初升高英语暑假衔接第01讲 句子成分及五种简单句（学生版）

第01讲句子成分及五种简单句(知识讲解+高考必考题型练习)目标1熟悉句子的各个成分。目标2了解五种简单句。一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，表明句子里所谈的是:“什么人”或“什么物”，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。如:Sincethe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular(名词)自从20世纪90年代以来，美国乡村音乐已经变得越来越流行。TheyoftenspeakEnglishafterclass.(代词)Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(数词)Toswiminthedeepriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)Eatingtoomuchdoesharmtoyourhealth.(动名词)·Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词).Whatheneedsisabook.(主语从句)Itisnecessaryforustomasteraforeignlanguage(it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式)掌握一门外语对我们来说是必要的。Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree(It形式主语，that引导的主语从句是真正主语》大象像树一样又圆又高，这一点是显然的。谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后(在倒装语序下，谓语可放于主语之前)。谓语的构成如下:(1)简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Shepractisesrunningeverymorning.(单个动词practise做谓语)(2)复合谓语①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:·Youmaykeepthebookforthreeweeks.(情态动词may+动词原形keep做谓语)Thelittlegirlhascaughtabadcold.(助动词hast动词过去分词caught做谓语)②由系动词加表语构成。如:Wearestudentsnow.(系动词are+名词students构成系表结构做谓语)【注意】谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。如:Iamreading.Youarereading.He/Sheisreading.Wearereading.Marylovesswimming.Youdon'ttrustme.Hebelievesme.表语表语用以表述说明主语的身份、特征和状态，说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，它一般位于系动词(如be、become、get、look、grow、turn、seem等)之后，与系动词共同构成谓语。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。如:OurforeignteacherisanAmerican.(名词)Aretheyyours?(代词)(Theyareyours.)Theweatherhasturnedwarm.(形容词)Thelectureisexciting.(分词)Threetimessevenistwenty-one.(数词)三乘七等于二十一。HerjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)Herhobbyissingingpopularsongs.(动名词)Theoldmachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语)这台老机器肯定运转不畅。Timeisup.Classisover.(副词)Thetruthisthatshehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)事实是她从没去过国外。宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象或承受者。由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当，和及物动词一起构成谓语，说明主语“做什么”。如:Hewenttoseeafilmyesterday.(名词)Thethickfogpreventedusfromcomingtoschoolontime.(代词)浓雾使我们无法准时到校。Howmanybooksdoyouhave?-Ihavefifty.(数词)Wehelpedtheoldwiththeirhousework.(名词化形容词)·Shepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短语)Heenjoyslisteningtopopularsongs.(动名词短语)·Wethink(that)sheisfitforherjob.(宾语从句)宾语种类:直接宾语和间接宾语--有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的通常为动词的间接承受者叫作间接宾语，指物的通常为动词的直接承受者叫直接宾语，在一起称为成为双宾语，一般间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，如:Hegave me someink.他给了我一些墨水。 间接宾语 直接宾语 Ourteachertoldus aninterestingstory.老师给我妈讲了一个有趣的故事。 间接宾语 直接宾语宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语和它的补足语构成宾语复合宾语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等)+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。如:Hisfather named him Jack. 谓语宾语宾补(名词) Hepaintedhiswallyellow.(形容词)·Letthedogout.(副词)Youmustn'tforcehertolendhermoneytoyou.(不定式短语)你不能强迫她借钱给你。Wesawhimenteringtheroom.(现在分词)Hefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder. 谓语 定语(修饰everything)(介词短语) Wewillsoonmakeourschoolwhatyourschoolisnow.(从句)我们不久就要把我们的学校发展成你们学校目前的那个样子。定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。可以作定语的除形容词外，还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。如:Hangzhouisabeautifulcity.(形容词)ChinaisadevelopingcountrywhiletheUSAisadevelopedcountry(分词)中国是个发展中国家，而美国是个发达国家。Therearethirtymenteachersinourschool.(名词)HerprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)我们班长总是第一个进教室的人。Ourteachingplanforthenexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)Heisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnaforeignlanguage.(介词短语)他正在读一本关于如何学外语的书。状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可以作状语的主要是副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等。如:Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组)·Wehavelivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)Sheisproudtohavepassedtheexamination.(不定式短语)·Theboyisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)·Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(状语从句)状语的种类如下:Howaboutmeetingagainatseven?(时间状语)Lastnightshedidn'tgotothepartybecauseoftheheavyrain.(原因状语).Weshallgothereifitdoesn'train.(条件状语)·Mrs.Greenlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语)Heputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语)Hecameinwithabookinhishand.(伴随状语)手上拿着本书，他进来了。Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,wemustworkharder.(目的状语)Shewassotiredthatshefellasleepimmediately.(结果状语)TuYouyouworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(让步状语)Iamtallerthansheis.(比较状语)同位语把一个名词(短语)、代词或从句放在另一名词或代词后，对前面的名词或代词作进一步解释，用以说明前者的性质或情况，这样的名词或代词叫同位语。如:·WeChinesepeoplelovepeace.(Chinesepeople是主语We的同位语)Youallshouldbepunished.(代词做同位语)Sheherselfwentthere.(反身代词做同位语)OurEnglishteacher,Mr.Zhang,isverythin.(名词做同位语)DoctorLi,akindandfriendlygirl,livesnexttome.(名词短语做同位语)李医生，一个善良又待人友好的女孩儿，住在我家隔壁。二、五种基本句型结构一、句型1：Subject(主语)＋Vi(谓语)这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词有：work,sing,swim,fish,jump,arrive,come,die,disappear,cry,happen等。如：1)LiMingworksveryhard.2)Springiscoming.补充：少数不及物动词后面能跟一个相同意义的名词作宾语这个名词和前面的动词在词根上是相同的或者在意义上是相近的这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。常见的能带同源宾语的动词有lead,live,die,sleep,dream,breathe,smile,laugh,fight,run,sing等。如：1)UndertheleadershipofthePartyweleadahappylife.2)Idreamedaterribledreamlastnight.3)OursoldiersfoughtawonderfulfightagainstthefloodslastAugust.4)Hediedagloriousdeath.二、句型2：Subject(主语)＋Link.V(系动词)＋Predicate(表语)这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be,look,seem,smell,taste,sound,keep等。如：1)Thiskindoffoodtastesdelicious.2)Helookedworriedjustnow.(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become,turn,get,grow,go等。如：1)Springcomes.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.2)Thetreehasgrownmuchtallerthanbefore.三、句型3：Subject(主语)＋Vt(谓语)＋Object(宾语)这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词,所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：1)Hetookhisbagandleft.(名词)2)LiLeialwayshelpsmewhenIhavedifficulties.(代词)3)SheplanstotravelinthecomingMayDay.(不定式)4)Hemanagedtoescapesufferingfromthedisease.(动名词)5)Idon'tknowwhatIshoulddonext.(从句)注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。如：start,answer,sing,close,consider,insist,read,learn,prepare,pay,hurt,improve,grow,beat,operate,smell,play,hang,ring,speak等。如：Everybody,ourgamebegins.Let’sbeginourgame.四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Vt(谓语)＋Indirectobject(间接宾语)＋Directobject(直接宾语)这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy,pass,lend,give,tell,teach,show,bring,send等。如：Herfatherboughtheradictionaryasabirthdaypresent.2)TheoldmanalwaystellsthechildrenstoriesabouttheheroesintheLongMarch.这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型：动词＋直接宾语＋forsb.；B.动词＋直接宾语＋tosb.。上述句子还可以表达为：1)Herfatherboughtadictionaryforherasabirthdaypresent.2)TheoldmanalwaystellsstoriesabouttheheroestothechildrenintheLongMarch.五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Vt(动词)＋Object(宾语)＋Complement(补语)这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：1)Youshouldkeeptheroomcleanandtidy.(形容词)2)Wemadehimourmonitor.(名词)3)Hisfathertoldhimnottoplayinthestreet.(不定式)4)Myfatherlikestowatchtheboysplayingbasketball.(现在分词)5)YesterdayIhadapicturetakenwithtwoAmericans.(过去分词)6)Wewenttoherhousebutfoundherout.(副词)7)Ifoundhimintrouble.(介词短语)●常见的动词有:tell,ask,advise,help,want,wouldlike,order,force,allow等。●注意：动词have,make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：1)Thebossmadehimdotheworkallday.2)Iheardhersinginthenextroomallthetimelastnight.名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词和介词辨析（2022年全国甲卷语法填空）...InspiredbytheBeltandRoadForumforInternationalCooperationheldinBeijing,Caodecidedtocovertheroutebyhikingasatribute(致敬)totheancientSilkRoad.___64___friendofhis,WuFan,volunteeredtobehiscompanionduringthetrip.CaoandWualsocollectedgarbagealongtheroad,inordertopromoteenvironmental___65___(protect).Caobelievesthiswillmakethehikingtripevenmore___66___(meaning).Thetwoofthemcollectedmorethan1,000plasticbottlesalongthe40-dayjourney.Inthelastfiveyears.Caohaswalkedthrough34countriesinsixcontinents,andin2016,hereachedthetopofKilimanjaro,Africa’s___68___(high)mountain.Now,CaohasstartedthesecondpartofhisdreamtowalkalongtheBeltandRoadroute.Heflew4,700kilometers___69___Xi’antoKashgaronSept.20,planningtohikebacktoXi’aninfivemonths.（2022年全国甲卷短文改错）MyfatheroftentookmetohishospitalwhenIwasoffmyschool.Heshowedmehowhismedicalinstrumentswereused.Ifeltsocloselytohim.However,afterIwenttohighschool,somehowIbecomedistantfromhim....ThedisagreementwassosharpthatneitherhenorIknewhowtosettleit.Oneday,hetalkedwithmeorhopedtomendourrelations.Withtheeffortsmadebyallsides,webegantounderstandeachotherbetter.基础过关检测一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest,yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.二、写出下列句子是什么简单句型。1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.4.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.5.Hebrokeapieceofglass.6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity．7.Atlasthegothome,tiredandhungry.8.Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.9.Theypushedthedooropen.10.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.11.Hewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends.12.Allthestudentsthinkhighlyofhisteaching13.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.14.HeaskedustosinganEnglishsong.15.Don’tgetnervous.Helpyourselftowhatyoulike．三、划分下列简单句的成分，并写出是什么句型。Allmyeffortswillpayoff.Seniorhighschoolisatimeoflearninganddiscovering.AllroadsleadtoRome.Jackofferedmesomehelpfuladvice.Settinggoalsmakesyoumoreconfident.Teenagers’physicalchangesmayresultinsuchfamilytensions.Moderntechnologyhasallowedrichpeopletoaccumulatewealthmoreeasily.PopulationgrowthremainsaseriousprobleminBangladesh.四、用所学简单句句型翻译下列句子。这个提议听起来很棒！（主+系+表）天气很重要。（主+谓+状）下周六我们将举办一场英语演讲比赛。（主+谓+宾+状）全球气候一直在变化。（主+谓）很多父母觉得和他们的孩子们经常沟通是很困难的。（find+形式宾语+宾补）我无法想象没有互联网的生活。（主+谓+宾）互联网有助于我们与我们的朋友保持联系。（主+谓+宾+宾补）太阳给了我们光和热。（主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语）高考必考题型练习阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Text1(湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2022-2023学年新高一入学分班考试)1(address)anxietyandmentalhealthconcernscausedbythenovelcoronavirusoutbreak,theNationalHealthCommissionhasrequiredprovincial-levelregionstocombine2(psychology)supportresourcesandstandardizesuchpublicservices."Colleges3(equip)withpsychologicalcentersarealsoencouragedtostepupinterventionandcounseling（建议）tostudents4maybeaffectedbythedisease'sspread,"saidWangBin,deputydirectorofthecommission'sdiseasecontroland5(prevent)bureau（局，办事处）atanewsconferenceheldonMonday.Daysofintensive（密集的）workhadexhaustedhimandcausedhimtolosehistemperforabriefmoment.Thedoctorquicklycollected6(he)andwentbackto7(treat)patients.YangFude,PartysecretaryoftheBeijing