小学英语五升六暑期讲义第5讲：词汇专项（学生版）

课程主题：第5讲：词汇专项教学目标：掌握常考词汇题的解题方法和变形方式教学内容【进门测试】用所给词的适当形式填空。Afairy___________(help)thegirl.Don’t__________(take)offyourcoat.Let________(we)goandhavealook.Theshoesdon’t__________(fit)me.Doyoulike__________(read)newspaper?Doyou_____________(understand)thatstory?Who_________(have)togobacknow?She_________(come)and___________(visit)everyhouse.Idon’thave__________(some)newclothes.【多元导学】放暑假了，有没有一种魔法能帮我记单词呢？【互动精讲】【知识梳理1】词性转换的概念词性转换：指同一词根派生出来的名词（复数）、形容词、副词、数词、动词、过去式、动名词（动词的ing形式）以及反义词等词性的相互转换。【例题精讲】例：根据所给词的适当形式填空。1.LiPingisgoodat_________.(draw)2.Alicewantstodosome__________.(shop)3.Excuseme,whatisthe__________ofthisword?(mean)【知识梳理2】词性的主要分类词性分类例词名词sky,cloud,wind...动词play,kick...形容词nice,cute...副词quickly,fast...数词one,two,three...代词it,they,me...介词in,at,on,after,before【知识梳理3】可数名词单数变复数1.一般情况加s。如：boy—boys,chair—chairs2.以s,x,ch,sh结尾的加es。如：box—boxes,watch—watches3.以辅音y结尾的去y变i加es。如：strawberry—strawberries4.以fe,f结尾的,把fe,f变成ve,加s。如：knife—knives,wife—wives5.特殊词。如：man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,mouse—mice【例题精讲】例：写出下列单词的复数。sheepgoosefoottoothphototomatopotatobusboxleafknifebutterflyboyhorsezoomouse【知识梳理4】动词变名词直接加“er”,以字母“e”结尾的加“r”如：teach—teacher2.work—worker3.swim—swimmer4.drive—driver5.play—player6.speak—speaker7.write—writer8.run-runner【例题精讲】例：用所给词的适当形式填空。1.Doyouwanttobea_________(write)?2.My___________isakindman(teach).3.__________areveryimportantinourcountry(work).【知识梳理5】动词变三单规律1.大多数动词在词尾加s，如plays,wants,swims等。2.以辅音字母加y结尾的，要先将y变为i，然后在加es读[iz]。如：fly－flies[iz];carry－carries[iz];study－studies[iz];worry－worries[iz]。3.以s,x,ch,sh结尾的，在词尾加es，发音为[iz]。如：teach－teaches[iz]。4.以o结尾的动词，加es，读[z]。如：go－goes[z];do－does[z]。5.还有一个特殊变化需要我们特别记住:have的三单形式为has。【例题精讲】例：用所给词的适当形式填空。1.MrsLi_________usEnglish,sheisour____________(teach).2.Doyou______(have)Mathstoday?【知识梳理6】动词的过去式1.一般在词尾加-ed,help-helped；2.以不发音e结尾的词加-d,如live-lived；3.以元音字母＋y结尾时，加-ed，如：play-played；以辅音字母＋y结尾时，变y为i，再加-ed，如：study-studied；4.以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，要双写这个辅音字母，然后再加ed。如：stop-stopped；5.不规则动词过去式变化表：原形过去式am,iswasarewerebeginbeganbreakbrokebringbroughtbuildbuiltbuyboughtcancouldcatchcaughtcomecamedodiddrawdrewdrinkdrankdrivedroveeatatefallfellfeedfedfeelfeltfindfoundflyflewforgetforgotgetgotgowenthave,hashadhearheardholdheldkeepkeptknowknewlearnlearntleaveleftletletmakemademaymightmeanmeantmeetmetmustmustputputreadreadrunranrideroderingrangsaysaidseesawsellsoldsingsangsitsatsleepsleptspeakspokestandstoodswimswamtaketookteachtaughttelltoldthinkthoughtthrowthrewunderstandunderstoodwinwon【例题精讲】例：写出下列动词的过去式。singeatseehavedogobuy__________getreadflyam/isaresayleavetelldrawcomeloseswimtakefinddrinkhurtfeel【知识梳理7】动名词（动词的ing形式）主要是用在be动词后面与其构成现在进行时，另外还有一些固定搭配，如likedoingsth,begoodatdoingsth等。【例题精讲】例：写出下列动词的动名词形式。swimdancecookridewaitwalkhaveswingruneatflywritesit_________【知识梳理8】基数词变序数词规律1.one→first，two→second，three→third这三个词变化特殊，要单独记；eight→eighth，nine→ninth，八去t，九去e后再加-th;five→fifth，twelve→twelfth，五、十二把ve换成f再加-th；twenty→twentieth，thirty→thirtieth...整十先把词尾y改为ie再加-th。两位数时则十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，如：twenty-first。2.口诀：一、二、三，特殊记，t，d，d；八去t，九除e，ve要用f替，整十y要改成i和e，还有th莫忘记；要是几十几，只变各位就可以。【知识梳理9】单词的反义词big（大的）small（小的）bad（坏的）good（好的）black（黑的）white（白的）cold（冷的）hot（热的）cool（凉爽的）warm（温暖的）come（来）go（去）cry（哭）laugh（笑）different（不同的）same（相同的）dirty（脏的）clean（干净的）day（白天）night（夜晚）early（早的）late（迟的）fast（快的）slow（慢的）happy（高兴的）sad（悲伤的）inside（里面的）outside（外面的）in（里面）out（外面）left（左）right（右）new（新的）old（旧的）open（开）close（关）quick（快的）slow（慢的）stand（站）sit（坐）short（矮的）tall(高的）short（短的）long（长的）thick（厚的）thin（薄的）thin（瘦的）fat（肥的）up（向上）down（向下）wrong（错的）right（对的）weak（弱的）strong（强壮的）young（年轻的）old（年老的）【例题精讲】例：写出下列单词的反义词。biglongstrongtallyoungleftcoldclosebadhappy__________strictfarsmallercomeblackonbehindexpensive【知识梳理10】单词的完整形式及缩略形式it’sI’mhe’sshe’syou’rethey’rewhat’swhere’sthere’rethere’swho’sthat’swe’redon’tdoesn’tdidn’tcan’thaven’tlet’s【知识梳理11】同音词和近义词英语常见同音词:no—knowsee—seahi—highI—eyefor—fourson—sunour—hourhere—heartwo—toothere—theirright—write英语常见近义词：listen—hearclass—lessonglad—happylike—lovelook—seelittle—smallstart—beginlearn—studyusually—often【例题精讲】例：写出下列单词的对应词。boythosedayMrmanmotherauntbrotherknifevillagehehealthy【知识梳理12】比较级，最高级变化规律比较级直接在原级后加er,最高级加est，例如：tall-taller-tallesthigh-higher-highest形容词后面以不发音的e结尾的，变比较级，直接加r,最高级直接加st，例如：fine-finer-finest,nice-nicer-nicest3.形容词后面是以辅音字母+y结尾，把y改成i,再加er变比较级，变最高级是把y改成i,再加est，例如：heavy-heavier-heaviest以重读闭音节结尾的形容词，（最后是一个元音字母+辅音字母结尾的形容词），变比较级，双写最后辅音字母，再加er,变最高级双写最后辅音字母，再加est，例如：big-bigger-biggest【例题精讲】例1：Maryisthe__________ofthreesisters.(old)例2：Tomcanthrow___________thanI.(far)例3：Mydaughterlooksmuch________________thanherdeskmate.(health)【知识梳理13】形容词变副词一般在形容词的词尾加-ly可以变成副词。例如：quick—quickly,slow—slowly,loud—loudly,sudden—suddenly等。但是，以下几点值得注意：1.一些以辅音字母+y结尾的形容词，要把y改为i再加-ly。例如：happy—happily,angry—angrily,lucky—luckily,heavy—heavily,noisy—noisily等。2.有些以-ble或-le结尾的形容词，去掉e加-y。例如：possible—possibly,terrible—terribly等。3.少数以e结尾的形容词，要去掉e再加-ly。例如：true—truly等。但绝大多数以e结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly。例如：polite—politely,wide—widely等。4.以-l结尾的形容词变为副词时仍然要在词尾加-ly，而不是只加-y。除非是以-ll结尾的才在词尾只加-y。例如：usual—usually,careful—carefully,useful—usefully,full—fully等。【例题精讲】例：将形容词变为副词。1.easy容易的—____________2.hard努力的—____________3.true真的—____________4.heavy重的—____________5.careful小心的—____________6.happy高兴的—____________7.fast快的—____________8.lucky幸运的—____________9.gentle温和的—____________10.possible可能的—____________11.angry生气的—____________12.sad悲伤的—____________13.good好的—____________14.bad坏的—____________15.near附近的—____________16.high高的—____________17.terrible糟糕的—____________18.quick迅速的—____________【课堂检测】一、试用some和any填空。

1.Lilyputs________flowersinthevase.

2.Arethere________shopsnearthelibrary?

3.Wouldyoulike________milkinyourcoffee?

4.Youcantake________presentyoulike.5.Wecan’tseesignsonthewall.二、阅读理解。(一)Doyoulikeasunnyday?Ofcourse!Thesunisshiningandeverythinglooksbright.Thesunlookssmallbecauseitissofarfromus.Infact,thesunisverylarge.Theearthgoesaroundthesun.Ittakestwelvemonthsfortheearthtodothis.Canyoufeeltheheatwhenyouareinthesun?Yes!Thesungivesusalotofheatandkeepsuswarm.Thesungivesuslighttoo.Sowecanseeeverything.Itmakeseverylifealive.Plants,animalsandpeopleallneedit.Wecan’tlivewithoutthesun.SunisgoodformakingVitaminDbyourbodies.根据短文判断，相符用“T”，不符用“F”表示。5分()1.Thesunshinesandeverythingisbright.()2.Thesungivesusheatandlight.()3.Thesunissmall.()4.Peopleneedthesuntolive.()5.SunisgoodformakingVitaminAbyourbodies.（二）Oneday,awomansawthreeoldmensittinginfrontofherhouse.Shedidnotknowthem.Shesaid,‘Idon’tknowyou,butyoumustbehungry.Pleasecomeinandhavesomethingtoeat.’Oneoftheoldmensaid,‘Wedon’tgointothehousetogether.Hisname’sWealth,heisSuccessandI’mLove.Nowwhichoneofusyouwantinyourhouse?’‘Oh,ifIletWealthin,ourhouseisfullofmoney’,thewomanthought,‘IfIinviteLove,ourhousewillbefulloflove!’Shesaid,‘Whoislove?Pleasecomein!’Lovegotupandcamein.Theothertwomencameinafterhim.Thewomenwashappyandasked,‘IonlyinviteLove.Whyareyoucomingintogether?’Themenanswered,‘IfyouinviteWealthorSuccess.Theothertwoofuswillstayoutside.ButyouinvitedLove,whereverhe