2015年考研英语一真题

2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试

英语一试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

©Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related“asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.

②Thatis]astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsof

theNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.

①Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted31,932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsof

unrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.②Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.

①While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.②AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgenetics

atUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven7theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectas

friendsthepeoplewho8ourkin.”

①Thestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesfor

immunity.②Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.10,astheteam

suggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore11it.③Therecouldbemanymechanisms

workingtogetherthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13Afunctionalkinship,,ofbeing

friendswith14!

@Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving15than

othergenes.©Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,with

socialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.

①Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople's18tobefriendthoseofsimilar19backgrounds,

saytheresearchers.②ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewas

takento20thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.

1.[A]what[B]why[CJhow[DJwhen

2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised

3.[A]for[B]with[C]by[D]on

4.IAJseparated[B]sought[C]compared[DJconnected

5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples

6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible

7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]know[D]seek

8.[A]surpass[B]influence[C]favor[D]resemble

9.[A]again[BJalso[C]instead[DJthus

10.[A]Meanwhile[BJFurthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps

11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like

12.[A]limit[B]observe[C]confuse[D]drive

13.[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]alongwith

14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]benefits[DImissions

15.[A]faster[B]slower[C]later[D]earlier

16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]express[D]understand

17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive

18.[A]tendency[BJdecisionIC]arrangementIDJendeavor

19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic

20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyour

answersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

①KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon'tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.”@But

embarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimto

eathiswordsandstanddown.③So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?

©DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsand

majesticlifestyles?

①TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.②Whenpublicopinionis

particularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”

politicsand“embody“aspiritofnationalunity.

①Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs5continuingpopularityasheadsof

state.②Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10

kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).③ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfand

Asia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchfora

non-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

①Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.©Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimto

be,theirveryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedandindefensible

privilegesandinequalities.③AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrising

inequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshould

stillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticstates.

①Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.②Princesand

princesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).③Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilies

whopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintainthe

rightimage.

①WhileEurope'smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itisthe

BritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

@ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy'sreputationwithherratherordinary(if

well-heeled)grannystyle.②ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyle

andaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.③Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvived

becausetheyprovideaservice—asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.©Charlesoughttoknow

thatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy'sworstenemies.

21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain

[A]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport.

[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals.

[C]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals.

[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment.

22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly

[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus.

[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality.

[C]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto.

[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment.

23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

[A]Aristocrats'excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.

[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.

[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.

ED]Thenobility'sadherencetotheirprivileges.

24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttoffear“becauseCharles

[A]takesatoughlineonpoliticalissues.

[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised.

[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies.

[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole.

25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

Text2

@JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?②TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsider

whetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonorarounda

personduringanarrest.

①Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheold

assumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.②Itis

hard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.

①ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia^advice.©Enoughoftheimplications

arediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyers

anddefendants.

①TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofa

smartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation-issimilarto,say,goingthroughasuspecfspurse.

②Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletor

pocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.③Butexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorher

home.④Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee'sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryand

comprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.⑤Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,meanwhile,has

madethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.

©Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.②Butkeepingsensitiveinformationon

thesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.©Citizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivate

documentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution'sprohibitiononunreasonablesearches.

①Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechallengeofline-drawing.(2)1nmanycases,

itwouldnotbeoverlyburdensomeforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearchthroughphonecontents.③They

couldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycould

takereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhilewaitingforawarrant.@The

court,though,maywanttoallowroomforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.

@ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia^argumentwhole.②New,disruptivetechnology

sometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.③OrinKerr,alawprofessor,

comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentof

automobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenew

personaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigital

informationnow.

26.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto

[A]searchforsuspects'mobilephoneswithoutawan*ant.

[B]checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

[C]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

27.Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof

[A]tolerance.[B]indifference.

[C]disapproval.[D]cautiousness.

28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentsiscomparableto

[A]gettingintoone'sresidence.

[B]handlingone'shistoricalrecords.

[C]scanningone'scorrespondences.

ED]goingthroughone?swallet.

29.InParagraphs5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat

[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

[C]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

[D]citizens'privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected.

30.OrinKerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat

[A]theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

LB]newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.

[C]California'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.

[D]principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.

Text3

①ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,

editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.②Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,after

widespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmany

publishedresearchfindings.

①“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,writesMcNuttinan

editorial.©WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoa

statisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).©Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythe

journal'sinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.④The

SBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.

①Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:"Thecreationofthe

'statisticsboard9wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisin

scientificresearchandispartofScience'soveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.^^

①GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoRE

group,saysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole.”②Heagreedtojoinbecausehe"found

theforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.

③ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupof

publishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterSciencey

@Johnloannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyis“amostwelcome

stepfbrward"and"longoverdue.^^(2)<€Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthisdamagesthequality

ofwhattheypublish.③Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismore

essentialthanexpertreview,hesays.@ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternal

Medicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatistical

review.

©Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarmingly

commoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.©Researchersshouldimprovetheir

standards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline,“engagingreviewerswhoare

statisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess.^^@VauxsaysthatScience'sideatopasssome

paperstostatisticians“hassomemerit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorsto

identify'thepapersthatneedscrutiny9inthefirstplace.,,

31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that

[A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.

[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.

[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.

ED]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.

32.Thephrase"flaggedup"(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto

[A]found.[B]revised.

[C]marked.[D]stored.

33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay

[A]poseathreattoallitspeers.

LB]meetwithstrongopposition.

[C]increaseSciencescirculation.

[D]setanexampleforotherjournals.

34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow

[A]addstoresearchers,workload.

[B]diminishestheroleofreviewers.

[C]hasroomforfurtherimprovement.

[D]istofailintheforeseeablefuture.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers.

[B]ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect.

[C]DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors'Desks.

ED]StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

Text4

@Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe^unsettlingdearthofintegrityacross

somanyofourinstitutions.^^©Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethatthe

only"sortingmechanism^^insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.③But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethe

peoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.”

©Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofa

morallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsfor

capitalismandfreedom.^^②ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNews

International,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegal

telephonehacking.

①Asthehackingtrialconcludes—findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,

forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge一the

widerissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.©Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500

people.③Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbythe

NewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.©Othersawaittrial.⑤Thislongstorystill

unfolds.

©Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphone

hackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.②Oneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittle

RebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatshe

neverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.③Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.

(Dintoday9sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhat

happensintheorganisationsthattheyrun.©Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.③Forageneration,the

collectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.④Thewordsthathave

matteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,in

newspapers,circulation.©Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionality

andaccountability.

①ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairin

whatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.②Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationand

impact.③MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butshe

askednoquestions,gavenoinstructions-norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.

36.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby

[A]theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism.

LB]companies,financiallossduetoimmoralpractices.

[C]governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.

CD]thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.

37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that

[A]GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime.

[B]phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.

[C]AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.

[D]morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.

38.TheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrooks'sdefence

[A]revealedacunningpersonality.[B]centeredontrivialissues.

[C]washardlyconvincing.[D]waspartofaconspiracy.

39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows

[A]generallydistortedvalues.[B]unfairwealthdistribution.

[C]amarginalizedlifestyle.[D]arigidmoralcode.

40.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

[A]Thequalityofwritingsisofprimaryimportance.

[B]Moralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.

[C]Commonhumanityiscentraltonewsreporting.

[D]Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableone

fromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyof

theblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsfor

individualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglish

grammar.(41)Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhat

kindofspeecheventisinvolved:Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.Buttheyshow

comprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceand

problem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwith

specificevidenceandclues.(42)

Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisin

questionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor"true"meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedfbr

accuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44)Thisdoesn't,however,make

interpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,

placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsofthesamewordsonthe

includingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns-debatesabouttextscanplayan

importantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.

Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.(45)

Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggest—asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo—thatwe

bringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn'tthennecessarilyfollowthat

onekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreading

informeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,they

makeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextual

environment.

[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirementofagivencourse?

Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelyto

differconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.

[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageandsocialclass

willencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.

[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthe

context.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesas

wellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageor

referencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.

[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutits

validity—inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarless

responsible.

[F]Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,not

necessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor'sownthoughts.

[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualand

contextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveinatext'sformalstructures(so

especiallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethat

webringtothetext.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslation

shouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideof

emigration-oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory—sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.(46)Thismovement,

drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,buillanationoulofawildernessand,byitsnalure,shaped(he

characteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.

(47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductofI。，。principalforces-theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswith

the