北京市丰台区2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试题（A卷） 含解析

丰台区2023-2024学年度第二学期期中练习高二英语(A卷)考试时间：90分钟第一部分知识运用(共两节,30分)第一节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。Earlyinmyteachingcareer,Iheardcountlessmake-believestoriesforunfinishedhomework.ThenIgrewlesstrustingandquitted___1___anyexcuse.Whenthestudentsatmynewschooldidn’tfinishhomework,Ineveraskedwhy.Instead,Ijustsighedloudlyandrecordedazerointhegradebook.Isoongainedthe___2___IthoughtIwanted.Oneday,Anthonyapproachedme.“CouldItalktoyou?”heasked___3___.“Iknowyousaidnoexcuse,butIdon’twantyoutothinkI’m___4___becauseIoftencomewithoutmyhomework.”Hethenlookedupatmeforthefirsttime.“It’sjustthat...mydadmovedout,andmymomworksatnight,soIhavetolookaftermylittlebrothers.Often,theycryalot,andit’shardformeto___5___...”Iwasabouttoaskwhyhedidn’ttellmeearlierwhenIsuddenlyrealizedwhy.SoIchangedthe___6___.“Wouldithelpifyoustayedafterschoolandworkedonitbeforeyougohome?”Henoddedhard.Anthonybecamethefirststudentinmyafter-schoolstudysession.Severaldayslater,Terrelljoinedhim,followedbySandyandRandy.Beforelong,Ihadaroomfullofstudents.Theirstorieswerenotamusing,butallvery___7___:·Thepowercompany___8___ourlightsbecausewecouldn’tpaythebill.·Mydadsaysschoolworkisjustawasteoftime.·Wedon’thaveanypaperinthehouse.Ithusdiscoverednotallkidscomefromfamiliesthatare___9___.Notallkidshaveaquietbedroomwithadeskandstudylight.Somedon’tevenhavehome.Mostimportantly,Ilearnedthat“I’lllisten”_____10_____betterthan“Noexcuse!”1.A.inventing B.finding C.accepting D.offering2.A.reputation B.benefit C.experience D.praise3.A.loudly B.shyly C.curiously D.eagerly4.A.poor B.mean C.lazy D.weak5.A.behave B.concentrate C.struggle D.compete6.A.question B.tune C.process D.thought7.A.complex B.moving C.cool D.real8.A.brokedown B.putout C.cutoff D.shutout9.A.disciplined B.peaceful C.traditional D.supportive10.A.works B.feels C.understands D.controls【答案】1.C2.A3.B4.C5.B6.A7.D8.C9.D10.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述作者作为老师，对任何没有交作业的学生都不接受理由，但是安东尼改变了她，让她开始学会倾听学生，也意识到倾听比不让孩子找借口更有效。【1题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后我变得不那么信任了，不再接受任何借口。A.inventing发明；B.finding发现；C.accepting接受；D.offering提供。根据上文“Iheardcountlessmake-believestoriesforunfinishedhomework.”推知，作者不再接受任何借口。故选C。【2题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我很快就获得了我认为我想要的声誉。A.reputation名声，名誉；B.benefit益处，好处；C.experience经历，经验；D.praise表扬。根据上文“Instead,Ijustsighedloudlyandrecordedazerointhegradebook.”推知，学生不完成作业的情况有所改善，作者得到了自己想要的“好老师”的声誉。故选A。【3题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：“我能和你谈谈吗？”他害羞地问。A.loudly大声地；B.shyly害羞地；C.curiously好奇地；D.eagerly迫切地。根据下文“becauseIoftencomewithoutmyhomework.”可知，男孩常常没有完成作业，因此和老师说话时应该是害羞的。故选B。【4题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“我知道你说没有借口，但我不想让你认为我很懒，因为我经常不带作业来。”A.poor贫穷的，可怜的；B.mean吝啬的；C.lazy懒惰的；D.weak虚弱的，差的。根据“becauseIoftencomewithoutmyhomework.”推知，男孩不希望作者因为他常常不做作业就认为他懒惰。故选C。【5题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：“只是……我爸爸搬出去了，我妈妈晚上工作，所以我必须照顾我的小弟弟。他们经常哭，我很难集中注意力……”A.behave举止；B.concentrate集中注意力；C.struggle挣扎；D.compete竞争。根据“Often,theycryalot”可知，弟弟们的哭声让男孩很难集中注意力。故选B。【6题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：所以我改变了问题。A.question问题；B.tune调子；C.process进程，过程；D.thought想法。根据上文“Iwasabouttoaskwhyhedidn’ttellmeearlierwhenIsuddenlyrealizedwhy.”和下文“Wouldithelpifyoustayedafterschoolandworkedonitbeforeyougohome?”可知，作者改变了自己原本打算问男孩的问题。故选A。【7题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她们的故事不再令人发笑，所有的都非常真实。A.complex复杂的；B.moving令人感动的；C.cool酷的，凉爽的；D.real真的。呼应上文“Iheardcountlessmake-believestoriesforunfinishedhomework”可知，现在孩子们没有完成作业的原因都是真实的。故选D。【8题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：因为我们付不起账单，电力公司把我们的灯关掉了。A.brokedown出故障；B.putout熄灭；C.cutoff切断；D.shutout把……关在门外。根据“becausewecouldn’tpaythebill.”可知，因为付不起电费，所以电力公司切断电源，即关了灯。故选C。【9题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，我发现并非所有的孩子都来自可以给与他们帮助的家庭。A.disciplined遵守纪律的；B.peaceful和平的；C.traditional传统的；D.supportive给与帮助的，支持的。根据下文“Notallkidshaveaquietbedroomwithadeskandstudylight.Somedon’tevenhavehome.”推知，并非所有的孩子都来自可以给他们的学习提供帮助的家庭。故选D。【10题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：最重要的是，我学会了“我会倾听”比“没有借口”更有效!A.works工作，起作用，凑效；B.feels感觉；C.understands理解；D.controls控制。根据上文讲述的故事可知，作者规定学生不能为没有完成作业找借口，后来通过倾听，孩子们告诉了作者真实的原因，而不再是乱编的谎话。由此可知，作者认为“我会倾听”比“没有接口”更有效。故选A。第二节语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分)A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Emotionalintelligenceistheability____11____(understand),useandmanageyourownemotionsinpositivewaystorelievestress,communicateeffectively.Emotionalintelligencehelpsyoubuildstrongerrelationships,succeedatschoolandwork,andachieveyourcareerandpersonalgoals.Itcanalsohelpyoutoconnect____12____yourfeelings,turnintentionintoaction,andmakegooddecisions____13____(base)ondefiniteknowledgeorinformation.【答案】11.tounderstand12.with13.based【解析】【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了什么是情商和情商的作用。【11题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：情商是一种理解、利用和管理自己情绪的能力，它能以积极的方式缓解压力，有效沟通。空处修饰theability，用动词不定式作后置定语。故填tounderstand。【12题详解】考查介词。句意：它还可以帮助你联系自己感受，将意图转化为行动，并根据明确的知识或信息做出正确的决定。connectwith为固定短语，意思为：与……联系。故填with。【13题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意同上。make为动词，空处为非谓语动词，结合句意，表示做决定的方式，作状语，bebasedon“依据”为固定短语，此处表示被动，用过去分词。故填based。B阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Forcenturies,people____14____(express)theirdeepfeelingtotheirlovedonesintheformofpoetry.Poemsaboutnature,____15____expressthepoet’sappreciationofthebeautyintheworld,arealsocommon.____16____(sad),manypoemshavealsobeenwrittentoexpressangeratthedestructionofnatureandreactionstohorrificeventslikewaranddeath.【答案】14.haveexpressed15.which16.Sadly【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章对诗歌的常见主题进行了介绍。【14题详解】考查现在完成时。句意：几个世纪以来，人们一直以诗歌的形式表达对所爱之人的深情。根据“Forcenturies”可知，此处应用现在完成时。主语是复数，故填haveexpressed。【15题详解】考查定语从句。句意：关于自然的诗也很常见，这些诗表达了诗人对世界之美的欣赏。在非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为poems，应用关系代词which。故填which。【16题详解】考查副词。句意：可悲的是，许多诗歌也表达了对自然破坏的愤怒，以及对战争和死亡等恐怖事件的反应。此处作状语应用副词sadly表示“可悲的是”。句首首字母应大写。故填Sadly。C阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Afterearningamaster’sdegreein2016,HuangWenxiureturnedtoBaise,herhometown,insteadof____17____(seek)acareerinBeijing.“Icomefromaremotemountainousvillage.Quiteanumberoffolks____18____(struggle)withpovertythere,soallIwishistodomyparttoimprovetheirlives,”sheoncesaid.Sheinvitedexpertstotellthevillagers____19____theycouldimproveproduction.Shepersuadedthevillagerstoexpandtheplantingarea.Meanwhile,somevillagers____20____(encourage)tostarte-commercesales.418peoplefrom88householdswereoutofpovertythankstoherefforts.【答案】17.seeking18.arestruggling##havebeenstruggling19.how20.wereencouraged【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了黄文秀回到自己家乡百色，帮助家乡摆脱贫困的故事。【17题详解】考查动名词。句意：2016年获得硕士学位后，黄文秀没有选择在北京寻求职业发展，而是回到了她的家乡百色。空处为介词of的宾语，所以用动名词形式。故填seeking。【18题详解】考查时态。句意：在那里很多人与贫困作斗争，所以我所有的希望就是尽自己的一份力量来改善他们的生活。本句话为直接引语，空处在句中为谓语，所以时态可以用现在进行时，表示正在进行的动作；也可以表示一直以来都在发生，且还将持续的动作，所以用现在完成进行时。句子主语“anumberoffolks”为复数含义。故填arestruggling/havebeenstruggling。【19题详解】考查宾语从句。句意：她邀请专家告诉村民们如何提高产量。空处引导宾语从句，作从句中的方式状语，所以用连接副词how，表示“如何隔提高产量”。故填how。【20题详解】考查时态语态。句意：与此同时，一些村民被鼓励开展电子商务销售。空处为句子的谓语动词，主语“somevillagers”和该动词之间为被动关系，且描述过去的事实，所以用一般过去时态的被动语态，主语为复数。故填wereencouraged。第二部分阅读理解(共两节，共38分)第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。ADearColleague,IamwritingwithinformationaboutBACUniversitySummerTerm’sfourexcitingprogramsforhighschoolstudents.Theseprogramsprovidetheopportunitytostudyataworld-renowneduniversity,strengthenEnglish-languageskillsandenjoysummerinBoston.Hereisabriefoverviewofourprograms:HighSchoolHonorsisasix-weekresidentialoronlineprograminwhichstudentstakeBACUniversityundergraduatecoursesandearnupto8transferablecollegecredits.StudentsmustbeenteringGrades10-12infall2024.AcademicImmersion(AIM)isathree-weeknon-creditresidentialprogramforstudentstofocusintensivelyonasingleacademictopic.ThissummerweareofferingthreeAIMtracks:IntroductiontoExperimentalPsychology,IntroductiontoMedicine,andCreativeWriting.Allthreetrackscombineclassroomworkwithhands-onexperientiallearningactivities.StudentsmustbeenteringGrade11orGrade12infall2024.SummerChallengeisatwo-weekresidentialoronlineprograminwhichstudentstaketwonon-creditseminarsoftheirchoiceandexperiencecollegelife.StudentsmustbeenteringGrade12infall2024.SummerPreviewisaone-weeknon-creditresidentialprograminwhichstudentsexploreonesubjectofinterestwhilepreviewingthecollegeexperience.StudentsmustbeenteringGrade9orGrade10infall2024.OurSummerTerm’sprogramsprovidestudentswithrigorousandcollaborativecollegelifeexperiencesthatenablethemtogainastrongsenseoftheirpersonalandacademicpotential.Everyyear,ourstudentsformstrongfriendshipsastheyundertakechallengingcourseworkandparticipateinsocialevents.Ihaveenclosedaposterandaprogrambrochure.Ihopeyouwillsharethisinformationwithyourstudents.Pleasefeelfreetocontactusviaemailatsummerhs@ifyouhaveanyquestionsaboutourprograms.Warmly,AmandaNelsonAssociateDirectorBACUniversitySummerTerm21.AGrade11studentinfall2024whoprefersonlineprogramscouldchoose________.A.HighSchoolHonors B.AcademicImmersion C.SummerChallenge D.SummerPreview22.Accordingtothepassage,studentscan________.A.getatleast8transferablecreditsinHighSchoolHonorsB.gainbothknowledgeandpracticalexperienceinAIMC.earncreditsfromthecoursesinSummerChallengeD.engageinin-depthresearchinSummerPreview23.What’sAmandaNelson’spurposeinwritingtheletter?A.Toevaluateasummercamp. B.Topromotepre-collegeprograms.C.Torecommenduniversitycourses. D.Tointroducecollegelearningprojects.【答案】21.A22.B23.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章是一封AmandaNelson写给同学的信，信中介绍了BAC大学夏季学期为高中生开设的四个的项目的情况。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“HighSchoolHonorsisasix-weekresidentialoronlineprograminwhichstudentstakeBACUniversityundergraduatecoursesandearnupto8transferablecollegecredits.(高中荣誉课程是一个为期六周的住宿或在线课程，学生参加BAC大学的本科课程，并获得多达8个可转换的大学学分)”可知，2024年秋季，喜欢在线课程的11年级学生可以选择高中荣誉课程。故选A。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“ThissummerweareofferingthreeAIMtracks:IntroductiontoExperimentalPsychology,IntroductiontoMedicine,andCreativeWriting.Allthreetrackscombineclassroomworkwithhands-onexperientiallearningactivities.(今年夏天，我们提供三个AIM课程：实验心理学导论，医学导论和创意写作。所有三个轨道结合课堂工作与实践体验式学习活动)”可知，学生可以在AIM中获得知识和实践经验。故选B。【23题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“IamwritingwithinformationaboutBACUniversitySummerTerm’sfourexcitingprogramsforhighschoolstudents.Theseprogramsprovidetheopportunitytostudyataworld-renowneduniversity,strengthenEnglish-languageskillsandenjoysummerinBoston.(我写信给你的是关于BAC大学夏季学期为高中生开设的四个令人兴奋的项目的信息。这些项目提供了在世界知名大学学习的机会，加强英语技能，并在波士顿享受夏天)”根据第二段“HighSchoolHonorsisasix-weekresidentialoronlineprograminwhichstudentstakeBACUniversityundergraduatecoursesandearnupto8transferablecollegecredits.(高中荣誉课程是一个为期六周的住宿或在线课程，学生参加BAC大学的本科课程，并获得多达8个可转换的大学学分)”结合文章是一封AmandaNelson写给同学的信，信中介绍了BAC大学夏季学期为高中生开设的四个的项目的情况。可推知，阿曼达·纳尔逊写这封信的目的是推广大学预科课程。故选B。BInearly2018,IwastrainingfortheLondonMarathon—thefirstandonlymarathonIwouldeverruninmylife.Ihadtreatedmyselftoanexpensivefitnesswatchthattrackedmytime,paceandsplits.Attheendofmyfinaltrainingrun—anexhausting21miles(34km)—IthrewmyselfdownonthefloorthemomentIgothome,onlytoseemywatchhadfailedme.Twenty-onemilesbrieflyflashedonthescreenbeforeitwentblankanddisappearedforever.Iscreamedinpain.Thattragicimageofmecryingonmylivingroomfloorprettymuchsumsupmyrelationshipwithexercisetrackingtechnology.Itcanbeatotaljoytowatchyourdatachangeonrunningappsasyougetstrongerandfaster.Ioncegotakickoutofit,butatsomepointitbecameastickIusedtopunishmyself.Iwouldwatchmypace,compareitwithotherpeople’sorcriticizemyselffornotdoingit30secondsfaster.Ineverreallyrecognizedexercisetrackingasaproblem.Itseemedtomethattrackingwastheroutetoself-improvement,andthepointwastoimprove,wasn’tit?Thepointwastobebetter.Inthepastyear,theconceptof“beingbetter”hastakenonadifferentmeaning.Mymentalhealthdropped,andthingsthatwereonceeasysuchasbrushingmyteethbecameunimaginablydifficult.Beingbetterstoppedmeaninggettingfasterorstronger.Itmeanttakingcareofmyselfandfeelingsomejoyinaday.OnceIstartedgettingbetter,Ireflectedonwhatinmylifemademehappyandwhatdidnot.So,Istoppedtrackingmyrunsandsimplydeletedyears’worthofdatathatwasonceveryimportanttomeandnowmeantnothing.WhathasbecomeverycleartomesinceIquittrackingmyrunsisthatIgenuinelylovedoingthem.Irunaroundmylocalparkwithasillylittlesmileonmyface.Iloveitsomuch.ButIdonotloverunningquickly.Idonotlikeraces.Idonotwanttobepushedtobefaster.ThingsInoticeaboutmyrunsnowinclude:howmylegsfeelandhowmymindfeelsafterwards-clearandfocused.Inoticedogs,thesmellofthewildplantsalongthecanalandthesunshine(OK,windandrain)onmyface.Iambetter.OrsometimesIamworse.ButeitherwayI’mslowlyploddingalong,andthat’sgoodenough.24.Theauthorcriedafterthefinaltrainingrunbecauseshe________.A.hadtostopworkingout B.becamephysicallywornoutC.lostthedataonthewatch D.feltasharppaininthelegs25.Theauthorusedtoviewexercisetrackingas________.A.afunhobbyforenjoyment B.astrongneedforrecognitionC.amethodofescapingpunishment D.awayofbeingabetterrunner26.Whatdoes“beingbetter”meantotheauthornow?A.Gettingpleasureoutofwinningraces. B.Beingmorefocusedonherlifegoal.C.Freeingherselffromdemandingtasks. D.Improvingheroverallwell-being.27.Whatcanweconcludefromthispassage?A.Adjustmentbringshappiness. B.Passionisthekeytosuccess.CSportscontributetohappiness. D.Successequalsself-improvement.【答案】24.C25.D26.D27.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者曾经执着于通过运动跟踪数据来让自己变得更好，但这也导致作者变得不再快乐，于是作者删除了手表上的运动数据，开始专注于跑步时的感受，如今作者感到更加快乐了。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Attheendofmyfinaltrainingrun—anexhausting21miles(34km)—IthrewmyselfdownonthefloorthemomentIgothome,onlytoseemywatchhadfailedme.Twenty-onemilesbrieflyflashedonthescreenbeforeitwentblankanddisappearedforever.Iscreamedinpain.Thattragicimageofmecryingonmylivingroomfloorprettymuchsumsupmyrelationshipwithexercisetrackingtechnology.(在最后一次训练结束时——一段令人筋疲力尽的21英里（34公里）长跑——我一回到家就一头倒在地上，结果发现手表坏了。21英里在屏幕上闪了一下，然后就消失了，永远消失了。我痛苦地尖叫起来。我在客厅地板上哭泣的悲惨画面基本上概括了我与运动追踪技术的关系)”可知，作者在最后一次训练后哭了，因为她丢失了手表上的数据。故选C。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Itcanbeatotaljoytowatchyourdatachangeonrunningappsasyougetstrongerandfaster.Ioncegotakickoutofit,butatsomepointitbecameastickIusedtopunishmyself.Iwouldwatchmypace,compareitwithotherpeople’sorcriticizemyselffornotdoingit30secondsfaster.Ineverreallyrecognizedexercisetrackingasaproblem.Itseemedtomethattrackingwastheroutetoself-improvement,andthepointwastoimprove,wasn’tit?Thepointwastobebetter.(当你变得更强壮、更快时，看着你的数据在运行的应用程序上发生变化，这可能是一种完全的快乐。我曾经很喜欢它，但在某种程度上，它成了我用来惩罚自己的棍子。我会观察自己的速度，和别人比较，或者批评自己没有快30秒。我从未真正意识到运动追踪是个问题。在我看来，跟踪是自我提升的途径，而重点是提高，不是吗？关键是要变得更好)”可知，作者曾将运动跟踪视为成为更好的跑步者的一种方式。故选D。【26题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“ThingsInoticeaboutmyrunsnowinclude:howmylegsfeelandhowmymindfeelsafterwards-clearandfocused.Inoticedogs,thesmellofthewildplantsalongthecanalandthesunshine(OK,windandrain)onmyface.(我现在跑步时注意到的事情包括：我的腿感觉如何，以及跑步后我的思维感觉如何——清晰而专注。我注意到狗，运河边野生植物的气味和我脸上的阳光（好吧，风雨）)”可知，“变得更好”现在对作者来说意味着改善她的整体幸福感。故选D。【27题详解】推理判断题。通读全文，并根据第四段“Inthepastyear,theconceptof“beingbetter”hastakenonadifferentmeaning.Mymentalhealthdropped,andthingsthatwereonceeasysuchasbrushingmyteethbecameunimaginablydifficult.Beingbetterstoppedmeaninggettingfasterorstronger.Itmeanttakingcareofmyselfandfeelingsomejoyinaday.OnceIstartedgettingbetter,Ireflectedonwhatinmylifemademehappyandwhatdidnot.So,Istoppedtrackingmyrunsandsimplydeletedyears’worthofdatathatwasonceveryimportanttomeandnowmeantnothing.(在过去的一年里，“变得更好”的概念有了不同的含义。我的心理健康状况下降了，以前很容易的事情，比如刷牙，变得难以想象地困难。变得更好不再意味着变得更快或更强。这意味着要照顾好自己，在一天中感受一些快乐。一旦我开始好转，我就会反思生活中什么让我快乐，什么让我不快乐。所以，我不再跟踪我的跑步，只是删除了多年来对我非常重要的数据，而现在这些数据对我来说毫无意义)”可知，文章主要讲述了作者曾经执着于通过运动跟踪数据来让自己变得更好，但这也导致作者变得不再快乐，于是作者删除了手表上的运动数据，开始专注于跑步时的感受，如今作者感到更加快乐了。由此推知，我们可从文章得知调整带来快乐。故选A。CVastnumbersofcopyrightedbooksappeartohavebeenmemorizedbyChatGPTanditssuccessorGPT-4,posingquestionsaboutthelegalityofhowtheselargelanguagemodels(LLMs)arecreated.BothartificialintelligencesweredevelopedbyprivatefirmOpenAIandtrainedonhugeamountsofdata,butwhichtextsmakeupthistrainingdataisunknown.Tofindoutmore,DavidBammanattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,andhiscolleagueslookedatwhethertheAIswereabletofillinmissingdetailsfromaselectionofalmost600fictionbooks,drawnfromsourcessuchasnominees(被提名者)forthePulitzerprize,andTheNewYorkTimes’sbestsellerslistsoverthesametimeperiod.Theteampicked100passagesfromeachbookthatcontainedasingle,namedcharacter.TheresearchersthenblankedoutthenameandaskedtheAItofillitin.ThistaskwasdesignedtoexposeiftheAIscouldreturntheexactrightanswer.“Itreallyrequiresknowledgeoftheunderlyingmaterialinordertobeabletogetthenameright,”saysBamman.BothAIscompletedthetaskwithhighaccuracy—asmuchas98percentforpassagesfromLewisCarroll’s1865bookAlice’sAdventuresinWonderland—whichisoutofcopyright—and76percentforJ.K.Rowling’sHarryPotterandthePhilosopher’sStone,whichisnot.TheresearcherssaythissuggeststheAIsweretrainedonsignificantproportionsofbothbooks.TheseAIsdon’tproduceanexactduplicateofatextinthesamewayasaphotocopier,whichisaclearerexampleofcopyrightinfringement.“ChatGPTcanrecitepartsofabookbecauseithasseenitthousandsoftimes,”saysAndresGuadamuzattheUniversityofSussex,UK.“Themodelconsistsofstatisticalfrequencyofwords.It’snotreproductioninthecopyrightsense.”“Theuseofcopyrightworkswithoutpermissionintrainingdatasetsforlargelanguageorimagemodelshasalreadyemergedasoneofthemostpressinglegalchallengestothisnovelindustry,”saysLilianEdwardsatNewcastleUniversity,UK.Bammansaysthat,ultimately,thelegalsystemineachcountrywillhavetodeterminewhetherLLMsareinfringing(侵犯)copyrights.“Ithinkthat’sanopenquestionthatalotofcourtcasesaregoingtodecideforusinthecomingmonths,”hesays.Regulationisalsolikelytoplayakeyrole:theEuropeanUnion’sArtificialIntelligenceAct,whichhasbeentwoyearsinthemaking,willincludearequirementthatcompaniesmakinggenerativeAItoolsneedtodiscloseanycopyrightedmaterialusedtotraintheirmodels.Thatwasalatechange,addedtothedraftlawinApril,accordingtoReuter.28.Bammanandhiscolleaguesdesignedthetaskto_________.A.comparetheaccuracyrateofChatGPTandGPT-4B.testtherangeofknowledgeofChatGPTandGPT-4C.showhowChatGPTandGPT-4memorizemanybooksD.checkwhatChatGPTandGPT-4’strainingdataconsistof29.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.AIsweretrainedmoreoncopyrightedworksthanthoseoutofcopyright.B.GuadamuzthinkswhatAIshavedoneisakindofcopyrightinfringement.C.AIcompaniesneedtouncovercopyrightedmaterialsusedastrainingdata.D.Thepermissionfortheuseofcopyrightworksbecomesalegalchallenge.30.Thepassageismainlyabout_________A.ThetrainingprocessofAIs. B.ThelegaluncertaintyofAIs.C.ThefutureregulationofAIs. D.ThetrainingmaterialsofAIs.【答案】28.D29.C30.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人工智能存在侵犯版权的问题，对此研究人员对人工智能进行了测试，指出未经许可在大型语言或图像模型的训练数据集中使用版权作品，已经成为这个新兴行业面临的最紧迫的法律挑战之一。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“BothartificialintelligencesweredevelopedbyprivatefirmOpenAIandtrainedonhugeamountsofdata,butwhichtextsmakeupthistrainingdataisunknown.(这两种人工智能都是由私营公司OpenAI开发的，并接受了大量数据的训练，但这些训练数据是由哪些文本组成的尚不清楚)”可知，班曼和他的同事设计这个任务是为了检查ChatGPT和GPT-4的训练数据是由什么组成的。故选D。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Regulationisalsolikelytoplayakeyrole:theEuropeanUnion’sArtificialIntelligenceAct,whichhasbeentwoyearsinthemaking,willincludearequirementthatcompaniesmakinggenerativeAItoolsneedtodiscloseanycopyrightedmaterialusedtotraintheirmodels.(监管也可能发挥关键作用：欧盟制定了两年的《人工智能法案》将包括一项要求，即制造生成式人工智能工具的公司需要披露用于训练其模型的任何受版权保护的材料)”可知，人工智能公司需要揭露用作训练数据的版权材料。故选C。【30题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“VastnumbersofcopyrightedbooksappeartohavebeenmemorizedbyChatGPTanditssuccessorGPT-4,posingquestionsaboutthelegalityofhowtheselargelanguagemodels(LLMs)arecreated.(ChatGPT及其继任者GPT-4似乎已经记住了大量受版权保护的书籍，这就对这些大型语言模型创建方式的合法性提出了质疑)”结合文章主要说明了人工智能存在侵犯版权的问题，对此研究人员对人工智能进行了测试，指出未经许可在大型语言或图像模型的训练数据集中使用版权作品，已经成为这个新兴行业面临的最紧迫的法律挑战之一。可知，本文主要论述了人工智能的法律不确定性。故选B。DAfewyearsago,theCityCouncilofMonza,Italy,barredpetownersfromkeepinggoldfishincurvedfishbowls.Thesponsorsofthemeasureexplainedthatitiscrueltokeepafishinsuchabowlbecausethecurvedsidesgivethefishadistortedviewofreality.Asidefromthemeasure’ssignificancetothepoorgoldfish,thestoryraisesaninterestingphilosophicalquestion:Howdoweknowthattherealityweperceiveistrue?Physicistsarefindingthemselvesinasimilartroubletothegoldfish’s.Fordecadestheyhavebeenpursuinganultimatetheoryofeverything—onecompleteandconsistentsetoffundamentallawsofnaturethatexplaineveryaspectofreality.Itnowappearsthatthispursuitmaygeneratenotasingletheorybutafamilyofinterconnectedtheories,eachdescribingitsownversionofreality,asifitviewedtheuniversethroughitsownfishbowl.Thisconceptmaybedifficultformanypeopletoaccept.Mostpeoplebelievethatthereisanobjectiverealityoutthereandthatoursensesandoursciencedirectlyconvey(传达)informationaboutthematerialworld.Inphilosophy,thatbeliefiscalledrealism.Inphysics,realismisbecomingdifficulttodefend.Instead,theideaofalternativerealitiesisamainstayoftoday’spopularculture.Forexample,inthescience-fictionfilmTheMatrixthehumanraceisunknowinglylivinginasimulated(模拟的)virtualrealitycreatedbyintelligentcomputers.Howdoweknowwearenotjustcomputer-generatedcharacterslivinginaMatrix-likeworld?If—likeus—thebeingsinthesimulatedworldcouldnotobservetheiruniversefromtheoutside,theywouldhavenoreasontodoubttheirownpicturesofreality.Similarly,thegoldfish’sviewisnotthesameasoursfromoutsidetheircurvedbowl.Forinstance,becauselightbendsasittravelsfromairtowater,afreelymovingobjectthatwewouldobservetomoveinastraightlinewouldbeobservedbythegoldfishtomovealongacurvedpath.Thegoldfishcouldformscientificlawsfromtheirframe(框架)ofreferencethatwouldalwaysholdtrueandthatwouldenablethemtomakepredictionsaboutthefuturemotionofobjectsoutsidethebowl.Ifthegoldfishformedsuchatheory,wewouldhavetoadmitthegoldfish’sviewasareasonablepictureofreality.Thegoldfishexampleshowsthatthesamephysicalsituationcanbemodeledindifferentways,eachemployingdifferentfundamentalelementsandconcepts.Itmightbethattodescribetheuniversewehavetoemploydifferenttheoriesindifferentsituations.Itisnotthephysicist’straditionalexpectationforatheoryofnature,nordoesitcorrespondtooureverydayideaofreality.Butitmightbethewayoftheuniverse.31.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“distorted”inParagraphmostprobablymean?A.Original. B.Accurate. C.Distant. D.False.32.WhatdoesParagraph2mainlytellus?A.Theneedforacompletetheory. B.Thelastingconflictinphysics.C.Theexistenceofthematerialworld. D.Theconventionalinsightofreality.33.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Nature’smysteriesarebestleftundiscovered.B.Anexternalworldisindependentoftheobservers.C.People’stheoriesareinfluencedbytheirviewpoints.D.Itisessentialtofigureoutwhichpictureofrealityisbetter.34.Accordingtothepassage,theauthormayagreethat________.A.variousinterpretationsoftheuniversearewelcomedB.physicistshaveafavoritecandidateforthefinaltheoryC.multiplerealitiescanbepiecedtogethertoshowtherealworldD.thereisstillpossibilitytounifydifferenttheoriesintoasingleone【答案】31.D32.D33.C34.A【解析】【导语】本文是篇议论文。文章以鱼缸里的金鱼为例，讨论了现实主义以及人们应该如何描述宇宙。【31题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Thesponsorsofthemeasureexplainedthatitiscrueltokeepafishinsuchabowlbecausethecurvedsidesgivethefishadistortedviewofreality.”（这项措施的发起人解释说，把鱼养在这样的鱼缸里是残忍的，因为弯曲的侧面会让鱼对现实有一种distorted看法。）中的“cruel”和“curved”可以推断，发起人认为弯曲的侧面会让鱼对现实产生错误的观点，因而把鱼养在这样的鱼缸里是残忍的，所以“distorted”意为：错误的，即“false”。故选D。【32题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Mostpeoplebelievethatthereisanobjectiverealityoutthereandthatoursensesandoursciencedirectlyconvey(传达)informationaboutthematerialworld.Inphilosophy,thatbeliefiscalledrealism.”（大多数人相信客观现实存在，我们的感官和科学直接传达了物质世界的信息，在哲学中，这种信念被称为现实主义。）可知，本段主要讲述了人们对现实的传统见解。故选D。【33题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“Itnowappearsthatthispursuitmaygeneratenotasingletheorybutafamilyofinterconnectedtheories,eachdescribingitsownversionofreality,asifitviewedtheuniversethroughitsownfishbowl.”（现在看来，这种追求可能产生不是单一的理论，而是一系列相互关联的理论，每个理论都描述了自己的现实版本，就像从自己的鱼缸里看宇宙一样。）和第三段“If—likeus—thebeingsinthesimulatedworldcouldnotobservetheiruniversefromtheoutside,theywouldhavenoreasontodoubttheirownpicturesofreality.”（如果模拟世界中的生物像我们一样不能从外部观察它们的宇宙，它们就没有理由怀疑自己对现实的想象。）可知，人们视角和观点不同，会有着不同的理论。故选C。【34题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Itmightbethattodescribetheuniversewehavetoemploydifferenttheoriesindifferentsituations.”（也许为了描述宇宙，我们必须在不同的情况下运用不同的理论。）和“Butitmightbethewayoftheuniverse.”（但这可能就是宇宙的规律。）可知，作者认为人们可以用多种理论描述宇宙，可得出作者也许会许赞同“欢迎对宇宙的不同解释”这个观点。故选A。第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。ThePositiveEffectsofaPositiveAffectParentsoftenhavehighhopesforhowtheirchildrenwillturnoutinadulthood,suchaswantingthem