2023 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语(一)真题

2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

英语（一）试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach

numberedblankcmdmarkA,B,CorD。几theANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

It'snotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder,],to

understandtheirnegativeconsequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshave

multiplecomponents.2oneandtheothersbecomedistorted.

TravelonaLondonbusandyou5113seehowthisworkswith

drivers.Watchpeoplegetonandshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefully

inspected?Never.Dopeoplegetonwithoutpaying?Ofcourse!Arethere

inspectorsto4thatpeoplehavepaid?Possibly,butveryfew.And

peoplewhorunforthebus?Theyare5.Howaboutjumpinglights?

Busesdosoalmostasfrequentlyascyclists.

Why?Becausethetargetis6.Peoplecomplainedthatbuses

werelateandinfrequent.7,thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswere

increased,anddriverswere8orpunishedaccordingtothetimethey

took.Anddrivershitthesetargets.Butthey9hitcyclists.Ifthe

targetwaschangedto10,youwouldhavemoreinspectorsandmore

sensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwouldgetmore

11driverswhoobeyedtrafficlaws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbeat

theexpenseoftime.

Thereisanother12:peoplebecameimmenselyinventivein

hittingtargets.Haveyou13thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhour

latebutstillarriveontime?Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlineshavesimply

changedthetimea14ismeanttotake.Aone-hourflightisnow

balladasatwo-hourflight.

The15ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,

withmultiplecriteria.Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell16

others.EverythingCanbedonefasterandmadecheaper,butthereisa

17Settingtargetscananddoeshaveunforeseennegativeconsequences.

Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargument

forexploringconsequencesfirst.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiple

criteria18criticalfactorssuchastime,money,qualityandcustomer

feedback.Thetrickisnotonlyto19justoneoreventwodimensions

oftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelppeoplebetter20

theobjective.

1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D|All

2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come

3.[A]Since[B]If[CJThough[D]Until

4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally

5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away

6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone

7.[A]unattractive|B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar

2

8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]placs

9.[A]So|B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides

10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedlyfD]eventually

11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused

12.[Alproblem[BJoption[Clview[DIresult

13.[A]Aboveall[BJIncontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample

14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate

15.[A]form[Blthrough[C]beyond[D]under

16.[A]posts[B)links[C]shades|D]breaks

17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited

18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D|Generally

19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings

20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose

3

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach

textbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER

SHEET.(40points)

Text2

CommunitiesthroughoutNewEnglandhavebeenattempting

toregulateshort-termrentalssincesiteslikeAirbnbtookoffinthe

2010s.Nowwithrecord-highhomepricesandhistoricallylow

inventory,there9sanincreasedurgencyinsuchregulation,particularly

amongthosewho

worrythatdeveloperswillcomeinandbuyupswathsofhousingtoflipfbr

afortuneontheshort-termrentalmarket.

InNewHampshire,wheretherentalvacancyratehasdroppedbelow

1percent,housingadvocatesfearuncheckedshort-termrentalswillput

furtherpressureonanalreadystrainedmarket.TheStateLegislature

recentlyvotedagainstabillthatwould'vemadeitillegalfortownsto

createlegislationrestrictingshort-termrentals.

“Weareatacrisislevelonthesupplyofrentalhousing,“saidNick

Taylor,executivedirectoroftheWorkforceHousingCoalitionofthe

GreaterSeacoast.WithoutenoughaffordablehousinginsouthernNew

Hampshiretowns/4employersarehavingahardtimeattractingemployees,

andworkersarehavingahardtimefindingaplacetolive,“Taylorsaid.

4

However,short-termrentalsalsoprovidehousingfbrtourists,pointed

outRyanCastle,CEOofalocalassociationofrealter."Alotofworkers

areservicingthetouristindustry,andthetourismindustryisservicedby

thosepeoplecominginshortterm,“Castlesaid,“andsoit'sacyclical

effect.

Short-termrentalsthemselvesarenotthecruxoftheissue,saidKeren

Horn,anexpertonaffordablehousingpolicy."Ithinkindividualsbeing

abletorentouttheirsecondhomeisagoodthing.Ifit'stheirvacation

homeanyway,andit'sjustempty,whycan,tyoumakemoneyoffit?”

Hornsaid.Issuesarise,however,whendevelopersattempttocreate

large-scaleshort-termrentalfacilities—defactohotels—tobypasstaxes

4

andregulations."Ithinkthequestionis,shouldn'tadeveloperwho'sreally

buildingahotel,butdisguisingitasnotahotel,betreatedandtaxedand

regulatedlikeahotel?”Hornsaid.

Attheendof2018,governorCharlieBakerofMassachusettssigneda

billtoreininthosepotentialinvestor-buyers.Thebillrequireseveryrental

hosttoregisterwiththestatemandatestheycarryinsurance,andopensthe

potentialforlocaltaxesontopofanewstatelevy.Bostontookthingseven

further,requiringrenterstoregisterwiththecity'sInspectionalServices

Department.

Hornsaidsimilarregistrationrequirementscouldbenefitstruggling

citiesandtowns,but"ifwewanttomakeachangeinthehousingmarket,

themainoneiswehavetobuildalotmore.^^

26.WhichofthefollowingistrueofNewEngland?

A.Itshousingsupplyisataverylowlevel.

B.Itscommunitiesareinneedoffunding.

C.Itsrentalvacancyrateisgoingupslowly

D.Itshomepricesareunderstrictcontrol.

27.ThebillmentionedinParagraph2wasintendedto

A.curbshort-termrentalspeculation.

B.ensurethesupplyofcheaphousing.

5

C.punishillegaldealingsinhousing.

D.allowafreeshort-termrentalmarket.

28.ComparedwithCastle,Taylorismorelikelytosupport

A.furtherinvestmentinlocaltourism.

B.anincreaseinaffordablehousing.

C.strictmanagementofrealestateagents.

D.afavorablepolicyforshort-termworkers.

29.WhatdoesHomemphasizeinParagraph5?

A.Theurgencytoupgradeshort-termrentalfacilities.

B.Theefficientoperationofthelocalhousingmarket.

C.Thenecessitytostopdevelopersfromevadingtaxes.

D.Theproperproceduresforrentingoutsparehouses.

30.Homholdsthatimposingregistrationrequirementsis

A.anirrationaldecision.

B.anunfeasibleproposal.

C.anunnecessarymeasure.

D.aninadequatesolution.

Text3

6

Ifyou9reheadingforyournearestbranchofWaterstones,thebiggest

bookretailerintheUK,insearchoftheDuchessofSussex9snew

children'sbookTheBench,youmighthavetobepreparedtohuntaround

abit,thesamemaybetrueofThePresident'sDaughter,thenewthrillerby

BillClintonandJamesPatterson.Bothofthesebooksarepublishednext

weekbyPenguinRandomHouse(PRH),acompanycurrentlyinvolvedina

stand-offwithWaterstones.

Theproblembeganlatelastyear,whenPRHconfirmedthatithad

introducedacreditlimitwithWaterstones“ataverysignificantlevel”.The

trademagazineTheBooksellerreportedthatWaterstonesbranchmanagers

werebeingtoldtoremovePRHbooksfromprominentareassuchastables,

displayspacesandwindows,andwere“quietlyretiringthemtotheir

relevantsections^^.

PRHdeclinedtocommentontheissue,butaspokespersonfor

Waterstonestoldme:"Waterstonesarecurrentlyoperatingwithreduced

credittermsfromPRH,theonlypublisherintheUKtoplaceany

limitationsonourabilitytotrade.WearenotboycottingPRHtitlesbutwe

aredoingourutmosttoensurethatavailabilityforcustomersremainsgood

despitetheloweroveralllevelsofstock.Wearehopefulwithourshops

nowopenagainthatnormalitywillreturnandthatwewillbeallowedto

buyappropriately.Certainly,ourshopsareexceptionallybusy.Thesales

forourMayBooksoftheMonthsurpassedanymonthsince2018.”

7

Inthemeantime,PRHauthorshavebeenthelosers.Big-namePRH

authorsmaysufferabit,butit'sthosemid-listauthors,whonormallyrely

onWaterstonesstaffspassionforpromotingbooksbylesser-known

writers,whowillbeprayingforanendtothedispute.

Itcomesatatimewhenauthorsarealreadyworriedaboutthe

consequencesoftheproposedmergerbetweenPRHandanotherbig

publisher,Simon&Schuster—thereductioninthenumberofunaligned

UKpublishersislikelytoleadtofewerbiddingwars,loweradvances,and

moreconformityintermsofwhatispublished.

“Thisisallpartofawiderchangetowardsconcentrationofpower,“

saysliteraryagentAndrewLownie."Thepublishingindustrytalksabout

diversityintermsofauthorsandstaffbutitalsoneedsapluralityofways

ofdeliveringintellectualcontact,choiceanddifferentvoices.Afterall,

manyofthemostinterestingbooksinrecentyearshavecomefromsmall

publishers.n

Weshallseewhetherthatpluralityisacasualtyofthecurrentneed

amongpublisherstobebigenoughtotakeonall-comers.

31.TheauthormentionstwobooksinParagraph1topresent

A.anongoingconflict.

B.anintellectualconcept.

C.aprevailingsentiment.

8

D.aliteraryphenomenon.

32.WhydidWaterstonesshopsretirePRHbookstotheirrelevant

sections?

A.Tomakethemeasilynoticeable.

B.TocomplywithPRH'srequirement.

C.TorespondtoPRH'sbusinessmove.

D.Toarrangetheminasystematicway,

33.WhatmessagedoesthespokespersonforWaterstonesseemtoconvey?

A.Theircustomersremainloyal.

B.Thecreditlimitwillberemoved.

C.Theirstockisunderestimated.

D.Thebookmarketisratherslack.

34.Whatcanbeoneconsequenceofthecurrentdispute?

A.Salesofbooksbymid-listPRHwritersfalloffconsiderably.

B.Lesser-knownPRHwritersbecomethetargetofcriticism.

C.Waterstonesstaffhesitatetopromotebig-nameauthors'books.

D.Waterstonesbranchessufferaseverereductioninrevenue.

35.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestrepresentsLownie'sview?

9

A.Smallpublishersoughttosticktogether.

B.Bigpublisherswilllosetheirdominance.

C.Thepublishingindustryishavingahardtime.

D.Themergerofpublishersisaworryingtrend.

Text4

Scientificpapersaretherecordkeepersofprogressinresearch.Each

yearresearcherspublishmillionsofpapersinmorethan30,000journals.

Thescientificcommunitymeasuresthequalityofthosepapersinanumber

ofways,includingtheperceivedqualityofthejournal(asreflectedbythe

title'simpactfactor)and

thenumberofcitationsaspecificpaperaccumulates.Thecareersof

scientistsandthereputationoftheirinstitutionsdependonthenumberand

prestigeofthepaperstheyproduce,butevenmoresoonthecitations

attractedbythesepapers.

Citationcartels,wherejournals,authors,andinstitutionsconspireto

inflatecitationnumbers,haveexistedforalongtime.In2016,researchers

developedanalgorithmtorecognizesuspiciouscitationpatterns,including

groupsofauthorsthatdisproportionatelyciteoneanotherandgroupsof

journalsthatciteeachotherfrequentlytoincreasetheimpactfactorsof

theirpublications.Recently,anotherexpressionofthispredatorybehavior

hasemerged:so-calledsupportserviceconsultanciesthatprovidelanguage

10

andothereditorialsupporttoindividualauthorsandtojournalssometimes

advisecontributorstoaddanumberofcitationstotheirarticles.

Theadventofelectronicpublishingandauthors9needtofindoutlets

fortheirpapersresultedinthousandsofnewjournals.Thebirthof

predatoryjournalswasn'tfarbehind.Thesejournalscanactasmilkcows

whereeverysinglearticleinanissuemayciteaspecificpaperoraseries

ofpapers.Insomeinstances,thereisabsolutelynorelationshipbetween

thecontentofthearticleandthecitations.Thepeculiarpartisthatthe

journalthattheeditorissupposedlyworkingforisnotprofitingatall一it

isjustprovidingcitationstootherjournals.Suchpracticescanleadan

articletoaccruemorethan150citationsinthesameyearthatitwas

published.

Howinsidiousisthistypeofcitationmanipulation?Inoneexample,

anindividual-actingasauthor,editor,andconsultant-wasabletouseat

least15journalsascitationproviderstoarticlespublishedbyfivescientists

atthreeuniversities.TheproblemisrampantinScopus,acitationdatabase,

whichincludesahighnumberofthenew“international“journals.Infact,a

listinginScopusseemstobeacriteriontobetargetedinthistypeof

citationmanipulation.

Scopusitselfhasallthedatanecessarytodetectthismalpractice.Red

flagsincludealargenumberofcitationstoanarticlewithinthefirstyear.

Andforauthorswhowishtosteerclearofcitationcartelactivities:when

ii

aneditor,areviewer,orasupportserviceasksyoutoaddinappropriate

references,donotobligeanddoreporttherequesttothejournal.

36.AccordingtoParagraph1,thecareersofscientistscanbedetermined

by.

[A]howmanycitationstheirworkscontain.

[B]howmanytimestheirpapersarecited.

[C]theprestigeofthepeopletheyworkwith.

[D]thestatustheyhaveinscientificcircles.

37.Thesupportserviceconsultanciestendto.

[AJrecommendjournalstotheirclients.

[B]listcitationpatternstheirclients.

[C|askauthorstoincludeextracitations.

[D]advisecontributorstociteeachother.

38.TheFunctionofthe“milkcow,7journalsisto.

[A]boostcitationcountsforcertainauthors.

fB]helpscholarspublisharticlesatlowcost.

[C]instructFirst-timecontributorsincitation.

fD]increasethereadershipofnewjournals.

12

39.WhatcanbelearnedaboutScopusfromthelasttwoparagraphs?

[A]ItFosterscompetitionamongcitationproviders.

[B]Ithasthecapabilitytoidentifysuspiciouscitations.

[C]IthindersthegrowthofuinternationaF,journals.

[D]Itisestablishedtopreventcitationmanipulation.

40.Whatshouldanauthordotodealwithcitationmanipulators?

[A]Takelegalaction.

[B]Demandanapology.

[C]Seekprofessionaladvice

[D]Revealtheirmisconduct.

PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcaref