2023考研英语真题和翻译

2023年全国硕士探讨生入学统一考试英语（一）试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET,(10points)

Couldahugadaykeepthedoctoraway?Theanswermaybearesounding

"yes!"1helpingyoufeeIcloseand2topeopleyoucareabout,it

turnsoutthathugscanbringa3ofhealthbenefitstoyourbodyand

mind.BeIieveitornot,awarmembracemightevenheIpyou4getting

sickthiswinter.

Inarecentstudy5over400healthadults,researchersfrom

CarnegieMelIonUniversityinPennsylvaniaexaminedtheeffectsof

perceivedsociaIsupportandthereceiptofhugs6theparticipants,

susceptibiIitytodevelopingthecommoncoldafterbeing7tothe

virus.PeopIewhoperceivedgreatersociaIsupportwerelessIikeIyto

come8withacoId,andtheresearchers9thatthestress-reducing

effectsofhugging10about32percentofthatbeneficialeffect.11

amongthosewhogotacold,theoneswhofeltgreatersocialsupportand

receivedmorefrequenthugshadlesssevere12

“Huggingprotectspeoplewhoareunderstressfromthe13riskfor

coldsthatJsusually14withstress,“notesSheIdonCohen,a

professorofpsychoIogyatCarnegie.Hugging“isamarkerofintimacy

andheIps15thefeeIingthatothersaretheretoheIp16

difficulty.”

Someexperts17thestress-reducing,health-relatedbenefitsof

huggingtothereleaseofoxytocin,oftencalled“thebondinghormone,,

18itpromotesattachmentinreIationships,includingthatbetween

motherandtheirnewbornbabies.OxytocinismadeprimariIyinthecentraI

lowerpartofthebrain,andsomeofitisreIeasedintothebloodstream.

Butsomeofit19inthebrain,whereit20mood,behaviorand

physiology.

1[A]Besides[B]Unlike[C]Throughout[D]Despite

2[A]equaI[B]restricted[C]connected[D]inferior

3[A]view[B]host[C]lesson[D]choice

4[A]avoid[B]forget[C]recaII[D]keep

5[A]coIIecting[B]affecting[c]guiding[D]invoIving

6[A]on[B]in[C]at[D]of

7[A]devoted[B]attracted[C]Iost[D]exposed

8[A]aIong[B]across[C]down[D]out

9[A]imagined[B]denied[C]doubted[D]caIculated

10[A]served[B]restored[C]expIained[D]required

11[A]Thus[B]Still[C]Rather[D]Even

12[A]defeats[B]symptoms[C]errors[D]tests

13[A]highIighted[B]increased[C]controlled[D]minimized

14[A]presented[B]equipped[C]associated[D]compared

15[A]assess[B]generate[C]moderate[D]record

16[A]inthename[B]intheform[C]intheface[D]intheway

ofofofof

17[A]attribute[B]commit[C]transfer[D]return

18[A]unIess[B]because[C]though[D]until

19[A]remains[B]emerges[C]vanishes[D]decreases

20[A]experiences[B]combines[C]justifies[D]infIuences

拥抱可以使医生远离我们吗？答案或许是啜亮的“是的”。除了能帮助你感

到和自己在乎的人关系亲密之外，事实证明拥抱还可以给你的身心健康带来许多

好处。不管你信不信，温煦的拥抱在冬天可以帮助你避开生病。

最近，宾夕法尼亚州卡耐基梅隆高校的探讨人员对超过400名健康成年人进

行了探讨。他们在让这些试验对象接触感冒病毒后，检测了“感觉到社会支持”

和“受到别人拥抱”这两点对他们患上常见感冒的敏感性的影响。感觉到更多社

会支持的人更不简洁患感冒，探讨人员推算出，这种对健康的有益影响，大约有

32%是由拥抱所产生的减压效果所带来的。甚至在已经患上感冒的人群中，感觉

得到更多社会支持和频繁得到拥抱的人的症状也更轻。

“拥抱可以爱惜那些处于压力之下的人免受与压力有关的、愈发增加的感冒

的风险，”来自卡内基高校的心理学教授谢尔登•科恩视察道。拥抱“能制造亲

密，也能帮助产生面对困难时，有人来帮助你的感觉。”

一些专家将拥抱所产生的减缓压力的健康好处归因于拥抱所释放的催生素,

其通常被称为“结合激素”，因为它能促进依附关系，包括母亲与新生婴儿之间

的依附关系。催生素主要产生在大脑的中低部，其有一部分会被释放进血液里。

但还有一部分会留在大脑里，影响人们的心情、行为及生理。

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtext

bychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Firsttwohours,nowthreehours—thisishowfarinadvance

authoritiesarerecommendingpeopIeshowuptocatchadomesticfIight,

atleastatsomemajorU.S.airportswithincreasinglymassivesecurity

Iines.

AmericansarewiIIingtotoleratetime-consumingsecurityprocedures

inreturnforincreasedsafety.ThecrashofEgyptAirFIight804,which

terroristsmayhavedownedovertheMediterraneanSea,providesanother

tragicreminderofwhy.ButdemandingtoomuchofairtraveIersor

providingtooIittIesecurityinreturnunderminespubIicsupportforthe

process.Anditshould:WastedtimeisadragonAmericans'economicand

privateIives,nottomentioninfuriating.

Lastyear,theTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA)foundin

asecretcheckthatundercoverinvestigatorswereabIetosneakweapons

一bothfakeandreaI一pastairportsecuritynearIyeverytimethey

tried.Enhancedsecuritymeasuressineethen,combinedwitharisein

airlinetraveIduetotheimprovingeconomyandandlowoilprices,have

resultedinIongwaitsatmajorairportssuchasChicago,sO'Hare

Internationa1.11isnotyetcIearhowmuchmoreeffectiveairIinesecurity

hasbecome―buttheIinesareobvious.

Partoftheissueisthatthegovernmentdidnotanticipatethesteep

increaseinairIinetraveI,sotheTSAisnowrushingtogetnewscreeners

ontheIine.PartoftheissueisthatairportshaveonIysomuchroom

forscreeningIanes.AnotherfactormaybethatmorepeopIearetrying

tooverpacktheircarry-onbagstoavoidchecked-baggagefees,thoughthe

airIinesstronglydisputethis.

ThereisonesteptheTSAcouIdtakethatwouIdnotrequireremodeIing

airportsorrushingtohire:EnroIImorepeopIeinthePreCheck

program.PreCheckissupposedtobeawin-winfortravelersandtheTSA.

PassengerswhopassabackgroundcheckareeligibIetouseexpedited

screeninglanes.ThisaIIowstheTSAtofocusontravelerswhoarehigher

risks,savingtimeforeveryoneinvolved.TSAwantstoenrolI25miIIion

peopleinPreCheck.

11hasnotgottenanywherecIosetothat,andonebigreasonissticker

shock:Passengersmustpay$85everyfiveyearstoprocesstheir

backgroundchecks.Sincethebeginning,thispricetaghasbeen

PreCheckJsfataIfIaw.Upcomingreformsmightbringthepricetoamore

reasonablelevel.ButCongressshouldlookintodoingsodirectly,by

helpingtofinancePreCheckenrolImentortocutcostsinotherways.

TheTSAcannotcontinuedivertingresourcesintounderusedPreCheck

laneswhilemostofthetraveIingpubIicsuffersinunnecessaryIines.

Itislongpasttimetomaketheprogramwork.

21.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804ismentionedto.

rAT

LJstresstheurgencytostrengthensecurityworIdwide

rBu

LhighIightthenecessityofupgradingmajorUSairports

rcu

LexplainAmericans,toleranceofcurrentsecuritychecks

rDJ

Lemphasistheimportanceofprivacyprotection

WhichofthefollowingcontributionstoIongwaitsatmajorairport?

Newrestrictionsoncarry-onbags

ThedecIiningefficiencyoftheTSA

Anincreaseinthenumberoftravelers

Frequentunexpectedsecretchecks

23.Theword“expedited”(Line4,Para.5)isclosestinmeaning

to

rAu

Lfaster

rBT

LJquieter

rcT

LJwider

rDu

Lcheaper

24.OneproblemwiththePreCheckprogramis.

[A]AdramaticreductionofitsseaIe

[B]Itswrongly-directedimplementation

[C]Thegovernment?sreIuctancetobackit

[D]AnunreasonabIepriceforenrolIment

25

•Wnichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

rA-i

LiLessScreeningforMoreSafety

rBr

Li-PreCheck-aBeIatedSoIution

rc-i

LiGettingStuckinSecurityLines

rD-i

LiUnderusedPreCheckLanes

Text1

全文翻译

以前是2小时，现在是3小时——这就是航空当局建议旅客提前到达机场赶

国内航班的时间，至少美国一些大的机场是这么建议的，因为安检队伍正变得越

来越长。

美国人现在情愿忍受费时的安检程序，以换取更高的平安性。被恐怖分子攻

击而坠入地中海的埃及航空804号航班给了大家为什么这么做的一个悲剧提示。

但是对飞机乘客要求太多或者在平安保障方面的成效不足反过来又会降低公众

对这一程序的支持。其就会演化成：奢侈的时间耽搁了美国的经济和私人生活，

也会使乘客感到生气。

去年，美国运输平安管理局在一次隐私检查中发觉，管理局的便衣调查员在

尝试偷运武器的时候（无论真假），屡次通过了安检。随后，机场加强了安检措

施，同时经济复苏和低油价也导致了国际航班的增加，这些因素就导致包括芝加

哥奥黑尔国际机场在内的主要机场的安检队伍变长。目前，安检措施是否变得更

加有效尚不得而知，但安检队伍的确变长了。

导致这一问题的部分缘由是政府没有预料到乘飞机出行的乘客数量会猛增，

所以美国运输平安管理局现在正紧锣密鼓地在各机场增加新的安检人员。另一个

缘由是，机场只有这么多空间，能容下的安检队伍有限。还有一个因素可能是，

越来越多的人想要过度打包他们的随身行李以避开行李安检费用，尽管航空公司

对此猛烈反对。

美国运输平安管理局可以实行的一个不须要改造机场或仓促聘请人员的措

施，那就是激励更多的乘客参加预检项目。预检对游客和美国运输平安管理局而

言是双赢的选择。通过背景检查的乘客有资格运用快速安检通道。这能使美国运

输平安管理局能重点检查具有高风险的乘客，从而节约了其他人的时间。美国运

输平安管理局支配将2500万乘客纳入预检项目。

然而，这一支配还未达到预期目标，其中的一个主要缘由就是定价太高。乘

客必需每五年支付85美元进行背景审核。从一起先这一价格就是预检项目的重

大缺陷。接下来的改革或许会把价格调整到合理的水平。但是国会应当通过资助

预检项目或以别的方式来降低成本的方式干脆参加到价格调整中去。

在大部分的游客得忍受不必要排队的苦痛之时，美国运输平安管理局不能接

着将资源投入到未充分运用的预检通道中去了。要想让预检项目真的起先起作

用，那还须要很长的时间。

Text2

“TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers,“wroteQueenLiIiuokaIani,

Hawaii'sIastreigningmonarch,in1897.Starwatcherswereamongthe

mostesteemedmembersofHawaiiansociety.SadIy,aIIisnotweIIwith

astronomyinHawaiitoday.Protestshaveeruptedoverconstructionofthe

ThirtyMeterTelescope(TMT),agiantobservatorythatpromisesto

revolutionizehumanityJsviewofthecosmos.

AtissueistheTMT'spIannedIocationonMaunaKea,adormantvoIcano

worshipedbysomeHawaiiansasthepiko,thatconnectstheHawaiian

IsIandstotheheavens.ButMaunaKeaisaIsohometosomeoftheworld's

mostpowerfuItelescopes.RestedinthePacificOcean,MaunaKea'speak

risesabovethebuIkofourplanet'sdenseatmosphere,whereconditions

allowtelescopestoobtainimagesofunsurpassedclarity.

OppositiontotelescopesonMaunaKeaisnothingnew.AsmaIIbutvocaI

groupofHawaiiansandenvironmentshaveIongviewedtheirpresenceas

disrespectforsacredIandandapainfuIreminderoftheoccupationof

whatwasonceasovereignnation.

SomebIameforthecurrentcontroversybelongstoastronomers.In

theireagernesstobuiIdbiggertelescopes,theyforgotthatscienceis

theonlywayofunderstandingtheworId.Theydidnotalwaysprioritize

theprotectionofMaunaKea'sfragiIeecosystemsoritshoIinesstothe

island'sinhabitants.Hawaiiancultureisnotarelicofthepast;it

isaIivingcultureundergoingarenaissancetoday.

YetsciencehasacuIturaIhistory,too,withrootsgoingbacktothe

dawnofcivilization.ThesamecuriositytofindwhatIiesbeyondthe

horizonthatfirstbroughtearlyPolynesianstoHawaii'sshoresinspires

astronomerstodaytoexpIoretheheavens.CallstodisassembIeaII

telescopesonMaunaKeaortobanfuturedeveIopmentthereignorethe

reaIitythatastronomyandHawaiianculturebothseektoanswerbig

questionsaboutwhoweare,wherewecomefromandwherewearegoing.

PerhapsthatiswhyweexpIorethestarryskies,asifansweringaprimal

callingtoknowourseIvesandourtrueancestraIhomes.

Theastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeitsuseof

MaunaKea.TheTMTsitewaschosentominimizetheteIescope'svisibiIity

aroundtheislandandtoavoidarchaeologicalandenvironmentaIimpact.To

limitthenumberofteIescopesonMaunaKea,oldoneswiIIberemovedat

theendoftheirIifetimesandtheirsitesreturnedtoanaturaIstate.

ThereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotbeweIcornedonMaunaKeatoembrace

theirculturalheritageandtostudythestars.

26.QueenLiliuokalanisremarkinParagraph1indicates.

[A]itsconservativeviewonthehistoricaIroIeofastronomy

[B]theimportanceofastronomyinancientHawaiiansociety

[C]theregrettabIedecIineofastronomyinancienttimes

[D]herappreciationofstarwatchers?featsinhertime

27.MaunaKeaisdeemedasanidealastronomicaIsitedueto.

[A]itsgeographicalfeatures

LB]itsprotectivesurroundings

[C]itsreligiousimpIications

[D]itsexistinginfrastructure

28.TheconstructionoftheTMTisopposedbysomeIocaIspartIy

because.

[A]itmayriskruiningtheirinteIIectuaIIife

[B]itremindsthemofahumiIiatinghistory

[C]theirculturewiIIIoseachanceofrevival

[D]theyfearlosingcontroIofMaunaKea

29.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatprogressintoday1sastronomy

rAI-

LJisfulfillingthedreamsofancientHawaiians

rBu

LheIpsspreadHawaiiancultureacrosstheworId

rcU

LmayuncovertheoriginofHawaiianculture

rDu

LwiIIeventuaIIysoftenHawaiians'hostiIity

30.TheauthorsattitudetowardchoosingMaunaKeaastheTMTsiteis

one

of.

rAT

LJseverecriticism

rBT

LJpassiveacceptance

rcu

LsIighthesitancy

rDJ

LfuIIapprovaI

Text2

全文翻译

“古时候的夏威夷人是天文学家，”夏威夷最终一任执政君主利留卡拉尼女

王在1897年写道。观星宿者过去是夏威夷社会中最受敬重的人物。哀痛的是，

现在的夏威夷不再如此。一座有望变更人类宇宙观的巨大天文台“30米望远镜”

的修建支配引发了激烈的抗议。

抗议的焦点是30米望远镜在冒纳凯阿火山支配的选址，该休眠火山被一些

夏威夷人供奉为阳光，其将夏威夷岛屿连接至天堂。但冒纳凯阿火山也是一些世

界上功能最强大的望远镜的所在地。处于大西洋之中，冒纳凯阿火山的顶峰可以

远远升到我们星球的浓密大气层之上，那里的地质条件可以使天文望远镜获得无

比清晰的图像。

反对在冒纳凯阿火山上建立望远镜并非簇新事。一小部分直言不讳的夏威夷

人和环保主义者长期以来都认为这些望远镜的存在是对这片神圣土地的不敬重，

同时也是对“夏威夷曾经作为主权国家却被占据”这一苦痛事实的提示。

一些人指责道，天文学家也对现在的争议负有确定的责任。他们渴望建立更

大的天文望远镜，却忘了科学不是了解世界的唯一方式。他们没有始终将对冒纳

凯阿火山脆弱生态系统的爱惜和捍卫该火山对岛屿居民的神圣意义置于优先位

置。夏威夷文明不是历史遗产，今日，它是正在复兴的生动文化。

然而，科学也有文化史，其根源可以追溯至文明诞生之初。抱着希望发觉地

平线之外东西的新颖心，早期的波利尼西亚人首次踏上了夏威夷海岸，而同

样的新颖心则鼓舞今日的天文学家去探究天堂。那些要求拆除冒纳凯阿火山

上全部望远镜或禁止将来全部发展的呼吁忽视了一个事实，那就是天文学和夏威

夷文化都在探寻解答有关于我们是谁、我们来自哪里以及我们到哪里去这样的宏

大问题。或许这就是我们探究繁星天空的缘由，好像我们正在回应一个原始的呼

喊，去了解我们自己以及我们真正的祖先起源。

天文学界正在做出妥协，他们变更了对冒纳凯阿火山的运用方式。他们在岛

上选了一个尽可能隐藏的地方来修建30米望远镜观望台，并尽可能避开对考古

和环境造成影响。为了限制冒纳凯阿火山上望远镜的数量，旧的望远镜在达到运

用年限时就会被移除，并让它们的原址回来到自然状态。因此，任何人都应被欢

迎在冒纳凯阿火山拥抱他们的文化遗产，探讨天空的繁星。

Text3

RobertF.Kennedyoncesaidthatacountry'sGDPmeasures

ueverythingexceptthatwhichmakesIifeworthwhile.”WithBritain

votingtoIeavetheEuropeanUnion,andGDPaIreadypredictedtosIowas

aresult,itisnowatimelymomenttoassesswhathewasreferringto.

ThequestionofGDPanditsusefuInesshasannoyedpolicymakersfor

overhaIfacentury.ManyarguethatitisafIawedconcept.Itmeasures

thingsthatdonotmatterandmissesthingsthatdo.Bymostrecent

measures,theUK'sGDPhasbeentheenvyoftheWesternworId,withrecord

IowunempIoymentandhighgrowthfigures.IfeverythingwasgoingsoweII,

thenwhydidover17miIIionpeoplevoteforBrexit,despitethewarnings

aboutwhatitcoulddototheircountry?seconomicprospects?

ArecentannuaIstudyofcountriesandtheirabiIitytoconvertgrowth

intoweII-beingshedssomeIightonthatquestion.Acrossthe163

countriesmeasured,theUKisoneofthepoorestperformersinensuring

thateconomicgrowthistransIatedintomeaningfulimprovementsforits

citizens.RatherthanjustfocusingonGDP,over40differentsetsof

criteriafromhealth,educationandciviIsocietyengagementhavebeen

measuredtogetamoreroundedassessmentofhowcountriesareperform!ng.

WhileallofthesecountriesfacetheirownchaIlenges,therearea

numberofconsistentthemes.Yes,therehasbeenabuddingeconomic

recoverysineethe2023globalcrash,butinkeyindicatorsinareassuch

asheaIthandeducation,majoreconomieshavecontinuedtodecIine.Yet

thisisn'tthecasewithaIIcountries.SomerelativelypoorEuropean

countrieshaveseenhugeimprovementsacrossmeasuresincludingcivil

society,incomeequaIityandtheenvironment.

Thisisalessonthatrichcountriescanlearn:WhenGDPisnoIonger

regardedasthesolemeasureofacountryssuccess,theworIdlooksvery

different.

So,whatKennedywasreferringtowasthatwhileGDPhasbeenthemost

commonmethodformeasuringtheeconomicactivityofnations,asameasure,

itisnoIongerenough.ItdoesnotincIudeimportantfactorssuchas

environmentaIquaIityoreducationoutcomes-allthingsthatcontribute

toaperson'ssenseofweII-being.

ThesharphittogrowthpredictedaroundtheworIdandintheUKcouId

leadtoadecIineintheeverydayserviceswedependonforourwell-being

andforgrowth.Butpolicymakerswhorefocuseffortsonimproving

weII-beingratherthansimplyworryingaboutGDPfigurescouldavoidthe

forecasteddoomandmayevenseeprogress.

31.RobertF.Kennedyiscitedbecausehe.

[A]praisedtheUKforitsGDP

[B]identifiedGDPwithhappiness

[C]misinterpretedtheroleofGDP

[D]hadalowopinionofGDP

32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that.

[A]theUKisreIuctanttoremoIditseconomicpattern

[B]GDPasthemeasureofsuccessiswidelydefiedintheUK

[C]theUKwiIIcontributelesstotheworIdeconomy

[D]policymakersintheUKarepayingIessattentiontoGDP

33.WhichofthefollowingistrueabouttherecentannuaIstudy?

rAJ

LItissponsoredby163countries.

rBu

LItexcludesGDPasanindicator.

rcT

LJItscriteriaarequestionable.

rDu

LItsresultsareenlightening.

Inthelasttwoparagraphs,theauthorsuggeststhat.

rAJ

LtheUKispreparingforaneconomicboom

rBT

LJhighGDPforeshadowsaneconomicdecIine

rcT

LJitisessentiaItoconsiderfactorsbeyondGDP

rDJ

Litrequirescautiontohandleeconomicissues

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

[A]HighGDPButInadequateWeiI-being,aUKLesson

[B]GDPFigures,aWindowonGIobaIEconomicHealth

[C]RebortF.Kennedy,aTerminatorofGDP

[D]Brexit,theUK,sGatewaytoWeiI-being

Text3

全文翻译

罗伯特•肯尼迪曾说过，一个国家的GDP能衡量“除了使生活变得有意义的

事之外的任何事物。”由于英国投票确定脱离欧盟，其GDP预料会出现下跌。现

在是时候来思索肯尼迪所说的话了。

有关对GDP及其有用性的质疑已经困扰政策制定者超过半世纪了。许多人认

为GDP是一个有瑕疵的概念。其衡量一些无关紧要的事物，而没有衡量一些重要

的事物。最近的衡量结果表明，英国的GDP因其低失业率以及高增长而令西方世

界艳羡。假如一切进展得如此顺当，那为什么1.7亿人在被警告说脱欧将会影响

国家经济前景的状况下还要投票支持脱离欧盟呢？

最近一份调查了各国和它们将经济增长转换为华蜜感实力的年度报告可能

会对上述问题有确定的启示性作用。在163个被调查的国家中，英国在确保将增

长转化为公民生活水平提升方面是表现得最差的国家之一。这次调查并没有将衡

量重心放在GDP上，其还涉及到了包括健康、教化以及公民社会参加度等40多

项不同的指标，以求对接受调查的国家的表现做一个更加全面的评估。

尽管这些国家都面临挑战，但照旧存在许多持续性的主题。的确，自2023

年全球衰退以来，经济复苏缓慢，但主要经济体在医疗和教化领域的关键性指标

呈现出接着下滑的态势。然而，这并不是全部国家面临的状况。一些相对贫困的

欧洲国家在公民社会、收入同等以及环保等指标上都取得了显著的进步。

这是富有国家须要学习的阅历：当GDP不再被视为衡量国家成功的唯一标准

时，这个世界会变得别出心裁。

所以，肯尼迪的言外之意是，尽管GDP是最常用的衡量一个国家经济活动的

方法之一，但作为衡量指标，GDP已经不够用了。其并不包括一些重要的因素，

比如环境质量或教化成果这些能提升人类华蜜感的事物。

意料中全世界及英国经济增长的受挫会导致我们华蜜感和经济增长所依靠

的日常服务有所下滑。但那些将重心重新放在如何提升华蜜感上，而不是简洁考

虑GDP数据的政策制定者将会避开可以预见的风暴，并能看到进步。

Text4

InarareunanimousruIing,theUSSupremeCourthasoverturnedthe

corruptionconvictionofaformerVirginiagovernor,RobertMcDonneII.

ButitdidsowhiIeholdingitsnoseattheethicsofhisconduct,which

incIudedacceptinggiftssuchasaRoIexwatchandaFerrariautomobiIe

fromacompanyseekingaccesstogovernment.

ThehighcourtJsdecisionsaidthejudgeinMr.McDonnell'strial

failedtotellajurythatitmustIookonIyathis“officialacts,“

ortheformergovernor'sdecisionson“specific"and"unsettled”

issuesreIatedtohisduties.

MereIyhelpingagift-givergainaccesstootherofficiaIs,unIess

donewithcIearintenttopressurethoseofficiaIs,isnotcorruption,

thejusticesfound.

Thecourtdidsuggestthatacceptingfavorsinreturnforopening

doorsis"distasteful"and“nasty.”Butunderanti-briberyIaws,

proofmustbemadeofconcretebenefits,suchasapprovaIofacontract

orregulation.Simplyarrangingameeting,makingaphonecall,orhosting

aneventisnotan“officialact”.

Thecourt?srulingisIegaIIysoundindefiningakindoffavoritism

thatisnotcriminal.ElectedleadersmustbeaIIowedtohelpsupporters

deaIwithbureaucraticprobIemswithoutfearofprosecutionfor

bribery."Thebasiccompactunderlyingrepresentativegovernment,

wroteChiefJusticeJohnRobertsforthecourt,“assumesthatpubIic

officialswiIIhearfromtheirconstituentsandactontheirconcerns.”

ButtheruIingreinforcestheneedforcitizensandtheirelected

representatives,notthecourts,toensureequalityofaccessto

government.OfficialsmustnotbeaIIowedtopIayfavoritesinproviding

informationorinarrangingmeetingssimplybecauseanindividualorgroup

providesacampaigndonationorapersonaIgift.Thistypeofintegrity

requiresweIl-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparency,suchasrecords

ofofficialmeetings,ruIesonlobbying,andinformationabouteach

eIectedleaderJssourceofwealth.

FavoritisminofficialaccesscanfanpubIicperceptionsof

corruption.Butitisnotalwayscorruption.Ratherofficialsmustavoid

doublestandards,ordifferenttypesofaccessforaveragepeopleandthe

wealthy.Ifconnectionscanbebought,abasicpremiseofdemocratic

society—thataIIareequaIintreatmentbygovernment一isundermined.

Goodgovernancerestsonanunderstandingoftheinherentworthofeach

individuaI.

Thecourt?sruIingisastepforwardinthestruggleagainstboth

corruptionandofficialfavoritism.

36.TheunderIinedsentence(Para.1)mostprobablyshowsthatthe

court.

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