北京市海淀区2024届高三下学期二模试题 英语 含解析

海淀区2023—2024学年第二学期期末练习高三英语2024.05本试卷共10页，100分。考试时长90分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)第一节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Movementisourfirstlanguage;Ibelievewe’reborntodance.I’vealwayshadaspeciallikingfordance,andmyjob.Igotgreat___1___workinginthetherapeutic(治疗的)world;itfeltmorelikeacalling.Ienjoyedeverymoment;mypurposeandmission___2___me.MyhighlightsarewhenI’vewitnessedoncedullandhopelesseyeslightupwhenthepersonfeltseen,heard,andaccepted.Then,illhealthstruck.Asmyhealthdeclinedprogressively,IhadtostopdoingwhatIloved.___3___,allIhadwasbeingabletofacilitatetheoccasionalworkshopwhenopportunityandenergyaligned(一致).Chronicfatiguesyndrome(慢性疲劳综合症)isamercilessbeast.In2020,theunimaginablehappened.Inadditiontosoul-destroyingfeelingofbeing___4___,Ibeganexperiencingfrequentvocalchallengesofvaryingdegrees.Icouldnolongeracceptfacilitationinvitationsbecausemy___5___wasnowunreliable.Igrieved,feelinglikeIwasbeingswallowedbyadamp,darkfog.Afteranextendedperiodofbeinginself-pity,I___6___mythinking.Ihaveinternalvalue.Myvalueoridentityisnot___7___bywhatIcanorcannotdo.Regardingmyhealthjourney,intime,I___8___this:itiswhatitis.Forthisseason,thisismypath.So,Istarteddancingagain.Lifeisfullofsurprises,pleasant,unpleasant,andneutral,yetwhatmattersishowwe___9___tothosesurprises.Despiteongoingvoicelossandhealthchallenges,Ifoundnewwaystomakeadifference.YouandImaynotbeabletochoosethe____10____lifeplaysforus;however,wedogettochoosehowwewilldancetoit.Maywedancewithstrength,courage,andgrace.1.A.fame B.surprise C.pleasure D.inspiration2.A.fuelled B.attracted C.instructed D.calmed3.A.Simply B.Particularly C.Eventually D.Apparently4.A.tired B.annoyed C.disappointed D.injured5.A.mind B.sight C.sense D.voice6.A.discovered B.adjusted C.abandoned D.controlled7.A.ignored B.selected C.defined D.assisted8.A.accepted B.recalled C.questioned D.expected9.A.refer B.appeal C.turn D.respond10.A.role B.music C.joke D.game【答案】1.C2.A3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.A9.D10.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是热爱舞蹈和治疗工作的作者的生活变迁和心路历程。【1题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我很高兴在治疗领域工作；这更像是一种召唤。A.fame名声；B.surprise惊讶；C.pleasure快乐；D.inspiration灵感。根据下文“Ienjoyedeverymoment”可知，作者很高兴能在治疗领域里工作，空格处是“快乐”。故选C。【2题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的目标和使命激励着我。A.fuelled刺激；B.attracted吸引；C.instructed指示；D.calmed使平静。根据上文“itfeltmorelikeacalling”可知，作者觉得自己在治疗领域工作像是一种召唤，由此可见，作者的目标和使命激励着作者。故选A。【3题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：最终，我所能做的就是在机会和精力一致的时候，促成偶尔的研讨会。A.Simply仅仅，只；B.Particularly特别，尤其；C.Eventually最终；D.Apparently显然。根据下文“allIhadwasbeingabletofacilitatetheoccasionalworkshopwhenopportunityandenergyaligned”可知，空后内容是作者最终得到的结果，因此空格处是“最终”。故选C。【4题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：除了疲惫的灵魂毁灭感之外，我开始频繁地经历不同程度的声音挑战。A.tired累的；B.annoyed生气的；C.disappointed失望的；D.injured受伤的。根据上文“Chronicfatiguesyndrome(慢性疲劳综合症)isamercilessbeast”可知，作者得了慢性疲劳综合症，所以会觉得累。故选A。【5题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我不能再接受邀请，因为我的声音现在不可靠了。A.mind头脑，大脑；B.sight视力，视觉；C.sense意义；D.voice嗓音，说话声。根据上文“Ibeganexperiencingfrequentvocalchallengesofvaryingdegrees”可知，作者开始频繁地经历不同程度的声音挑战，所以声音不再可靠。故选D。【6题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在长时间的自怜之后，我调整了自己的想法。A.discovered发现；B.adjusted调整；C.abandoned抛弃；D.controlled控制。根据下文“Ihaveinternalvalue”可知，作者在自怜之后开始调整自己的想法，认识到了自己有内部价值。故选B。【7题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的价值或身份不是由我能做什么或不能做什么来定义的。A.ignored忽视；B.selected挑选；C.defined下定义；D.assisted帮助。根据上文“Ihaveinternalvalue”和下文“bywhatIcanorcannotdo”可知，作者觉得自己有内部价值，作者的价值或身份不是由作者能做什么或不能做什么来定义的。故选C。【8题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：关于我的健康之旅，我最终接受了这个事实：它就是这样。A.accepted接受；B.recalled回想起；C.questioned质疑；D.expected期待。根据下文“itiswhatitis.Forthisseason,thisismypath”可知，作者最终接受了“它就是这样”的这个现实。故选A。【9题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：生活充满了惊喜，愉快的，不愉快的，平淡无奇的，但重要的是我们如何应对这些惊喜。A.refer提到，谈及；B.appeal呼吁，恳求；C.turn转动；D.respond回答。根据下文“Despiteongoingvoicelossandhealthchallenges,Ifoundnewwaystomakeadifference”可知，作者找到了有所影响的新方法，因此作者想说的是生活充满了惊喜，愉快的，不愉快的，平淡无奇的，但重要的是我们如何应对这些惊喜。故选D。【10题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：你和我也许无法选择生活为我们弹奏的音乐；然而，我们可以选择如何随它起舞。A.role角色；B.music音乐；C.joke玩笑；D.game游戏。根据下文“however,wedogettochoosehowwewilldancetoit”可知，跳舞是和着音乐跳舞的，因此此处表示“你和我也许无法选择生活为我们弹奏的音乐”，因此空格处是“音乐”。故选B。第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Nathen____11____(cycle)alongaremoteroadwhenhecameacrossanabandonedkitten.Movedbyhersadeyesandpitifulmeowing,NathendecidedtoadoptherandnamedherMilo.Together,theyexperiencedkindness,____12____(visit)charities,andrescuedanimals,forminganunbreakablebond.Miloespeciallylikedgoingtotherailwaystationneartheirhomeduringrushhour,____13____commuting(通勤)waschallengingformostpeople.Often____14____(find)sittingonaticketgate,Milogreetedcommutersandbroughtsmilestoallsheencountered,makingthespringmorningalittlebrighter.【答案】11.wascycling12.visited13.when14.found【解析】【导语】本文属于记叙文，Nathen在偏远路上偶遇弃猫，出于怜悯将其收养并取名Milo。他们共同传递爱心、访问慈善机构、拯救动物，建立深厚情谊。Milo尤其喜欢在高峰期到家附近的车站为通勤者带去慰藉，用它的存在点亮人们的清晨。【11题详解】考查固定句型和时态。句意：Nathen在一条偏僻的路上骑自行车时，遇到了一只被遗弃的小猫。cycle“骑自行车”。根据句意和空后的when和came可知，此处为固定句型“was/weredoing...when...”，本空用过去进行时，表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作，主语Nathen为第三人称单数，be动词用was。故填wascycling。【12题详解】考查时态。句意：他们一起体验了善意，参观了慈善机构，救助了动物，形成了不可破的纽带。visit“参观”。本空用过去式visited，与experienced和rescued并列，用连词and连接。故填visited。【13题详解】考查定语从句。句意：Milo尤其喜欢在上下班高峰期去家附近的火车站，那时上下班对大多数人来说都是一种挑战。本空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是rushhour，关系词代替先行词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导。故填when。【14题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：Milo经常被发现坐在检票口，向上下班往返的人打招呼，并给她遇到的所有人带来微笑，使春天的早晨变得更加明亮。本句谓语为greeted，此处为非谓语动词，且Milo与find“发现”为被动关系，应用过去分词，作状语，表示被动。故填found。B阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Researchsuggestsaconnectionbetweendeforestation,____15____(result)inpoorerairquality,andincreasedratesofdepressionandanxiety.Ithasbeenrevealedthatcountrieswithmoreforestedlandtendtosee____16____(few)casesofmentalhealthdisorders.Inthe1980s,“forestbathing”wasintroducedasatherapeuticpracticecenteredaroundtreestoenhancethepsychologicalbenefitsofoutdoorexperiences.Uptillnow,thispractice____17____(use)fortreatingpatients.【答案】15.resulting16.fewer17.hasbeenused【解析】【导语】本文的体裁为说明文。文章解释了森林砍伐与空气质量、心理健康之间的联系，并介绍了一种基于此的治疗方法（森林浴）。【15题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：研究指出，森林砍伐导致空气质量变差，并且抑郁症和焦虑症的发病率上升。本句谓语为suggests，此处为非谓语动词，本空用result“导致”的现在分词形式，作结果状语。故填resulting。【16题详解】考查形容词比较级。句意：据透露，森林覆盖率较高的国家，精神健康障碍的案例较少。结合句意和moreforestedland可知，本空用few的比较级fewer“更少的”，修饰名词cases“案例”，作定语。故填fewer。【17题详解】考查动词语态、主谓一致。句意：到目前为止，这种实践已经被用于治疗病人。根据Uptillnow可知，use“使用”这一动作开始于过去，持续到现在，句子应用现在完成时，且thispractice与use为被动关系，句子用现在完成时的被动语态，主语为第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填hasbeenused。C阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Manyofouractionsareinitiatedbyemotion.Challengingsituationswillariseinourlivesand____18____wehandlethesesituationsisamarkofhowmatureandindependentweare.Keepingouremotions____19____dominatingourlivesisessentialbecausestableemotionbringsasenseofcontentmentandcalm.Luckily,therearemany____20____(help)techniquestocontrolouremotions,suchasmeditation,yoga,andbreathingexercises.【答案】18.how19.from20.helpful【解析】【导语】本文的体裁为说明文。作者介绍了控制情绪的重要性以及几种实用的方法。【18题详解】考查连词。句意：在我们的生活中会出现挑战性的情况，我们如何处理这些情况标志着我们的成熟和独立程度。本空用连接词how“如何”，引导主语语从句，表示方式，说明处理问题的方式。故填how。【19题详解】考查固定短语。句意：控制情绪不被其主宰我们的生活至关重要，因为稳定的情绪能带来满足感和平静。本空填介词from，keep...from...“阻止……做……，使……免于……”为固定短语。故填from。【20题详解】考查形容词。句意：幸运的是，有许多有用的技巧来控制我们的情绪，比如冥想、瑜伽和呼吸练习。本空用形容词helpful“有帮助的”，修饰名词techniques，作定语。故填helpful。第二部分阅读理解(共两节，38分)第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AUNFAOWorldFoodDayPosterContestapplicationsarenowbeingaccepted.Trytopictureafuturewhereeveryonehasaccesstofoodandwater.Whatcomestomind?Youmayhelpcreateasustainablefuturebytakingappropriateaction.CreateapostershowingyourwateractionforfoodaspartoftheWorldFoodDayPosterContesttoshowcaseyourartistictalent.FoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)TheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsisaspecializedagencythatleadsinternationaleffortstoendhunger,promotenutrition,andensurefoodsecurity.ProcedureandBenefitsFillouttheformonourwebsite,takeapictureoforscanyoursubmission,andsubmititonline.Thescreeningcommitteewillchoose15postersfromeachcategoryforthefirstround(atotalof60postersfrom4agecategories),andthosechosenwillbenotifiedinDecember2024.Acertificateforthisaccomplishmentwillbegiventotheshortlistedindividuals.WinnerswillbehighlightedontheFAOsocialmediachannelsandbyregionalFAOoffices.Ourjudgeswillchoosethreewinnersineachagegroup,andtheywillberevealedinDecember.Thewinnerswillalsogetadiplomaandasurprisegiftpackage,aswellaspromotionfromFAOofficesthroughouttheworld.EntryRequirements●TheentryperiodwillopenonJune1,2024,andendonNovember3,2024.●Perindividual,onlyoneentrymaybesubmitted.●Posterentriesmaybepainted,sketched,ordrawnusingoilorwatercolorpaintaswellasmixedmedia,pens,pencils,crayons,orcharcoal.Artworkproduceddigitallyisalsoacceptable.Nophotosarepermitted.●Textmayormaynotbeincludedinposterentries.Useoftextislimitedtonomorethan25words.●Nevermentionprivateinformationsuchasnames,schools,ages,etc.●Pleasedonotsendinphysicalposters;onlydigitalfilessavedasJPEGswillbeallowed.21.Bytakingpartinthecontest,participantscan________.A.showtheircookingtalent B.contributetofoodsustainabilityC.raisetheirnutritionalawareness D.havemoreaccesstofoodandwater22.Thefinalwinnersofthecontestwillbe________.A.bepromotedglobally B.informedbeforeDecemberC.invitedtoregionalFAOoffices D.decidedbyFAOafterthreerounds23.Whichofthefollowingpostersmeetstheentryrequirements?A. B.C. D.【答案】21.B22.A23.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了联合国粮食及农业组织的世界粮食日海报竞赛的相关信息，包括竞赛目的、组织背景、参赛程序和好处，以及参赛要求等。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Youmayhelpcreateasustainablefuturebytakingappropriateaction.(你可以通过采取适当的行动来帮助创造一个可持续发展的未来。)”可知，通过参加比赛，参与者可以为食物的可持续性做出贡献。故选B。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据ProcedureandBenefits部分的“Thewinnerswillalsogetadiplomaandasurprisegiftpackage,aswellaspromotionfromFAOofficesthroughouttheworld.(获奖者还将获得文凭和惊喜礼品包，以及粮农组织在世界各地办事处的推广机会。)”可知，比赛的最终获胜者将在全球推广。故选A。【23题详解】推理判断题。根据EntryRequirements部分的“Nevermentionprivateinformationsuchasnames,schools,ages,etc.(不要提及个人信息，如姓名、学校、年龄等。)”可知，B选项不符合要求；根据EntryRequirements部分的“Useoftextislimitedtonomorethan25words.(文本的使用限制在不超过25个单词。)”可知，C选项不符合要求；根据EntryRequirements部分的“Nophotosarepermitted.(不允许拍照。)”可知，D选项不符合要求。故选A。BWhenIwasnamedCEOofaglobalcompanyin2006,Iwasdeterminedtorunthecompanysothatitwouldbothdelivergoodshort-termperformanceandthriveinthelongterm,yearsafterIwasgone.Itwasalreadyingoodshape,butIdreamedofcreatingadefiningcorporationofthe21stcentury,proudofitsroot,yetglobalandresponsibleintheshiftingtimes.FormonthsIquietlyreadallIcouldaboutthebigsocialtrendsinfluencingbusiness.Iwalkedthemarket,andexaminedemployees’feedback.Ialsodugdeepintotheobligationsofpubliccorporations.Fromallofthisemergedavisionforthecompanythatguidedusforthenextdozenyearsorso.Icalledit“PerformancewithPurpose”.Thegoalwastodelivergreatfinancialreturns,aswealwayshad,withthreeadditionalclearobjects:tonourishhumanityandthecommunities,toprotectourenvironmentandtocherishourpeople.Mymotivationwaswhollyto“futureproof”,orde-risk.Anditworked.Inmy12yearsasCEO,totalshareholderreturnwas149%,andnetprofitjumped80%.Wecutthesalt,fat,andsugarinsodaandchips,addedmorehealthfulbrandsandproducts,andloweredtheamountofwaterneeded.Wekeptinnovationgoingandourdesignstudioswonmanyawards.OurtalentacademywassobrilliantthatnineseniormanagerslefttotakeCEOjobselsewhere.Ibelievethatleadersmustthinkfromthefutureback,evenwhenthingsaregoingfine.Andwenowhaveaframeworktohelp:theevolvingtemplates(模板)forenvironmental,social,andgovernancemetrics(ESG衡量标准)that,inessence,servetode-riskcompaniesandmarkets.Thesecriteriaforcediscussionofhardtruthsforanyonewiththeambitiontostayrelevantinthelongterm.Ifthemetricsarecarefullyselected,ESGisnotcontrarytoinvestors’interests.Importantly,de-riskingthecompanyactuallycreatesshareholdervalue.“PerformancewithPurpose”presentedtoughmomentsforme,includingwhenoneinvestorquestioned,“Whodoyouthinkyouare?Aphilanthropist(慈善家)?”Butskepticismfadedwhenacollectivemissiontookholdthatincludedboththebottomlineandmuchbeyond.Thiswasmyhopefromthestart.24.Theauthor’snewvisionforthecompanycamefrom_________.A.itsuniqueculturalroot B.herthoroughresearchC.customers’fundamentalneeds D.shareholders’strongrequirements25.Accordingto“PerformancewithPurpose”,anidealcompanyshould_________.A.shiftitsstrategiesproperly B.valueemployees’feedbackC.shouldersocialresponsibility D.prioritizefinancialreturns26.WhatisParagraph4mainlyabout?A.Therisksacompanymayface. B.Theauthor’sambitiontocreatevalue.C.Theinterestsinvestorsseekafter. D.Theauthor’srecipeforsuccessfulbusiness.27.AsCEO,theauthorcanbebestdescribedas_________.A.inspiringandwarm-hearted B.determinedandfar-sightedC.ambitiousandgenerous D.modestandstrategic【答案】24.B25.C26.D27.B【解析】【导语】本文为一篇说明文，作者于2006年成为一家全球公司的CEO时，决心让公司在短期内取得佳绩，并在作者离开后依然长期繁荣。作者提出“绩效与目的”的愿景，旨在实现财务成功的同时，关注社会责任、环境保护和员工发展。【24题详解】推理判断题。由文章第二段“Formonths,IquietlyreadallIcouldaboutthebigsocialtrendsinfluencingbusiness.Iwalkedthemarket,andexaminedemployees’feedback.Ialsodugdeepintotheobligationsofpubliccorporations.Fromallofthisemergedavisionforthecompanythatguidedusforthenextdozenyearsorso.Icalledit“PerformancewithPurpose”.Thegoalwastodelivergreatfinancialreturns,aswealwayshad,withthreeadditionalclearobjects:tonourishhumanityandthecommunities,toprotectourenvironmentandtocherishourpeople.(几个月来，我静静地阅读了所有影响商业的重大社会趋势。我在市场里走了一圈，查看了员工的反馈。我还深入研究了公共企业的义务。从这一切中，我们看到了公司未来十几年的发展方向。我称之为“有目的的表现”。我们的目标是提供巨大的经济回报，就像我们一直做的那样，同时还有三个明确的目标：滋养人类和社区，保护我们的环境，珍惜我们的人民。)”可知，作者进行了大量的研究工作，包括阅读有关影响商业的重大社会趋势的资料、考察市场以及深入研究公共公司的义务，基于这些研究形成了新的公司愿景。故选B项。【25题详解】推理判断题。由文章第二段“Icalledit“PerformancewithPurpose”.Thegoalwastodelivergreatfinancialreturns,aswealwayshad,withthreeadditionalclearobjects:tonourishhumanityandthecommunities,toprotectourenvironmentandtocherishourpeople.(我称之为“有目的的表现”。我们的目标是提供巨大的经济回报，就像我们一直做的那样，同时还有三个明确的目标：滋养人类和社区，保护我们的环境，珍惜我们的人民。)”可知，一个理想的公司应该承担社会责任。故选C项。【26题详解】主旨大意题。由文章第四段“Ibelievethatleadersmustthinkfromthefutureback,evenwhenthingsaregoingfine.Andwenowhaveaframeworktohelp:theevolvingtemplates(模板)forenvironmental,social,andgovernancemetrics(ESG衡量标准)that,inessence,servetode-riskcompaniesandmarkets.Thesecriteriaforcediscussionofhardtruthsforanyonewiththeambitiontostayrelevantinthelongterm.Ifthemetricsarecarefullyselected,ESGisnotcontrarytoinvestors’interests.Importantly,de-riskingthecompanyactuallycreatesshareholdervalue.(我认为，领导者必须从未来的角度考虑问题，即使事情进展顺利。我们现在有了一个可以提供帮助的框架：不断发展的环境、社会和治理指标模板（ESG衡量标准），从本质上讲，这些模板有助于企业和市场降低风险。这些标准迫使任何有志于长期保持相关性的人讨论残酷的事实。如果这些指标经过精心挑选，ESG并不会违背投资者的利益。重要的是，降低公司风险实际上创造了股东价值。)”可知，第四段主要讲述了作者如何通过ESG衡量标准来为公司“去风险”，这是作者成功经商的秘诀。故选D项。【27题详解】推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“WhenIwasnamedCEOofaglobalcompanyin2006,Iwasdeterminedtorunthecompanysothatitwouldbothdelivergoodshort-termperformanceandthriveinthelongterm,yearsafterIwasgone.Itwasalreadyingoodshape,butIdreamedofcreatingadefiningcorporationofthe21stcentury,proudofitsroot,yetglobalandresponsibleintheshiftingtimes.(2006年，当我被任命为一家跨国公司的首席执行官时，我决心管理这家公司，让它在我离开多年后，既能提供良好的短期业绩，又能保持长期繁荣。它已经处于良好的状态，但我梦想着创建一个21世纪的标志性公司，为自己的根源感到自豪，同时在不断变化的时代具有全球性和责任感。)”可知，作者作为CEO，不仅决心要让公司在短期内表现良好，还致力于长期发展，提出了前瞻性的“PerformancewithPurpose”愿景，并成功实施，使公司在经济、社会和环境等多方面取得显著成效。这表明作者既坚定又具有远见卓识。故选B项。CTheideathatagingreducesadults’abilitytoimagine,acommonthemeinchildren’sliterature,iscontradictedbypsychologicalresearch.Whilechildrenareoftenportrayedasmoreimaginative,researchindicatesthatadultsnotonlykeepthisabilitybutsometimessurpasschildreninimaginativethinking.Childrenarefrequentlycelebratedforboundlessimagination.Yet,researchrevealsthattheirmake-believegamesoftencenteraroundrealisticscenarios,suchascookingandcleaning,asdemonstratedina2020studypublishedinJournalofCognitionandDevelopment.Anotherstudy,lastingforfourdecades,alsosuggeststhatchildrenarenotnaturallymoreimaginativethanadults;theirlimitationsresultfromalackofknowledgeandexpertisetoeffectivelyusetheirimaginativecapacityasadults.Imaginationmayhaveevolvedforconsideringalternativestoreality,butweuseitmostnaturallytoexploreclosealternatives,likepreparingadifferentmeal,ratherthanfaralternatives,likeridingonclouds.Whenweuseimaginationtoenvisionfaralternatives—toinnovateorinvent—we’renotdiggingintoaninbornappreciationoftheextraordinary;we’reusingatooldesignedtoexploretheordinary.Whenconsideringalternativestoreality,wefixourattentiononpossibilitiesthatarephysicallyreasonable,statisticallyprobable,sociallyconventionalandmorallypermissible.Whentoldaboutpossibilitiesthatviolatesuchregularities,weusuallydenytheycouldhappen.Generallyspeaking,ourideasaboutwhatcouldhappenarefirmlyrootedinwhatweexpecttohappen.Thismindsetisalsoparticularlyapparentinyoungchildren.Ina2018studyIco-designedwithpsychologistJonathanPhillips,4-year-oldswereaskedtohelpadistressedgirlwhodislikedgoingtoschoolduetomissinghermother.Amongallthesolutionsgiven,theyperceivedtheonlypossiblesolutionwasforhermothertodosomethingspecialafterschooltoeaseherconcerns.Unexpectedalternatives,suchassnappingfingersandmakingitSaturday,wearingpajamastoschoolorlyingaboutschoolbeingclosed,wereallregardedimpossible.Fromthis,wecanconcludethatchildren’searliestintuitions(直觉力)aboutpossibilityconfusewhatcouldhappenwithwhatshouldhappen.Historically,theimprobableeventoftravelingfasterthanahorsewasconsideredimpossible,aswastravelingbyairortravelingintospace.Beforethearrivaloftrainsandplanes,thereweregoodreasonstothinkthatpeoplecouldtravelonlysofarandonlysofast.Butthesereasonswereempirical(经验主义的),notlogical.Imagination,onitsown,lumpstheimprobablewiththeimpossible,butwecancombineimaginationwithotherabilities—namely,knowledgeandreflection—toseparatethetwo.Whileimaginationinchildrenoftensubjectstoexpectation,adultscancontroltheirimaginativecapacityforinnovationbyintegratingitwithaccumulatedknowledgeandreflectivethinking.28.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,weknowthat_________.A.childrendevelopimaginationthroughgamesB.childrenfacelimitationsinacquiringknowledgeC.adultsareasgoodaschildreninimaginativethinkingD.adults’imaginativeabilityislikelytostayconstantwithage29.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_________.A.expectationresultsfromimaginativecapacityB.certainpracticalconcernscanlimitimaginationC.breakingregularitiesmayleadtoclosealternativesD.faralternativesaremoreimportantthanclosealternatives30.The2018studyshowsthatchildren_________.A.cameupwithawiderangeofalternatives B.werequickertofigureoutsolutionsC.tookwhatshouldhappenaspossibilities D.usedimaginationinareasonableway31.Theunderlinedword“lumps”inthelastparagraphprobablymeans_________.A.mix B.match C.compare D.replace【答案】28.D29.B30.C31.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。这篇短文主要指出心理学研究反驳了老年人想象力下降的观点，实际上成年人在某些方面可能比儿童更有想象力。研究表明，儿童的想象游戏通常围绕现实场景，并非天生比成人更具想象力，而是受限于知识和经验。人们倾向于用想象力探索与现实相近的可能性，而非遥远的不切实际的事物。研究还显示，儿童对可能性的理解容易与期望混淆。最后，文章强调成人可以通过结合知识和反思来控制想象力，从而进行创新。【28题详解】推理判断题。由第一段中“Whilechildrenareoftenportrayedasmoreimaginative,researchindicatesthatadultsnotonlykeepthisabilitybutsometimessurpasschildreninimaginativethinking.(虽然儿童通常被描绘成更有想象力，但研究表明，成年人不仅保持了这种能力，而且有时在想象力思维方面超过了儿童)”和第二段中“Anotherstudy,lastingforfourdecades,alsosuggeststhatchildrenarenotnaturallymoreimaginativethanadults(另一项持续四十年的研究也表明，儿童天生并不比成年人更有想象力)”可知，儿童天生并不比成年人更有想象力，人成年后也更有想象力，成年人不仅保持了这种能力，而且有时在想象力思维方面超过了儿童，可得出成年人的想象力可能会随着年龄的增长而保持不变。故选D项。【29题详解】推理判断题。由第三段中“Whenweuseimaginationtoenvisionfaralternatives—toinnovateorinvent—we’renotdiggingintoaninbornappreciationoftheextraordinary;we’reusingatooldesignedtoexploretheordinary.Whenconsideringalternativestoreality,wefixourattentiononpossibilitiesthatarephysicallyreasonable,statisticallyprobable,sociallyconventionalandmorallypermissible.Whentoldaboutpossibilitiesthatviolatesuchregularities,weusuallydenytheycouldhappen.Generallyspeaking,ourideasaboutwhatcouldhappenarefirmlyrootedinwhatweexpecttohappen.(当我们用想象力来设想创新或发明的遥远替代方案时，我们并不是在挖掘与生俱来的非凡鉴赏力；我们正在使用一种旨在探索普通事物的工具。在考虑现实的替代方案时，我们将注意力集中在物理上合理、统计上可能、社会传统和道德上允许的可能性上。当被告知违反这种规律的可能性时，我们通常否认它们可能发生。一般来说，我们对可能发生的事情的想法深深植根于我们所期望的事情)”可得出，某些实际问题会限制想象力。故选B项。【30题详解】细节理解题。由第四段中“Fromthis,wecanconcludethatchildren’searliestintuitions(直觉力)aboutpossibilityconfusewhatcouldhappenwithwhatshouldhappen.(由此，我们可以得出结论，孩子们最早对可能性的直觉混淆了可能发生的事情和应该发生的事情)”可知，2018年的研究表明，儿童把应该发生的事情视为可能。故选C项。【31题详解】词句猜测题。由最后一段中“Butthesereasonswereempirical(经验主义的),notlogical.Imagination,onitsown,lumpstheimprobablewiththeimpossible,butwecancombineimaginationwithotherabilities—namely,knowledgeandreflection—toseparatethetwo.(但这些原因都是经验的，而非逻辑的。想象力本身就lumps不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现），但我们可以把想象力与其他能力——即知识和反思——结合起来，把两者分开)”可知，but后讲人们可以通过将想象力与其他能力，即知识和反思相结合，将不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现）分开，说明想象力本身会将不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现）混为一谈，划线词lumps意为“混合”。故选A项。DWeareasocialanimal.Indeed,itisoursociality—suchastheabilitytomakesenseofeachother,tocommunicate,toworkcooperativelyand,finally,tocreateculture—thatmarksusofffromotheranimalspecies.Butthenwhyareweeverywherestrivingtoincreaseourisolationandlimitourcontactwithothers?AsmusicianDavidByrnearguesinanessaypublishedlastmonth,itisastrikingfactaboutthenewtechnologiesthathavesocometoshapeourlives,thattheyhavepreciselythiseffect:theylimitourneedforhumancontact.Onlineshopping?Check.Automatedcheckout?Check.Ridehailapps?Check.Efficiencyisthekey.Wepurchaseefficiencybylimitingthehumanaspect,knownas“autonomousoperation”.Thisisperhapsevenmorepronouncedwithnewtechnologiesonthehorizon.TaketheMOOC,theteacher-lessvirtualclassroom.AsByrnenotes,thisismeanttodeliverthevaluesofalearningenvironmentwithout,well,withouttheenvironment—yougettostayathome—noteacher,butalso,nofellowstudents.Byrneisn’tclaimingweareconsciouslychoosingtoisolateourselves.Weshoponlinebecauseitisconvenient.Theabsenceofcontactwithothersisaside-effect.Maybeevenanunavoidableone,asoneofthethingsthatmakesonlineshoppingsoeasyispreciselytheabsenceofcontactwithotherpeople.ButBryne’sthoughtisthatwhateverourintention,thetendencyofourtechtoisolateusmaybeafeature,notabug.Hishypothesisisthatweactually,atsomelevel,crave(渴望)theincreasedisolationandweareactuallymakingtechnologiestosatisfyimpulsesthat,insomeway,gobeyondoragainstoursocialnature.ButIwonder,isthisreallynew?Evenifwearesocialbynature,anddoeverythingwecantoembedourselvessocially,theneedtofindwaystobealoneis,well,nothingnew.It’salsostrikingthattheveryactivitiesthatriskseparatingus—intheolddays,books,newspapers,TV;nowadays,thelatestappsalsoconnectus.Wereadabouteachother.Whatwereadgivesusinformationtosharewitheachother.Iamwellawareofthedatathatshowsthemoretimeyouspendonsocialmedia,thesadderandmoreisolatedandenviousyoufeelofothers.Buthownovelistheisolatingeffectofsocialmedia?Beingthereremindsmealotofwhatitwasliketobesocialinhighschool—youhaveavividsenseofyourstatusandyourstandinginrelationtoothers,andyouhavetodealwiththat.Thismaybeisolating,sure.Butit’stheisolatingfaceofthesocialliveswe’vealwayshad.Itisisolatingbecauseofthewaystechnologybringsusintorealcontactwithothers,notbecauseitremovesthatcontact.Iwonderwhethermoreisolationisarealoption,afterall.32.Whichofthefollowingbestreflects“autonomousoperation”?AGettingatoothbrushviaahoteldeliveryrobot.B.Teachingmomhowtoestablishasmarthome.C.Seekinghelpbycallinghumancustomerservices.D.Havinganonlinemeetingathomewithcolleagues.33.Whichofthefollowingmighttheauthoragree?A.Technologyoffersfreshinsightsintooursocialstatus.BActionsseeminglyisolatingcanbondpeople.C.Socialplatformshelpbringpeoplecloser.D.Socialmediahascometodefineourlife.34.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.WhatTechnologiesDotoHumanNature B.DoTechnologiesShapeOurLives?C.HowIsolationChangeswithConnection D.CanWeEraseHumanElement?【答案】32.A33.B34.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了在线购物和社交媒体如何可能无意中导致人们感到孤独，但同时强调这些活动也提供了与他人建立联系的机会，反映了现代社会中人们在追求便利与社交之间的平衡。32题详解】推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Efficiencyisthekey.Wepurchaseefficiencybylimitingthehumanaspect,knownas“autonomousoperation”.Thisisperhapsevenmorepronouncedwithnewtechnologiesonthehorizon.TaketheMOOC,theteacher-lessvirtualclassroom.AsByrnenotes,thisismeanttodeliverthevaluesofalearningenvironmentwithout,well,withouttheenvironment—yougettostayathome—noteacher,butalso,nofellowstudents.(效率是关键。我们通过限制人的方面来获得效率，被称为“自主操作”。随着新技术的出现，这一点可能更加明显。以MOOC为例，即没有教师的虚拟课堂。正如伯恩所指出的，这意味着在没有环境的情况下，传递学习环境的价值——你可以呆在家里——没有老师，也没有同学)”可知，通过限制人为因素（即自主操作）来提高效率。由此推知，通过酒店