让污染无处遁形：超本地化空气污染监测指南 Making the invisible visible A guide for mapping hyperlocal air pollution to drive clean air action

EDF

ENviRONMENTAlDEFENSEFUNDM

Findingthewaysthatwork

Makingthe

invisiblevisible:

Aguideformappinghyperlocalairpollutiontodrivecleanairaction

Tableofcontents

EXECUTIVESUMMARY 1

PART1:GETTINGSTARTED 5

1.Understandingyourcity’sairquality

challengesandopportunities 5

2.Exploringtoolstomeasureand

maphyperlocalairpollution 11

PART2:NUTS&BOLTS 13

1.Designingahyperlocalairmonitoringnetwork 13

2.Ready,set,go:Turningonand

maintainingyournetwork 28

3.Makingsenseofthedata 40

PART3:DATATOACTION 45

1.Usingairpollutiondatatodevelop

andimplementcleanairsolutions 45

2.Buildingawarenessandencouraging

communityengagementandsupport 49

3.Measuringsuccessandmaintainingmomentum 53

LISTOFEDFRESOURCES 54

Edition1:October2019(thisguidewillbereviewedandupdatedperiodically)

Contributingauthors

ElenaCraft,Ph.D.

EDF,SeniorDirector,ClimateandHealth

AileenNowlan

EDF,SeniorManager,EDF+BusinessHaroldRickenbacker,Ph.D.

EDF,Manager,CleanAir&Innovation,EDF+Business

FernUennatornwaranggoon

EDF,Manager,AirQualityPolicy

Acknowledgement

Wewouldliketothankthemanypartnersand

advisorswhohavecollaboratedwithEDFonthemultipleprojectsmentionedinthisguide,aswellasteammembersatEDFfortheircontributions.Thelessonsandinsightsinthisguidedrawfromthesecollectiveefforts.

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

Thescienceisclear.

Airpollutionisharmfultohumanhealth,anditsimpacts—increasedhospitalvisits,missedworkand

schooldays,boxesofrescue

inhalersatschools—arefrequentremindersthatitsrisksarerealandpersonal.Moreover,theserisks

arehighestforsomeofthemost

vulnerablepopulations:children,theelderly,andpeoplewithalreadycompromisedrespiratorysystems.

Becauseairpollutionishardto

see,it’softenhardforlocalleaderstopinpointsourcesandtrendsto

developeffectivesolutions.New

sensortechnologyischangingthatdynamic,allowingustomeasure

andmappollutionconcentrationsblockbyblockandidentifypatternsandhotspotslikeneverbefore.

Comparedtoconventionalair

pollutionmanagement,which

commonlyreliesonafewsparselylocatedmonitorsandmodeling,

hyperlocalmonitoringallowsforamoreholisticpictureofairqualityatahighspatialresolution(with

differentconcentrationsevery30

meters,forexample)andfrequency(differentconcentrationsevery

minuteorfewminutes,rather

thanonanhourlyordailybasis).

Hyperlocalmonitoringcanfillagapinplaceswheremodeleddataisnotavailable.Additionally,measuringon-the-groundpollutionallowsforabetterunderstandingofthetrueexposureandhealthimpactsofairpollution,whichcanthenresultintargetedsolutions.

Thisguideprovidesadviceon

howtodesign,fund,implement,

analyze,andleveragedatafromahyperlocalairqualitymonitoringnetwork,soyoucandevelop

solutionstoimprovehealthinyourcommunity.

Overthepastfewyears,

EnvironmentalDefenseFund

(EDF)hasworkedwithscientists,technologyfirms,grassroots

organizations,andcityleaders

intheUnitedStates,United

Kingdom,andChinatodesignanddeployhyperlocalairpollution

monitoringsystemsthatmeasureandanalyzelocalairpollution

levels.Wehavedevelopedtools

andgainedexperiencethat

canproveusefultocitieswith

widerangingchallengesand

capacities.Bysharingthesetoolsandlearning,wehopetobetterequipleaderstocreatelasting

improvementstolocalairquality.

Theworldneedsairquality

solutionsatscale.

Nineoutof

tenpeople

worldwidebreathe

pollutedairfromtheirfirstbreathtotheirlast.Globalairpollutionisnowthebiggestenvironmentalriskofearlydeath,responsibleforas

manyas

sevenmillion

prematuredeathseachyear.That’smorethanAIDS,tuberculosis,andmalaria

combined

.Andrecentstudies

haveuncoveredthatairpollutioncanimpact

mentalhealth

,lung

development

,andeven

stock

marketperformance

.

Everyonedeservestobreathecleanair,butwhereyoulivedetermineshowlikelypollutionistoworsenorshortenyourlife.Andwhilemost

conventionalmonitoringsystemscanprovideageneralsenseof

acity’sairquality,theycannot

accountforairpollutionatthe

neighborhoodlevel,wherepeoplelive,work,andplay.Researchshowsthatairpollutionisnotevenly

distributedandcaninfactbe

upto

eighttimes

worseononeendofacityblockthananother.

Throughourworkwithcityand

communityleaders,we’veseen

howthisnewkindofdatacan

helpdesignnewsolutions,build

politicalsupportforaction,increase

compliance,andholdpolluters

accountable.Wehavealsolearnedthatrobustengagementwith

communityleadersandresidents,whoaredirectlyimpactedby

dirtyair,iscriticalwhencreatingthoughtful,responsive,and

impactfulcleanairsolutions.

Communityengagementshouldbeundertakenasalong-termanditerativeprocess.Engagement

throughone-on-oneinterviews,focusgroups,andcitizensciencecampaignswillhelpco-produceknowledge,increaseself-efficacyamongcommunitymembers,andultimatelybuildtrustandensurebetterresults.

Theworldneeds

airqualitysolutionsatscale.

1Makingtheinvisiblevisible:Aguideformappinghyperlocalairpollutiontodrivecleanairaction

tohelpLondondesign,tailor,andunderstandtheimpactoffuturecleanairactions.

In

China

,EDFscientistsand

partnersareworkingwithofficialstousehyperlocalinsightsto

improvetheefficacyofinvestigationandenforcementthroughmicrogrid

networksformoreaccurateidentificationofhotspots.

Throughourefforts,EDFhaslearnedaboutthebudget,

staffing,analysis,andlogistics

neededtomonitor,map,and,

ultimately,reducepollutionattheneighborhoodlevel.Wehopetheselessonssupportyouasyouconsiderapproachestoairpollution

monitoringthatinformcleanairsolutionsandfosterhealthier

communitiesacrossyourcity.

In

Oakland

,California,EDF

andourpartnersdevelopedair

pollutionmapsusingdatafrom

acombinationofstationaryand

mobilemonitors.Bycombining

theseresultswithelectronichealthrecords,wecouldmapassociatedhealthrisksbyneighborhood.

officialsinthewakeofHurricane

Harveytomeasureemissioneventsthatoccurredfollowingdamagetotheregion’spetrochemicalfacilities,whichprovidedacommunity

withinformationabouthigh

concentrationsofbenzene,aknowncarcinogen.

Communityleadersusedthem

toadvocateformitigationefforts

underanewairqualitylawseekingtocutpollutioninCalifornia’smostaffectedcommunities.

Inadditiontomeasuringair

pollutionviaGoogleStreetView

carsinneighborhoodsaround

Houston

,Texas,EDFleadersworkedwithkeycitystafftotesthowsensorsystemsonmunicipalvehicles

couldalertthecitytoairpollutionthreatsanddeterminehowmanysensor-equippedvehiclesitwould

taketomapairpollutionacrosstheentirecity.Wealsoworkedwithcity

Buildinguponourworkinthe

U.S.,EDFalongwiththeMayor

ofLondon,Google,C40Cities

andothersrecentlylaunched

BreatheLondon

,whichcombinessophisticateddataanalyticswith

state-of-the-arttechnology—suchasmobilemonitoringonGoogle

StreetViewcarsandover100

stationarymonitors—tocollectairpollutiondatapointsatthousandsoflocations.Thisisoneofthe

world’smostcomprehensiveair

qualitymonitoringnetworksinone

ofitsbusiestandmostcomplex

cities.Thesedatacreateabaseline

Howtousethisguide

Thisguideprovidesadviceonhowtodesign,fund,implement,analyze,andleveragedatafromahyperlocalairqualitymonitoringnetwork,

soyoucandevelopsolutionstoimprovehealthinyourcommunity.

03

DATATO

ACTION

Usingairpollution

datatodevelopand

implementcleanair

solutions

Buildingawareness

andencouraging

community

engagementand

support

Measuringsuccess

andmaintaining

momentum

01

GETTING

STARTED

02

NUTS

&BOLTS

Understanding

yourcity’sair

qualitychallenges

andopportunities

Exploringtools

tomeasureand

maphyperlocalair

pollution

Designinghyperlocal

airmonitoring

systems

Ready,set,go:

Turningonand

maintainingyour

network

Makingsenseofthe

data

2Makingtheinvisiblevisible:Aguideformappinghyperlocalairpollutiontodrivecleanairaction

PART01:GETTINGSTARTED

1.

Understandingyourcity’sairquality

challengesandopportunities

Thissectionguidesyouthroughreasonstopursuehyperlocalmonitoring,and

howthechangeyou’rehopingtocreatedefineswhatandwhereyoumeasure.

Thisvarieswiththemixofpollutantsinyourcity,stakeholderscallingforaction,availablepartners,andtheneedtomeetspecifichealthstandards,amongothers.

2.

Exploringtoolstomeasureandmap

hyperlocalairpollution

Thissectionsurveysthedata,people,technology,andfundingthatadvancea

monitoringprogram.Itintroducesthetypesandsourcesofdatathatmayalreadyexistandhelpsyoutakestockofwhereandwhoyoumightengagetobuildthe

caseforyourmonitoringeffort.

PART02:NUTS&BOLTS

1.

Designinghyperlocalairmonitoringsystems

Afteryourteamhasdefinedaproblem,you’llthenneedtodesignamonitoringprocesstosolveit.Thissectionwalksyouthroughthedecisionsdrivingthe

designprocess.You’llcometoknowtherangeofmonitorsandsensorsandtheplusesandminusesofutilizingstationaryormobilemonitorsfordata.Tools

herewillclarifyhowdifferentsourcesofpollutioncallfordifferentequipment,placement,andexperts.Thissectionwillalsohighlightstaffingneeds,includingpeopletoinstallmonitorsandanalyzedata.

2.

Ready,set,go:Turningonand

maintainingyournetwork

Thissectiondrawsonourworkincitiesaroundtheworldtosharebestpracticesforstaffing,operating,andmaintaininganairmonitoringnetwork.You’llalso

learnhowtokeepmonitors,sensors,andthepeoplewhomanagethemworkingoptimallyoveryourdesiredprojecttimeframe.

3.

Makingsenseofthedata

Herewe’llsurveythelimitsandambiguitiesinherentinanalyzinghyperlocal

data.You’lllearnhowtogaugeanddevotethetimerequiredtomakesenseofthedata.Wealsosharebestpracticesforvisualizingandpublicizingthedata,

andwhatitmeansforcommunities.You’lllearnwhatquestionstoasksoftwareandhardwarevendorsaboutdataownership,tracking,andqualityassurance.Weprovideinformationonhowtowatchforerrors,reconsidertactics,translatestatisticsfornon-mathematicians,andmanageacrossteamstochartprogresstowardcleanerairandhealthierneighborhoods.

3Makingtheinvisiblevisible:Aguideformappinghyperlocalairpollutiontodrivecleanairaction

PART03:DATATOACTION

1.

Usingairpollutiondatatodevelopand

implementcleanairsolutions

Monitorsandsensorsservetoidentifytheproblem;citiesdevelopandimplementsolutions.Inthissection,weprovideframeworksforjoiningconstituentsand

expertstoplanactionsthatreduceairpollutionwhereyou’vefoundit.We’llalsosharehowtoapplyyourdatatodeviseapollutionreductionplantailoredforyourcity,assignagenciestocarryoutthework,andputasetofcleanairactionsin

motion.

2.

Buildingawarenessandencouraging

communityengagementandsupport

Thissectionwilldiscussbestpracticesforbuildingawarenessaroundcleanair

solutions.We’lldiscussconstructivedialogueacrossyourstaff,mission-driven

NGOs,andcommunityleadersadvocatingforimmediaterelief.We’llpresentcasestudiesfromourworkinOaklandandHoustonthatunderscoretheimportanceofcommunityengagement.

3.

Measuringsuccessandmaintainingmomentum

Thissectiondescribeslessonswelearnedaboutkeepingstakeholdersawareof

ongoingwork,seekingandsustainingfunding,andreceivingfeedback.These

toolscanalsosetaframethroughwhichyourteammeasuressuccess—andhowtoparlayitintofurtherinvestigation,advocacy,andscience.

Ifyourcityisjustbeginningtoengageoncleanairasapriority,thematerialnearthebeginningofthisguideaboutairpollution’simpactandwhyitisdifficulttotrackshouldproveuseful.Ifyou

havealreadystarted,theresourcesweembedwithineachsectioncanhelpyouadvanceyourwork.Youmayalsodownloadthis

resourceforfutureuse—andnotewe’llbeupdatingtheguideas

weandourpartnersgleanmorelessonslearnedalongtheway.

4Makingtheinvisiblevisible:Aguideformappinghyperlocalairpollutiontodrivecleanairaction

PART01:GETTINGSTARTED

Understandingyourcity’sairquality

challengesandopportunities

Yourcommunityliveswithaninvisible

problemthathaswide-rangingimpacts

onbothindividualsandtheeconomyasa

whole.Parentsmaycomplainaboutasthma,missedschooldays,lowertestscores,or

“

OzoneActionDays

.”Parksmaysitempty

becauseathletes’asthmaattacksmakegamestoorisky.Trafficmaymakecommuting

toworkorattendingdowntownevents

difficult,makingyourcitylessattractiveto

workersandtheiremployersandpotentiallyimpactingeconomicdevelopment.Youknowthatchildren,low-incomecommunities,andcommunitiesofcolorsufferthemostfrom

pollution,creatingconcernsaboutequityinyourcity.Pinpointingandquantifying

exactlywhereairqualityisatitsworsthastypicallybeenscientificallychallengingandprohibitivelyexpensive.

New,lower-costsensortechnology

isallowingscientists,advocates,and

governmentofficialstobetterunderstandpollutionpatternswithinneighborhoodsandevenindividualcityblocks.Some

community-basedorganizationsare

increasinglyempoweredtobetterunderstandtheairaroundthembypurchasingand

deployingmonitorsthemselves.Andair

pollutionincertainplaces,evenincities

thatmightmeethealth-basedstandards,

canburdenorevenshortenresidents’lives.

Monitorsandsensorsonlampposts,

buildings,orcarscanmeasurespecificpollutantsthatmaybecausingthemostharm.Networksoflower-costmonitors

cancoverlargergeographicareas,

providinggreaterinsightsthantraditionalbackgroundairqualitymonitors,includingpatternsandrelationshipsbetweensourcesandconcentrationsacrossthecity.These

hyperlocalairmonitoringnetworkscan

helpdeterminethesourcesofpollutants

andtargetsolutionstomitigatethem.Usinghyperlocalairpollutiondataandinsights

canalsoallowyoutoworkmoreeffectivelywithresidentsandstakeholderstoreduceairpollutioninoverburdenedcommunities.

UnitedStatesCoastGuard,PA2JamesDillard

WHATDOWEMEANBY“AIRPOLLUTION”?

Whileairpollutionisnotasnoticeableinsomepartsofthedevelopedworldasitwasdecadesago,itisstilldeadly.Gasesandtinysolids(orparticulates)cancollectinthelungsandspreadtootherorgans,wheretheymaycauselastingdamage.1Particulatesareparticlesofdustor

fibersclassifiedbydiametersizeof<0.1μm,2.5μm,or10μm,orultrafineparticulatematter(PM),PM2.5,orPM10,respectively.Blackcarbon(BC)isonekindofparticulatematterthatisbothagreenhousegasandahealthrisk.Gasesincludefamiliarpollutants:carbonmonoxide(CO),nitrogenoxides(NOandNO2),ozone(O3),andsulfurdioxide(SO2).Theyalsoincludevolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs),chemicalswithhighvaporpressurethatcanreactwithnitrogendioxideandsunlighttocreateozone.2

5Makingtheinvisiblevisible:Aguideformappinghyperlocalairpollutiontodrivecleanairaction

WHEREDOESPOLLUTIONCOMEFROM?

Outdoors,whatwecall“ambient”pollutioncan

comefromfossilfuel-basedtransportation;on-

sitecombustionsuchasgenerators,heating,andrestaurantkitchens;industrialsources;wasteandstubbleburning;constructiondust;andhazardous

HOWDANGEROUSISIT?

AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization,exposuretoairpollutionisresponsibleforaround

sevenmillion

prematuredeathseveryyeararoundtheworld.

Additionally,exposuretoairpollutioncancontributetoasthma,heartdisease,respiratorydiseases,and

waste.3Combustion,orburning,canalsosend

particlesintotheairfromwildfiresandfromelectricpowerplants.Thesesourcesrepresentdiversecross-sectionsoftheeconomy.Pollutantscanbeprimaryorsecondaryinnature.Aprimarypollutantisemitted

directlyfromasource,whereasasecondarypollutantformswhenotherpollutants(primarypollutants)

reactintheatmosphere.

HealthEffects

Chronic:decreasedlungdevelopment,adversebirthoutcomes,heartdisease,asthma,prematuredeath.

Acute:ERvisitsandhospitalizationsduetoheartandlungdisease.

Chronic:decreasedlungdevelopment,adversebirth

cancer,andaffectschilddevelopmentstartingfrompregnancy.Thepublicisexposedtoairpollution

continuously,andchangingthepathorprogressof

exposureoftenliesbeyondanyoneperson’scontrol.Althoughairpollutionvariesfromcountrytocountry,regiontoregion,andneighborhoodtoneighborhood,exposureaffectseveryone.Newresearchshowsthat

livinginareaswiththemostelevatedlevelsincreasesheartattackriskintheelderly

by40percent

morethanthoselivinginareaswithlowerairpollution.Thisis

similartohavingahistoryofsmoking.

Pollutant

Nitricoxide(NO)

Characteristic

Primary.Associatedwithfuelcombustion.

Nitrogendioxide(NO2)

Primaryandsecondary.Associatedwithfuelcombustion.Ozoneprecursorwithmorespatialvariability.

outcomes,heartdisease,asthma,prematuredeath.

Acute:ERvisitsandhospitalizationsduetoheartandlungdisease.

Particulatematter2.5(PM2.5)

Primaryandsecondary.Accounts

formostofthehealthimpactsofairpollutionbasedoncurrentresearch.

Chronic:cancer,heartdisease,chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease,asthma,stroke.Decreasedlifeexpectancy.Increasingevidenceofimpactsonbraindevelopmentandfunction,

dementia,anddiabetes.

Acute:ERvisitsandhospitalizationsduetoheartandlung

Blackcarbon(BC)

Primary.Markerfordieselengines,biomassburning.Directlyrelatedtosource,andaclimatepollutant.

Chronic:cancer,heartandlungdisease,prematuredeath.

Acute:worseningofasthma,heartattacks.

Ozone(O3)

Secondary.Lessspatiallyvariablethanmanyprimarypollutants.Variationovertimeduetoatmosphericconditions.

Chronic:lungdiseaseslikeasthma,emphysema,prematuredeath.Newevidencesuggestsimpactsonbrain.

Acute:hospitalizationsandemergencyroomvisitsforasthma,otherlungdiseases,andstroke.

Ultrafine

particles(UFP)

Primaryandsecondary.Maybemuch

moretoxicthanPM2.5sinceitpenetratesintothebody.

Lessstudiedsinceitishighlyvariableandregulatorymonitoringforthisislimited.

Chronic:someevidenceofheartdisease.

Acute:lunginflammationandchangesinmarkersforheartdisease.

Totalvolatileorganic

compounds(VOCs)

Primaryandsecondary.

Chronic:cancer,affectsbrainfunctionanddevelopment.

Acute:lungirritation,headaches,nausea.

CarbonDioxide(CO2)

Primaryandsecondary.Itisakey

greenhousegascausingclimatechange.

Chronic:Decreasedfoodsecurity,malaria,diarrhea,otherinfectiousdiseases,increasedozonehealtheffects.

Acute:Deaths,heartandlungdiseaseduetoheatwavesandhurricanes.Increasedallergiesandasthma.

6Makingtheinvisiblevisible:Aguideformappinghyperlocalairpollutiontodrivecleanairaction

Whyisunderstandinghyperlocalairpollutionimportantanduseful?

Weusetheterm“hyperlocal”airpollutionthroughoutthisguidetorefertoairpollutioninformationor

dataatahighspatialresolution(withdifferent

concentrationsevery30-60meters,forexample),andatahightemporalresolution(differentconcentrationseveryminuteorfewminutes,ratherthanonanhourlyordailybasis).Differentpollutantsarepresentand

travelindifferentways,makingamonitorinone

spotoftenunabletodetectadangereven100stepsaway.Researchshowsthatairpollutionisnotevenlydistributedandcaninfactbe

uptoeighttimes

worseononeendofacityblockasanother.

Asyoulearnmore,you’llseecosteffectivewaysto

measurepollutioninyourcity,evenonablock-by-

blockscale.Somepollutantsinresidentialareas

exacerbatechronicailments

likeasthmaorshortnessofbreathforthosemostvulnerable,pushingotherwisehealthypeopleintoillness.Sounddataonthelocationofparticularlyacutepollutioncanhelpcitiesmore

reliablydevelopmeasurestoreduce

exposuretoharmfulpollutants.

Studentstakingimportantexams

ondayswithgreater

airpollutionhad

significantlyworse

testscores.

Studiesalsoshowthatdirtyairharmsthelocaleconomy,inadditiontohumanhealth:

•Onestudyshowedthatairpollutionincentral

Londoncausestheequivalentof

over650,000sick

days

eachyear.

•Studentstakingimportantexamsondayswithgreaterairpollutionhad

significantlyworse

testscores.

•Airpollutionlevels

influencedstocktrading

.AstudyofdailydatafromtheS&P500indexanddailyair

qualitydatafromanEPAsensorclosetoWallStreetfoundthatondayswithhigherairpollution,stockreturnswerelowerbyalmost12percent.These

findingswerereplicatedinanalysesusingdatafromtheNewYorkStockExchangeandNasdaq.

•A

NationalBureauofEconomicResearch

studyontheproductivityofindoorworkersatapear-packingfactoryshowedthatanincreaseinfineparticulatematter(PM2.5)—aharmfulpollutantthatcaneasilygetindoors—leadstoasixpercentdecreasein

packingspeedsinsidethefactory.

•Internationalbusinessesincitieswithheavyair

pollutionhavehadto

offeraformofhazardpay

to

wootopexecutives.Forexample,PanasonicofferedtheirChineseemployeesa“pollutionpremium”

andCoca-Colaoffereda15percentbonusfortheir

employeeswillingtomovetoChina.Butevenafter

relocating,manyexecsstillchoosetoleave,citing

pollution-relatedhealthconcernsforthemselvesandtheirchildren.

YOUCAN’TMANAGEWHATYOUCAN’TMEASURE

Whenyoubeginmonitoringairquality,youmay

discoverhowoversightsornaturaldisastersaffecthealthinwaysyoucouldn’thavepredicted.Forexample,this

casestudy

showshowEDFexpertsforgedapartnershipwithHoustontorevealhighlevelsofbenzene—ahighlytoxicpollutant—fromadamagedindustrialfacilityinshortorderafterHurricaneHarvey.Thesemonitoring

effortswereinstrumentalindrawingattentionto

aproblemthatwasputtingthehealthofHoustonresidentsatriskinthemidstofadisaster,providingcriticalevidencethatvalidatedresidents’concerns,

andhighlightingtheneedforaninvestigation.The

dataofferedacounternarrativetoclaimsfromafacilitywhichhadunderreportedemissions.

Residentsandlocalofficialsmayalreadysuspectthatpollutionimpactsspecificareasbutdonothavetheevidencetosupporttheirhypotheses.Forexample:

•Isthiscementbatchplantcontributingtopoorairqualitynearby?

•Istrucktrafficcontributingtoelevatedasthma,heartattacks,orERvisitsinthecommunity?

•Arehighconcentrationsofbenzenecomingfromarefineryafterafloodorothernaturaldisaster?

•Dotruckroutesnearalocalelementaryschool

causechildrentomissdaysofschoolandavoidtheplayground?

7Makingtheinvisiblevisible:Aguideformappinghyperlocalairpollutiontodrivecleanairaction

Overthelongterm,itmaybepossibletomotivatesomepartnersandfundersbyhighlighting

interlinkagesbetweenairpollutionandclimate

change.Manystrategiestoreduceairemissionscan

leadtoareductioninclimatepollutants.Severalair

pollutantslikeblackcarbonaregreenhousegases

(GHGs)themselves,andothersarechemicalprecursorsforgreenhousegases.Forexample,nitrogenoxidesandVOCsemittedfrompowerplantsandotherindustrial

sourcesreactwithsunlighttoformozone,amain

contributortoradiativeforcing.Risingtemperatures

alsospurbuildingoccupantstocrankairconditioners,whichcaninadvertentlyboostparticulatematterlevels.

Asyoumovethroughthisguide,youwillcometo

understandtheextentoftheopportunity,aswellasthecomplexityoftheinterconnecteddecisionsyouand

yourteamwillhavetomake.Definingyourgoalisthefirstandmostpowerfulsteptogettingstarted.

Policiesandactionsthatmaygrowfromhyperlocalinsightsinclude:

•Investigationandenforcementagainstfactories

orotherstationarypollutionsources:prioritize

enforcementresourcestoconductmonitoringinhotspotareastobettertargetthemostpolluting

sourcesandmostvulnerablegroupsintheseareas.

•Emergencypublichealthinterventions:improve

emergencyresponsealertslikeevacuationsand

shelterinplaceorders;optimizedeploymentof

emergencyresponseresourcestobemoreresponsivetovaryingdemandsindifferentareasoratdifferenttimes,e.g.inresponsetowildfiresmokeoranozoneactionday;inputintopublicinformationcampaigns.

•Transportationplanning(long-term):informthedesignoftransportationprojects(suchaspublictransitinfrastructureorelectricvehiclefleet

investment)toprovideairqualitybenefitswheretheyaremostneeded.

•Trafficmanagement(short-term):informthedesignoftrafficmanagementmeasurestoprioritizeair

qualityimprovementsinhotspotareas.suchasidlingrestrictionrulesandtrafficre-routing.

•Zoning,permitting,buildingcodes,andlanduse:

informlanduseandzoningdesignationstomitigateexp