/<应用>/<案例名>2.3.2编辑输入文件案例目录中的输入文件需要根据模拟需求进行编辑。主要的输入文件包括:系统文件:如controlDict(控制模拟的参数)、fvSchemes(离散方案)、fvSolution(求解策略)。边界条件文件:如0目录下的U(速度)、p(压力)、T(温度)等。物理属性文件:如constant目录下的transportProperties(传输属性)、thermophysicalProperties(热物理属性)。2.3.3运行求解器编辑完输入文件后,使用相应的求解器运行模拟。例如,对于稳态燃烧模拟,可以使用simpleFoam求解器。simpleFoam2.3.4后处理和可视化模拟完成后,使用paraFoam或foamToVTK将结果转换为ParaView或VTK格式,以便于可视化和分析。foamToVTKtime=<时间步>2.3.5示例:简单燃烧模拟假设我们想要模拟一个简单的燃烧过程,可以使用chemReactFoam求解器。下面是一个简化的案例目录结构和输入文件示例:2.3.5.1案例目录结构<案例目录>

|--0

||--U

||--p

||--T

||--Y

|--constant

||--polyMesh

||--transportProperties

||--thermophysicalProperties

||--chemistryProperties

|--system

||--controlDict

||--fvSchemes

||--fvSolution2.3.5.2controlDict示例startFromstartTime;

startTime0;

stopAtendTime;

endTime10;

deltaT0.01;

writeControltimeStep;

writeInterval1;

purgeWrite0;

writeFormatascii;

writePrecision6;

writeCompressionoff;

timeFormatrunTime;

timePrecision6;2.3.5.3thermophysicalProperties示例thermoType

{

typehePsiThermo;

mixturespecies;

transportconst;

thermohConst;

equationOfStateperfectGas;

speciespecie;

energysensibleInternalEnergy;

}

mixture

{

specie

{

species(O2N2CO2COH2O);

}

thermodynamics

{

path$FOAM_THERMOS/75Components;

file75ComponentsH2O_CO2_N2_O2_CO_Pr.dat;

}

}2.3.5.4运行求解器chemReactFoam2.3.5.5后处理和可视化foamToVTKtime=10以上步骤和示例提供了OpenFOAM入门的基本流程和操作,通过这些步骤,用户可以开始探索和使用OpenFOAM进行复杂的燃烧仿真。3OpenFOAM中的燃烧模型3.1非预混燃烧模型3.1.1原理非预混燃烧模型(Non-premixedcombustionmodel)适用于燃料和氧化剂在燃烧前未充分混合的场景,如柴油发动机中的燃烧过程。在非预混燃烧中,燃烧速率由燃料和氧化剂的扩散速率决定,因此,模型需要解决燃料和氧化剂的扩散以及反应速率问题。OpenFOAM中的非预混燃烧模型通常基于EddyDissipationModel(EDM)或者EddyDissipationConcept(EDC)。3.1.2内容在OpenFOAM中,非预混燃烧模型通过解决湍流扩散和化学反应速率来模拟燃烧过程。模型中需要定义燃料和氧化剂的物理和化学性质,包括扩散系数、反应速率常数等。此外,还需要定义湍流模型,如k-ε模型或k-ω模型,以计算湍流对燃烧的影响。3.1.2.1示例代码#在OpenFOAM中设置非预混燃烧模型的示例

#配置文件:constant/turbulenceProperties

simulationTypeRAS;

RAS

{

RASModelkEpsilon;

turbulenceon;

printCoeffson;

}#配置文件:constant/thermophysicalProperties

thermodynamics

{

thermoType

{

typehePsiThermo;

mixturemixture;

transportconst;

thermohConst;

equationOfStateidealGas;

speciespecie;

energysensibleInternalEnergy;

}

mixture

{

typereactingMixture;

transportModelconst;

thermoModelhConst;

equationOfStateidealGas;

specieModelspecie;

energyModelsensibleInternalEnergy;

mixtureairFuel;

}

}#配置文件:constant/reactingMixtureProperties

thermodynamics

{

...

}

transport

{

...

}

species

{

nSpecies2;

species(airfuel);

}

equationOfState

{

...

}

thermo

{

...

}

transportModel

{

...

}

reactionModel

{

typefiniteRate;

chemistryReaderCHEMKIN;

chemistry(chem.inpspeciesData);

}3.1.3解释上述代码示例展示了如何在OpenFOAM中配置非预混燃烧模型。首先,在constant/turbulenceProperties文件中,我们定义了湍流模型为k-ε模型。然后,在constant/thermophysicalProperties文件中,我们定义了热物理属性,包括使用hePsiThermo类型和reactingMixture混合物类型。最后,在constant/reactingMixtureProperties文件中,我们定义了反应模型为finiteRate类型,使用CHEMKIN格式读取化学反应机理文件。3.2预混燃烧模型3.2.1原理预混燃烧模型(Premixedcombustionmodel)适用于燃料和氧化剂在燃烧前已经充分混合的场景,如天然气燃烧。预混燃烧模型通常基于火焰传播理论,考虑火焰锋面的传播速度和化学反应速率。3.2.2内容在OpenFOAM中,预混燃烧模型通过解决火焰锋面的传播速度和化学反应速率来模拟燃烧过程。模型中需要定义燃料和氧化剂的物理和化学性质,包括火焰传播速度、化学反应速率等。此外,还需要定义湍流模型,以计算湍流对火焰锋面的影响。3.2.2.1示例代码#在OpenFOAM中设置预混燃烧模型的示例

#配置文件:constant/thermophysicalProperties

thermodynamics

{

thermoType

{

typehePsiThermo;

mixturemixture;

transportconst;

thermohConst;

equationOfStateidealGas;

speciespecie;

energysensibleInternalEnergy;

}

mixture

{

typereactingMixture;

transportModelconst;

thermoModelhConst;

equationOfStateidealGas;

specieModelspecie;

energyModelsensibleInternalEnergy;

mixturepremixed;

}

}#配置文件:constant/reactingMixtureProperties

thermodynamics

{

...

}

transport

{

...

}

species

{

nSpecies2;

species(airfuel);

}

equationOfState

{

...

}

thermo

{

...

}

transportModel

{

...

}

reactionModel

{

typelaminar;

chemistryReaderCHEMKIN;

chemistry(chem.inpspeciesData);

}3.2.3解释上述代码示例展示了如何在OpenFOAM中配置预混燃烧模型。在constant/thermophysicalProperties文件中,我们定义了热物理属性,包括使用hePsiThermo类型和reactingMixture混合物类型,特别指出混合物类型为premixed。在constant/reactingMixtureProperties文件中,我们定义了反应模型为laminar类型,使用CHEMKIN格式读取化学反应机理文件。3.3详细化学反应机理模型3.3.1原理详细化学反应机理模型(Detailedchemicalkineticsmodel)考虑了化学反应的每一个步骤,包括中间产物和副反应。这种模型能够提供更准确的燃烧过程描述,但计算成本较高。3.3.2内容在OpenFOAM中,详细化学反应机理模型通过解决复杂的化学反应网络来模拟燃烧过程。模型中需要定义燃料和氧化剂的物理和化学性质,包括详细的化学反应机理文件。此外,还需要定义反应速率常数、活化能等参数。3.3.2.1示例代码#在OpenFOAM中设置详细化学反应机理模型的示例

#配置文件:constant/reactingMixtureProperties

reactionModel

{

typefiniteRate;

chemistryReaderCHEMKIN;

chemistry(chem.inpspeciesData);

}#化学反应机理文件:chem.inp

ELEMENTS

CHON

SPECIES

CO2COH2H2OHO2N2NO

EQUATIONS

H2+0.5O2=H2O

CO+0.5O2=CO2

...3.3.3解释在constant/reactingMixtureProperties文件中,我们定义了反应模型为finiteRate类型,使用CHEMKIN格式读取化学反应机理文件。化学反应机理文件chem.inp中定义了参与反应的元素、物种以及化学反应方程式。这种模型能够更精确地模拟燃烧过程,但需要更复杂的化学反应机理文件和更高的计算资源。通过以上示例,我们可以看到在OpenFOAM中如何配置非预混燃烧模型、预混燃烧模型以及详细化学反应机理模型。每种模型都有其适用场景和配置方法,选择合适的模型对于准确模拟燃烧过程至关重要。4化学反应机理在OpenFOAM中的应用4.1化学反应机理文件格式在OpenFOAM中,化学反应机理通常以扩展名为.cti的文件格式存储,这是Chemkin格式的文件。Chemkin是一个广泛使用的化学动力学软件包,用于描述和模拟化学反应。OpenFOAM通过读取Chemkin格式的文件来解析化学反应机理,包括反应物、产物、反应速率常数等信息。4.1.1示例:Chemkin格式的化学反应机理文件#以下是一个简单的Chemkin格式的化学反应机理文件示例

#物种定义

SPECIES

O2,O,O2+,O+,O2-,O-,O2(4S),O(3P),O(1D)

END

#反应定义

REACTIONS

UNITSMOLESYES

O2+M=O2(4S)+M1.000E+000.000E+00-1.170E+04

O2(4S)+M=O2+M2.000E+000.000E+000.000E+00

END

#热力学数据

THERMALL

O2(4S)25.0000001000.0000006000.000000

1.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+00

0.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+00

0.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+00

0.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+00

0.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+00

0.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+00

0.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+00

0.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+00

0.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+000.000000E+00

END在这个示例中,我们定义了几个物种(O2,O,O2+,等)和两个反应。每个反应都有其特定的速率常数,这些常数在不同温度下可能有所不同。热力学数据部分提供了物种的热力学属性,这对于计算反应速率和平衡状态至关重要。4.2导入化学反应机理要将化学反应机理导入OpenFOAM,需要将.cti文件转换为OpenFOAM可读的格式。OpenFOAM提供了chemkinToOpenFOAM工具来完成这一转换。4.2.1示例:使用chemkinToOpenFOAM导入化学反应机理chemkinToOpenFOAM-chemkinFilepath/to/your/chemkinFile.cti-speciesFilepath/to/your/speciesFile.txt-thermoFilepath/to/your/thermoFile.dat在这个命令中,-chemkinFile参数指定了Chemkin格式的化学反应机理文件路径,-speciesFile参数指定了物种定义文件路径,而-thermoFile参数指定了热力学数据文件路径。执行此命令后,OpenFOAM将生成一系列文件,包括物种属性、反应速率和热力学数据,这些文件将被存储在constant目录下的thermophysicalProperties文件中。4.3设置燃烧模型参数在OpenFOAM中,燃烧模型参数是在constant目录下的thermophysicalProperties文件中设置的。这个文件包含了流体的物理和化学属性,以及燃烧模型的详细配置。4.3.1示例:thermophysicalProperties文件配置thermodynamics

{

thermoType

{

typehePsiThermo;

mixtureperfectGas;

transportconst;

thermoHSD;

equationOfStateyes;

speciespecie;

energysensibleInternalEnergy;

}

}

transport

{

transportModelconst;

}

species

{

nSpecies3;

speciesList(O2OO2(4S));

}

equationOfState

{

p0101325;

T0300;

}

thermodynamics

{

Tinf298.15;

}

reactionModel

{

typefiniteRate;

chemistryReaderchemistry;

chemistrychemistry.cti;

chemistryFormatchemkin;

chemistryTypegas;

chemistrySolverimplicit;

chemistryTol1e-6;

chemistryRes1e-3;

chemistryMaxIter100;

}在这个示例中,我们定义了热力学模型、运输模型、物种列表、反应模型等参数。reactionModel部分特别重要,它指定了反应模型的类型(finiteRate表示有限速率模型),以及化学反应机理文件的路径(chemistry.cti)。此外,还设置了化学反应求解器的参数,如容差(chemistryTol)、残差(chemistryRes)和最大迭代次数(chemistryMaxIter)。通过以上步骤,我们可以将复杂的化学反应机理集成到OpenFOAM中,从而进行详细的燃烧仿真。这不仅包括了化学反应的动态模拟,还涵盖了热力学和运输属性的计算,为燃烧过程的全面理解提供了强大的工具。5OpenFOAM燃烧仿真案例分析5.1非预混燃烧案例设置5.1.1原理与内容非预混燃烧(DiffusionBurning)是指燃料和氧化剂在燃烧前未充分混合,燃烧过程主要发生在燃料和氧化剂的界面处。在OpenFOAM中,模拟非预混燃烧通常采用reactingMultiphaseFoam或laminarReactingMultiphaseFoam等求解器,这些求解器能够处理多相流和化学反应。5.1.1.1案例设置步骤定义物理模型:选择适当的物理模型,如湍流模型(k-epsilon或k-omega)和燃烧模型(如EDC或PDF)。网格划分:使用blockMesh或snappyHexMesh生成网格。边界条件:设置燃料和氧化剂的入口边界条件,以及出口和壁面条件。初始化条件:设置初始温度、压力、组分浓度等。化学反应机理:选择合适的化学反应机理,如GRI-Mech3.0。运行仿真:使用求解器进行仿真,监控收敛情况。5.1.1.2代码示例在constant/thermophysicalProperties文件中定义化学反应机理:thermodynamics

{

thermoType

{

typehePsiThermo;

mixturemixture;

transportconst;

thermohConst;

equationOfStateperfectGas;

speciespecie;

energysensibleInternalEnergy;

}

mixture

{

typereactingMixture;

transportModellaminar;

thermoTypehConst;

equationOfStateperfectGas;

speciespecie;

energysensibleInternalEnergy;

mixtureGRI30;

}

}

transport

{

transportModellaminar;

}

reaction

{

reactionModelconstant;

chemistryReader

{

typeCHEMKIN;

mechanismFile"GRI-Mech301.cti";

speciesFile"speciesDict";

thermodynamicsFile"GRI-Mech301.Therm";

}

}在0目录下初始化温度和组分:T

{

typevolScalarField;

Time0;

classthermophysical;

location"0";

objectT;

dimensions[0001000];

internalFielduniform300;

boundaryField

{

fuelInlet

{

typefixedValue;

valueuniform300;

}

oxidizerInlet

{

typefixedValue;

valueuniform300;

}

outlet

{

typezeroGradient;

}

walls

{

typefixedValue;

valueuniform300;

}

}

}

Y

{

typevolScalarField;

Time0;

classthermophysical;

location"0";

objectY;

dimensions[0000100];

internalFieldnonuniformList<scalar>

(

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0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,

0.0,0.0,0.0,

#高

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