2024年定语从句知识点讲解

一．几种基本概念1.定語從句的定义：用作定語的從句叫定語從句。2.先行詞：被定語從句所修饰的名詞或代詞。3.定語從句的位置：紧跟先行詞(名詞或代詞)之後。4.引导詞：引导定語從句的詞(包括关系代詞和关系副詞)。﹙1﹚关系代詞：that/who/whom/which/as﹙2﹚关系副詞：when/where/why5.引导詞的位置：位于定語從句之前(先行詞之後)。【as除外】6.引导詞的功能(作用)：﹙1﹚连接先行詞和定語從句。﹙2﹚在定語從句中充當一定的成分(关系代詞充當主語或宾語，关系副詞充當状語)。7.定語從句的类型：﹙1﹚限定性定語從句(主句和定語從句之间無逗号)。①

直接由引导詞引导定語從句The

man

who

you’re

talking

to

is

my

friend.②

由介詞+关系代詞(whom/which)引导The

man

to

whom

you’re

talking

is

my

friend.I

need

a

pen

with

which

I

can

write

a

letter.=I

need

a

piece

of

paper

on

which

I

can

write

a

letter.介詞的选用可根据從句中的有关詞组确定，该介詞一般可以放在关系代詞之前，也可放在從句之尾。例如：The

man

(who/whom/that)

I

talked

about

at

the

meeting

is

from

Beijing

University.=The

man

about

whom

I

talked

at

the

meeting

is

from

Beijing

University.The

palace

(which/that)

I

often

pay

a

visit

to

was

built

in

the

17th

century.=The

palace

to

which

I

often

pay

a

visit

was

built

in

the

17th

century.﹙2﹚非限定性定語從句(主句和定語從句之间用逗号隔開)。①

直接由引导詞引导定語從句。②

由介詞+关系代詞(whom/which)引导。I

live

in

a

house

far

away

from

the

city,

in

front

of

which

is

a

big

tree.There

is

an

apple

tree

standing

at

the

gate,

on

which

are

many

apples.This

is

the

man

to

whom

I

gave

the

book.③

由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of

which/

whom

+名詞/代詞”(先行詞指人用whom,指物用which)引导。One,

some,

any,

none,

all,

both,

several,

many,

most,

neither,

either等詞、数詞、分数或比例与of

whom或of

which连用。He

has

five

children,

two

of

whom

are

abroad.(比较：He

has

five

children,

and

two

of

them

are

abroad.)We

have

three

books,

none

of

which

is/are

interesting.(比较：We

have

three

books,

but

none

of

them

is/are

interesting.)除why和that不能引导非限定性定語從句外，其他引导詞都可以，使用方法同限定性定語從句同样。但要注意如下区别。1.在形式上非限定性定語從句与主句有逗号隔開。2.非限定性定語從句的作用：它只是补充阐明先行詞的状况，翻译時可译成两個句子。The

engineer,

whose

leg

was

badly

hurt,

was

quickly

sent

to

hospital.(那位工程師被很快送往醫院，其腿部受了重伤)The

engineer

whose

leg

was

badly

hurt

was

quickly

sent

to

hospital.(那位腿部受了重伤的工程師被很快送往醫院)3.在非限定性定語從句中，任何引导詞都不能省略(包括引导詞在此定語從句中充當宾語在内)。指人做主語時只能用who,

做宾語時用whom;指物做主語，宾語都用which;

关系副詞用when或where，也不能省略。The

man,

______

is

sitting

on

the

chair,

is

my

father.The

woman,

_______

I

met

yesterday,

is

my

English

teacher.The

city,

_______

is

far

away,

is

very

beautiful.He

went

to

America,

______

his

parents

live.He

joined

the

Army

yesterday,

______

I

left,

too.4.whose引导非限定性定語從句：The

house,

whose

window

faces

south,

is

mine.=The

house,

the

window

of

which

faces

south,

is

mine.=The

house,

of

which

the

window

faces

south,

is

mine.二.定語從句中关系代詞和关系副詞的基本使用方法。1.who/that指人是主格在定語從句中替代先行詞，又作定語從句的主語，不能省略。Do

you

know

the

gentleman

who/that

is

sitting

there?2.whom/who/that指人是宾格，在定語從句中替代先行詞，又作定語從句的宾語(動宾或介宾)。①

當作動宾(動詞後接宾語)時，关系代詞可省略。Do

you

know

the

gentleman

(whom/who/that)

we

met

just

now?②

當作介宾(介詞後接宾語)時：介詞不提前時，关系代詞可省略;介詞提前時，关系代詞不可省，即介詞+whom(指人時介詞後的关系代詞只能用whom)。The

man

(whom/who/that)

I

spoke

with

is

my

teacher.The

man

with

whom

I

spoke

is

my

teacher.※注：固定的動詞短語(動詞+介詞)如look

for,

take

care

of等不能把動詞与介詞拆開，既介詞不能提至引导詞前。She

is

the

right

girl

(who/whom/that)

we

are

looking

for.3.whose:

指人或物，是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定語從句中充當主語、宾語(動宾或介宾)即先行詞的什么東西怎样了，whose不能省略。。Whose+n.

=

the

+n.

+

of

which/whom=

of

which/

whom+

the

=n.I

didn’t

find

the

desk

whose

leg

was

broken.

(主語)He

is

the

student

whose

pencil

I

broke

yesterday.

(動宾)The

boss

in

whose

company

I

work

is

very

kind.

(介宾)4.which/that

指物，指代先行詞且在定語從句中作主語或宾語(動宾或介宾)。①

當作動宾時，关系代詞可省略。②

當作介宾時：介詞不提前時，关系代詞可省略;介詞提前時，关系代詞不可省，即介詞+which(指物時介詞後的关系代詞只能用which)。The

house

which/that

was

destroyed

in

the

earthquake

is

weak.The

pen

(which/that)

you

found

yesterday

is

mine.The

games

(that/which)

the

young

men

competed

in

were

difficult.The

games

in

which

the

young

men

competed

were

difficult.※注:介詞+关系代詞即介詞+whom/which(先行詞指人用whom，指物用which)。※5.as指人或物，在定語從句中可作主語，宾語，表語或状語，不能省略。重要用于

“the

same

…as…;such

…as…;so

…as…;as

…

as…;as

follows”固定构造中，形式固定此時的引导限定性定語從句。要用as替代who(m),

which,

或that引导定語從句：Such

people

as

knew

Hill

thought

he

was

honest.Such

people

as

Hill

knew

thought

he

was

honest.My

hometown

is

no

longer

the

same

as

it

was.Here

is

so

big

a

stone

as

no

one

can

lift.The

child

knows

as

much

as

grow-ups

(know).I’d

like

to

have

the

same

books

as

are

used

in

your

school.He

is

not

such

a

person

as

I

expected.He

will

marry

as

pretty

a

girl

as

he

can

find.※注：which和as可引导非限定性定語從句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的内容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的内容，有時可以互换。因此，當as/which指代前面的整個句子，或前句中的部分内容作定語從句的主語時，谓語用單数.Our

team

lost

the

game,

as/which

was

reported

in

the

newspaper.She

was

terrified,

as/which

I

could

see

from

her

eyes.He

married

her,

as/which

was

natural.区别：①as引导的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾;而which引导的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句背面。He

married

her,

as/which

was

natural.=As

was

natural,

he

married

her.Mark

Twin

is

a

great

writer,

which/as

is

known

to

all.=As

is

known

to

all,

Mark

Twin

is

a

great

writer.②as引导的從句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which则無此意。常用句型有：as

we

all

know,

as

is

known

to

all,

as

everybody

can

see,

as

is

expected,

As

is

known/

said/

reported/

told/

we

all

know等。如：As

we

all

know,

paper

was

first

made

in

China.To

shut

your

eyes

to

facts,

as

many

of

you

do,

is

foolish.③主句和從句有因果关系時，用which.Our

class

has

won

the

football

match,

which

made

us

very

happy.Bamboos

are

hollow,

which

makes

them

very

light.④從句含否认意义時常用which.She

didn’t

pass

the

exam,

which

we

couldn’t

expect.She

didn’t

pass

the

exam,

as

we

expected.6.when关系副詞：指時间。在定語從句中作時间状語，不能省略。此時的when還可用介詞+which替代(此時先行詞一定是表時间的名詞)。I

still

remember

the

time

when

I

joined

the

League.=I

still

remember

the

time

on

which

I

joined

the

League.=I

still

remember

the

time

(which/that)

I

joined

the

League

on.7.where关系副詞：指地點。在定語從句中作地點状語，不能省略。此時的when還可用介詞+which替代(此時先行詞一定是表地點的名詞)。I

still

remember

the

school

where

I

joined

the

League.=I

still

remember

the

school

in

which

I

joined

the

League.=I

still

remember

the

school

(which/that)

I

joined

the

League

in.※注：對关系副詞when,

where的认识。①.

先行詞是時间的名詞，并非都用关系副詞when引导定語從句。I’ll

never

forget

the

time

(which/that)

I

spent

in

Beijing.②.

先行詞是地點的名詞，并非都用关系副詞where引导定語從句。This

is

the

factory

(which/that)

he

visited

yesterday.③.

當句型為It/This/That

is(was)

the

first(second…last)

time引起的句子時用that连接其後的句子。此時的time是次数，不是時间。It/This

is

the

first

time

that

we

travel.It/This

is

the

last

time

that

I

shall

give

you

a

lesson.8.

why指原因，在定語從句中作原因状語，先行詞一般為reason,不能省略。且why引导的定語從句只能是限定性定語從句。Why=

for

whichI

don’t

know

the

reason

why

he

was

late

yesterday.The

reason

why(for

which)

he

was

late

is

that

he

missed

the

bus.※注：當先行詞為reason時，关系副詞并非都用why。This

is

the

reason

(that/

which)

he

gave/

explained

to

us.【判断用关系代詞還是关系副詞】從句缺乏的是主語、宾語還是状語是确定用关系代詞還是关系副詞的关键。试比较：I

will

never

forget

the

day

(which/that)

I

spent

in

Hongkong.(

spent是及物動詞，後缺宾語，因此用关系代詞或省略

)I

will

never

forget

the

day

when/on

which

Hongkong

returned

to

its

motherland.(

從句主谓宾构造完整，缺状語，因此用关系副詞或介詞加关系代詞

)The

reason

(that/which)he

gave

for

not

coming

to

school

yesterday

isn’t

believable.(

gave是及物動詞，後缺宾語，因此用关系代詞或省略

)The

reason

why

he

didn’t

come

to

school

yesterday

isn’t

believable.(

從句主谓宾构造完整，缺状語，因此用关系副詞或介詞加关系代詞

)三.

值得注意的几种問題：第一.

當先行詞是物時，关系代詞(that/which)只用that的状况。1.當先行詞被序数詞或形容詞的最高级修饰時。This

is

the

best

film

that

has

been

shown

this

year.This

is

the

first

book

(that)

I

borrow

from

the

library.※He

is

the

first

student

that/who

came

to

school

today.2.當先行詞為两個或两個以上分别指人和物的名詞時。He

talked

about

the

teachers

and

the

school

(that)

he

had

visited.3.當先行詞自身是all的，用that。(all

that=what)All

that

(what)

I

want

to

say

to

you

is

“Thank

you”.=All

(what)

I

want

to

say

to

you

is

“Thank

you”.Go

over

all

that

(what)

we

learned.=Go

over

all

(what)

we

learned.(that在定語從句中充當宾語可以省略)4.先行詞為something,

anything,

nothing,

everything,

thing時，用that.I’ll

tell

you

anything

(that)

I

know.5當先行詞前有all,

much,

little,

many,

(a)

few,

every,

some,

any,

no,

only,

the

very,

one

of,

the

only,

the

last,

the

next等修饰語時。This

is

one

of

the

books

(that)

I’m

very

interesting

in.※

This

is

one

of

the

books

in

which

I’m

very

interesting.This

is

the

only

book

(that)

I

read.He

is

the

only

one

of

the

boys

that

likes

playing

the

piano.All

the

glasses

that

were

on

the

table

fell

off

onto

the

floor.6.(人，物)，當先行詞在以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句中時，用that引导以防止混淆.Who

is

the

man

that

is

talking

with

the

lady?Which

of

you

that

know

the

answer

can

come

to

the

front?7.當先行詞是在定語從句中作表語時，用that.He

likes

the

girl

that

she

used

to

be.第二.

當先行詞是物時，关系代詞(that/which)只用which的状况。1.作介宾且介詞置于引导詞之前時.The

room

in

which

he

lives

is

very

large.2.引导非限定性定語從句時(主，宾都用which,都不能省略).Football,

which

is

a

very

interesting

game,

is

played

all

over

the

world.The

house,

which

I

visited

yesterday,

is

very

large.3.which指整個句子的内容或部分内容，引导非限定性定語從句.He

always

makes

fun

of

me,

which

upsets

me.第三.其他特殊状况.1.先行詞是these,

those指人時，关系代詞只用who.Those

who

are

playing

over

there

are

my

students.2.先行詞是人称代詞(he,

she…)時，关系代詞只用who.He

who

doesn’t

reach

the

Great

Wall

is

not

a

true

man.3.不定代詞someone,

anyone,

everyone,

no

one,

somebody,

anybody,

everybody作先行詞時，关系代詞用who.Anybody

who

breaks

the

rules

would

be

punished.4.①先行詞是the

only

one

of

+可数名詞复数，在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的谓語用單数形式(由于此時的先行詞是the

only

one,而不是of

後的可数名詞复数).He

is

the

only

one

of

the

boys

that

likes

playing

the

piano.This

is

the

only

one

of

the

books

that

is

borrowed.②先行詞是one

of

+可数名詞复数，在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的谓語用复数形式(由于此時的先行詞是of

後的可数名詞复数,而不是one).This

is

one

of

the

students

who

are

late.5.當主句缺先行詞時，用the

one

替代，但须注意：the

one只能替代可数名詞單数.如為不可数名詞時，指什么用什么.Is

this

school

the

one

I

visited

yesterday?Is

pop

music

the

music

he

likes

best?6.

當先行詞是the

way,在定語從句中充當方式状語時(the

way表"以…方式/措施")，引导詞一般用that或省略，也可用in

which.I

don’t

like

the

way

(that)

you

speak.=I

don’t

like

the

way

in

which

you

speak.=I

don’t

like

the

way

(which/that)

you

speak

in.【“介詞+关系代詞”拾种状况】在定語從句中，介詞+关系代詞构造是一种较為复杂的問題。現就几种常見的介詞+关系代詞的构造浅析如下：1.介詞+which在定語從句中分别作時间、地點和原因状語，替代對应的关系副詞when,

where和why。如：I

still

remember

the

day

on

which

(when)

I

first

came

to

school.我仍然记得初来學校的那一天。The

factory

in

which

(=where)

I

work

is

a

large

one.我工作的工廠是一种大工廠。This

is

the

reason

for

which

(=why)

he

was

late.這就是他為何迟到的原因。2.介詞+which(指物)/

whom(指人)在定語從句中作地點状語，表达存在关系，定語從句主谓一般要倒置。They

arrived

at

a

farmhouse,

in

front

of

which

sat

a

small

boy.他来到一处农舍，前边坐著一种小男孩。I

saw

a

man,

on

the

head

of

whom

stood

a

bird.我看見一种人，他的頭上站著一只鳥。3.介詞+

which(指物)/

whom(指人)在定語從句中作目的、方式或地點状語。這种构造中的介詞一般受動詞或介詞後的名詞所制约。如：Could

you

tell

me

for

whom

you’ve

bought

this

coat?你能告诉我這件衣服是給谁买的吗?The

man,

from

whom

I

learned

the

news,

is

an

engineer.這人是一位工程師，我是從他那裏得到這消息的。4.介詞+which/whom，用于被動构造的定語從句中，作状語，阐明動作的出发者。如：The

wolf

by

which

the

sheep

was

killed

was

shot.伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。The

man

by

whom

the

wolf

was

shot

was

a

good

hunter.打死狼的那人是個好猎手。5.不定代詞+of+which/whom，在定語從句中作主語，阐明整体中的部分，常用的不定代詞有：both,

all,

any,

some,

each,

none,

most等。如：There

are

a

lot

of

books

here,

none

of

which

belongs

to

me.這儿有許多書，可一本也不属于我。Yesterday

Mary

bought

a

few

clothes,

all

of

which

were

expensive.昨天玛丽买了某些衣服，他們都很贵。6.数詞+of+which/whom，在定語從句中作主語，阐明整体与部分的关系。数詞可以是基数詞、序数詞、分数或百分数。如：In

our

class

there

are

fifty-four

students,

twenty-five

of

whom

are

girls.我們班有54名學生，25人是女生。Two

watches

were

stolen,

one

of

which

was

mine.两只手表被偷了，其中一只是我的。7.名詞+of+which替代whose+名詞，在定語從句中作定語。如：I

saw

some

trees,

the

leaves

of

which

(=whose

leaves)

were

black

with

disease.我看見某些树，他們的叶子因害病而发黑。I

live

in

a

house,

the

windows

of

which

are

all

broken.我住在一所房子裏，其窗都破了。8.介詞+

which(指物)/

whose(指人)修饰後边的名詞。如：It

rained

all

night

and

all

day,

during

which

time

the

ship

was

broken

into

pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在這期间轮船撞碎了。The

driver

was

the

man

from

whose

room

she

had

stolen

the

maps.司机就是那個人，她從他的房间偷走地图。9.形容詞最高级+of+which/whom构造，在定語從句中，作定語，表部分关系。如：China

has

thousands

of

islands,

the

largest

of

which

is

Taiwan.中国有成仟上萬個岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。In

our

class

there

are

twenty

girls,

the

cleverest

of

whom

is

Li

Hua.我們班有20名女生，最聰颖的是李华。10.介詞+which+不定式。此种使用方法多見于正式文体中，相称于一种定語從句。如：At

last

he

had

something

about

which

to

write

home.他终于有了給家裏写信的内容了。He

had

no

key

with

which

to

open

the

door.他没有開门的钥匙。He

has

a

small

room

in

which

to

live.【运用定語從句時应注意的几种問題】1.

关系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句的谓語動詞应和先行詞的人称和数保持一致。This

is

one

of

the

books

which

were

written

by

Mark

Twain.這是馬克吐温所写的書中的一本。(先行詞是books，因此動詞应用were。)2.

关系代詞或关系副詞在從句中充當一种句子成分，因此要注意防止從句中句子成分的反复出現。This

is

the

most

beautiful

place

that

I

have

visited

it.This

is

the

most

beautiful

place

that

I

have

visited.

這是我参观過的最美的地方。(去掉it，因that替代先行詞the

most

beautiful

place在定語從句中作visit的宾語，再加it就多出了。)The

school

where

I

worked

there

is

a

big

one.The

school

where

I

worked

is

a

big

one.我所工作過的學校是一所大學校。(去掉there，