串讲01五大基本句型和句子成分（课件）高一英语下学期期末考点大串讲（人教版2019）

和句子成分五大基本句型

2023-2024学年高一英语下学期期末考点大串讲串讲01Partone五大基本句型

串讲

一、句型1：Subject(主语)＋Vi(谓语)这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词有：work,sing,swim,fish,jump,arrive,come,die,disappear,cry,happen等。如：1)LiMingworksveryhard.2)Springiscoming.拓展资料：少数不及物动词后面能跟一个相同意义的名词作宾语这个名词和前面的动词在词根上是相同的或者在意义上是相近的这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。常见的能带同源宾语的动词有lead,live,die,sleep,dream,breathe,smile,laugh,fight,run,sing等。如：1)UndertheleadershipofthePartyweleadahappylife.2)Idreamedaterribledreamlastnight.3)OursoldiersfoughtawonderfulfightagainstthefloodslastAugust.4)Hediedagloriousdeath.二、句型2：Subject(主语)＋Link.V(系动词)＋Predicate

(表语)这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。系动词可分为6类：1）状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词Heisateacher.他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay。Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.他开会时总保持沉默。Thismatterrestsamystery.此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词：用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look。Heseems(tobe)verysad.他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词：主要有look,feel,smell,sound,tasteHelookstired.他看起来很累。Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.Thisflowersmellsverysweet.5）变化系动词：表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come。Hebecamemadafterthat.自那之后，他疯了。Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.她没多长时间就富了。Her

dream

has

come

true.

她的梦想实现了。6）终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达"证实"，"变成"之意Therumorprovedfalse.这谣言证实有假。Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的计划终于成功了。（turnout表终止性结果）三、句型3：Subject(主语)＋Vt(谓语)＋Object(宾语)此句型中的动词一般为及物动词,所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：1)Hetookhisbagandleft._____2)LiLeialwayshelpsmewhenIhavedifficulties.

______3)SheplanstotravelinthecomingMayDay.

______(名词)

(代词)

不定式4)Hemanagedtoescapesufferingfromthedisease._____5)Idon'tknowwhatIshoulddonext._____注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。如：start,answer,sing,close,consider,insist,read,learn,prepare,pay,hurt,improve,grow,beat,operate,smell,play,hang,ring,speak等。如：Everybody,ourgamebegins.Let’sbeginourgame.(动名词)(从句)四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Vt(谓语)＋Indirectobject(间接宾语)＋Directobject(直接宾语)此句型中，直接宾语是动作直接承受者，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。如：Herfatherboughtheradictionaryasabirthdaypresent.TheoldmanalwaystellsthechildrenstoriesabouttheheroesintheLongMarch.常见能跟双宾语的动词：(一)双宾语易位时需借助介词to的常用动词awardsb.sth.=awardsth.tosb.颁奖给某人如：bring，hand，lend，mail，offer，owe，pass，post，read，return，send,sell,serve,show,take,teach,tell,throw,write,(二)双宾语易位时需借助介词for的常用动词book，buy，choose，cook，draw，fetch，find，fix，get，make,order，pick,prepare,save,sing,spare,steal,五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Vt(动词)＋Object(宾语)＋Complement(补语)此句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是拓展资料、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：1)Youshouldkeeptheroomcleanandtidy.______2)Wemadehimourmonitor.

_____3)Hisfathertoldhimnottoplayinthestreet.

______4)Myfatherlikestowatchtheboysplayingbasketball.

______5)YesterdayIhadapicturetakenwithtwoAmericans.

______6)Wewenttoherhousebutfoundherout.

______7)Ifoundhimintrouble.

______

(形容词)(名词)不定式(现在分词)(过去分词)(副词)(介词短语)●常见跟动词不定式作宾补的动词有:tell,ask,advise,help,want,wouldlike,order,force,allow等。●注意：动词have,make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：1)Thebossmadehimdotheworkallday.2)Iheardhersinginthenextroomallthetimelastnight.Parttwo句子成分

串讲

构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。Duringthe1990s,American

countrymusic

hasbecomemoreandmorepopular.________（名词）We

oftenspeakEnglishinclass._______One-third

ofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls._______Toswim

intheriverisagreatpleasure._______Smoking

doesharmtothehealth._______Therich

shouldhelpthepoor._______WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtest

hasnotbeendecided._______It

isnecessary

tomasteraforeignlanguage._______（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）在“Therebe…”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：Therearesomebottlesofmilkinthebox.▲在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如：Itisveryinterestingtoplaythegamecalled“treatortrick”.Ittooktwoworkersaboutthreemonthstobuildthehouse.2．谓语:用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如：Heisverygenerous.ShelooksverysmartandcoolWehavefinishedthejob.HecanspeakGerman.3．表语:用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。OurteacherofEnglishisan

American._______Isit

yours_______Theweatherhasturned

cold._______（名词）（代词）（形容词）Thespeechis

exciting._______（Threetimessevenis

twentyone_______Hisjobis

toteachEnglish._______Hishobbyis

playingfootball._______Themachine

mustbe

outoforder._______Timeis

up.Theclassis

over._______Thetruthis

thathehasneverbeenabroad._______（形容词化的现在分词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（介词短语）（副词）（表语从句）4．宾语:是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。如：Theywenttoseean

exhibition（展览）yesterday._______Theheavyrainprevented

me

formcomingtoschoolontime.______（名词）（代词）HowmanydictionariesdoyouhaveIhave

five._______Theyhelped

theold

withtheirhouseworkyesterday.._______Hepretended

nottoseeme._______Ienjoy

listeningtopopularmusic._______Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.._______（数词）（名词化形容词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）5．宾语的补足语:在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。“宾语＋宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个ju句子。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.在英语中,常见的“宾语＋宾语补足语”的结构有：▲“宾语+名词”常用于改结构的动词有：call,name,make,find,choose,think,leave等。WecallhimJack.TheymadeLiLeitheirmonitor.▲“宾语+形容词”常见的动词有think,believe,leave,drive,make,keep,turn,wish,want等。如：DoyouthinkhisideawrongWemustkeepourclassroomclean.Wecan’tleavehimalone.CanyougeteverythingreadyforthepartybeforeFriday▲“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down,up,here,there,home,in,out,anywhere等。如：Lethimin/out.Mr.Lidroveushome.Whengotthere,wefoundhimout.▲“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如：Wefoundeverythingingoodorder.Weregardhimasourgoodfriend.Heopenedthedoorandfoundsomeofhisfriendsintherain.▲“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种：

A要求带to的不定式Thecoolwaterofthelakeinvitedustoswim.

B要求不带to的不定式let,make,see,hear,watch等Thebossmadetheworkerswork12hoursaday.IoftenhearhimreadEnglishinhisroom.

C单词help后可加to或不加toShesometimeshelpshermother(to)dohousework.▲“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。Isawthemplayingontheplayground.IheardMarysingingintheclassroom.▲“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。Isawthemplayingontheplayground.IheardMarysingingintheclassroom.▲“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。Ihadmybikestolen.Theteacherexplainedagainandagaintomakehimselfunderstood.▲形式宾语＋形容词WefounditimpossibletogettherebeforeSaturday.▲宾语+what从句Callmewhatyoulike.Mr.Lihasmadethefactorywhatitistoday.Themountainvillageisdifferentfromwhatitwastenyearsago.6．定语▲定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式、分词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。。如：Guilinisa

beautiful

city.（形容词）Chinaisa

developing

country;Americaisa

developed

country.（分词）Therearethirty

women

teachersisourschool.（名词）His

rapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirst

toentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）The

teaching

planfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）Heisreadinganarticle

abouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）ThetallboywhoisstandingthereisPeter.（从句）▲在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。▲修饰不定代词something,anything,nothing,something,anyone,somebody,anybody,nobody的定语必须后置。如：We’llgotohavesomethingEnglish.Ifyoudon’tknowtheanswer,asksomeoneelse.Doyouhaveanythingimportanttotellme▲介词短语作定语时要后置。如：DoyouknowtheboybehindthetreeThestudentsintheroomareallmyfriends.Ithinkthepictureontheleftisbetterthantheoneontheright.▲分词短语作定语时要后置。如：Thebridgebuiltin1898isbeingrepairingnow.▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置WhataboutsomethingtodrinkIhavenotimetotraveltoChinaisinAutumnorinSpring.注动词不定式作主语时，to后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。Doyouhaveanypieceofmusictolistento▲nearby,below,downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：Weareatthetopofthehill.CanyouseethevillagebelowThepeopledownstairsarelisteningtoatalknowTheytooktheboytothehospitalnearbyatonce.7．状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。副词（短语）作状语：▲副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。Theboyneedsapenverymuch./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）Theboyneedsverymuchthepenboughtbyhismother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）Theboyreallyneedsapen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）Theboyneedsapennow./Now,theboyneedsapen./Theboy,now,needsapen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）介词短语作状语：Intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）Beforehismother,Tomisalwaysaboy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)分词（短语）作状语：Hesitsthere,askingforapen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）Frightened,hesitstheresoundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）不定式作状语：Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.名词作状语：Comethisway!Waitaminute.从句作状语：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句。如：Itwasrainingwhenwearrived.Shefoundhercalculatorwhereshelostit.Heworkedhardsothathepassedtheexam.Hewalkedslowlyasifhehadhurthisleg.▲状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等(1).时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中。ShallwedotheshoppingtodayortomorrowChinanowleadstheworld.(2).地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。Thereareplentyoffishinthes