新教材2024版高中英语Unit10ConnectionsPartBLesson1HowCloselyConnectedAreWe？学生用书北师大版选择性必修第四册

PartBLesson1HowCloselyConnectedAreWe？【学习目标】课时词汇contact,average,impression,random,attempt,target,deliver,release,series,confirm常用短语referto,bebasedon典型句式1.同位语从句；2.现在分词(短语)作定语；3.Ittakes...todosth.；4.强调句式Ⅰ.核心单词练习：依据所给词性和汉意，写出相应的英语单词1．____________adj.随机的，随意的2．____________vt.&n.发表，发布；释放3．____________n.成语，习语；警句4．____________n.包袱；邮包5．____________n.一连串，一系列；链子，链条Ⅱ.写出下面所给单词的拓展形式1．theoryn．学说，理论→____________adj.理论性的2．bimonthlyadj.两月一次的；一月两次的→____________n．双周刊→____________adj.两种语言的→____________adj.两色的3．networkn．人际关系网，联络网；网络，网状系统→____________n．作业→____________n．团队工作→____________n．家务活儿4．impressionn．印象，感想→____________v．使钦佩；给……留下深刻印象→____________adj.感人的，给人深刻印象的；令人钦佩的5．sociologyn．社会学→____________n．社会学家[词语积累][1]averageperson一般人[2]regularcommunication定期沟通，定期沟通[3]SixDegreesofSeparation六度分隔[4]theory/'θɪəri/n.学说，理论[5]chain/tʃeɪn/n.一连串，一系列；链子，链条achainof一系列，一连串(人或事)[6]conceptn．观念，概念[7]impression/ɪm'preʃən/n．印象，感想[8]network/'netwɜːk/n.人际关系网，联络网；网络，网状系统[9]makeanattempt试图；尝试[10]mathematicallyadv.数学地mathematicaladj.数学的mathematicsn．数学[11]sociologist/ˌsəʊsi'ɒlədʒist/n．社会学家[12]random/'rændəm/adj.随机的，随意的[13]targetn．目标，指标；(攻击的)对象；靶子v．把……作为攻击目标；面对，把……对准(某群体)[14]parcel/'pɑːsəl/n.包袱；邮包[15]contactv．联系，联络n．联系，联络；熟人[16]amazinglyadv.令人惊异地；令人惊异地[17]gettheparcelsdelivered(getsth.done结构)使包袱被递送出去[18]release/rɪ'liːs/vt.&n．发表，发布；释放[19]bimonthly/baɪ'mʌnθli/adj.两月一次的；一月两次的[20]phrase/freɪz/n.成语，习语；警句[21]inthelastfewdecades在过去的几十年里[22]bebasedon基于，以……为依据；在……基础上[23]apartadv.相距；分别[24]randomlyadv.随意地，随意地；无目的地，胡乱地；未加安排地[25]link...to...把……连接到……；把……和……连接；把……和……联系起来[26]nomorethan只是；仅仅[27]trytodosth.尽力做某事[28]becomeknownas被称为……，作为……而著名[29]involvevt.包含；牵涉；使参与，加入[30]confirmvt.确认；确定；证明[31]analysevt.分析；分解analysisn．分析；分解[32]socialmediausers社交媒体用户[33]thinkabout考虑Researchshowstheaverageperson[1]onlyhasregularcommunication[2]withbetweensevenandfifteenpeople,andthatmostofourcommunicationisinfactwithfivetotenpeoplewhoareclosesttous【1】.However,perhapsweareclosertotherestoftheworldthanwethink.“SixDegreesofSeparation[3]”referstothetheory[4]thatanypersononEarthcanbeconnectedtoanyotherpersonthroughachain[5]ofnomorethanfiveotherpeople【2】．【1】shows后跟了两个并列的宾语从句，第一个宾语从句省略了that；在其次个宾语从句中含有who引导的定语从句。【2】that引导同位语从句，对thetheory的内容进行说明说明。Theconcept[6]wasfirsttalkedaboutaslongagoasthe1920s.TheHungarianauthorFrigyesKarinthypublishedabookcalledEverythingIsDifferentin1929,inwhichheintroducedtheideaoffriendshipnetworksandhisideasinfluencedmanyofourearlyimpressions[7]ofsocialnetworks[8]【3】．【3】此句中inwhich引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为abook;called...为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰abook。Inthe1950s,anattemptwasmade[9]bytwoscientiststoprovethetheorymathematically[10]；butaftertwentyyears,theystillhadnothadanysuccess【4】.In1967,anAmericansociologist[11]calledStanleyMilgramtriedusinganewmethodtotestthetheory,whichhecalledthe“small-worldproblem”【5】.Hechosearandom[12]sampleofpeopleinthemiddleofAmericaandaskedthemtosendpackagestoastrangerinthestateofMassachusetts.Thepeoplesendingthepackagesonlyknewthename,jobandgenerallocationofthestranger【6】.Milgramtoldthemtosendthepackagetoapersontheyknewpersonallywhotheythoughtmightknowthetarget[13]stranger【7】.Oncetheparcel[14]hadbeenreceivedbythisperson【8】，he/shewouldsendtheparcelontoacontact[15]oftheirsuntiltheparcelcouldbepersonallydeliveredtothecorrectperson.Amazingly[16]，itonlytookbetweenfiveandsevenpeopletogettheparcelsdelivered[17]，andoncereleased[18]，theresultswerepublishedinthebimonthly[19]magazinePsychologyToday.Itwasthisresearchthatinspiredthephrase[20]“SixDegreesofSeparation”【9】．【4】此句为并列句，以分号为界，前一个并列分句为被动语态句，其主动形式为：Inthe1950s，twoscientistsmadeanattempttoprovethetheorymathematically。【5】此句为主从复合句，which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为thetheory。【6】此句为简洁句，sendingthepackages为现在分词短语作后置定语，Thepeople与send之间是主动关系。【7】此句为主从复合句，含有两个定语从句；theyknewpersonally为第一个定语从句，省略关系代词that或who，修饰先行词aperson；其次个是who引导的定语从句，先行词同样是aperson，其中theythought为插入语。【8】Once引导时间状语从句，意为“一旦”。【9】此句为强调句，其结构为“Itis/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他．”。此句强调主语，还原后为“Thisresearchinspiredthephrase‘SixDegreesofSeparation’．”。Inthelastfewdecades[21],thetheoryandthephrasehaveappearedagain.Itsnamewasusedasthetitleofaplayandthenafilm.Then,morefilmsandTVprogrammesbasedontheconceptweremadeandbroadcast【10】.Forexample,theOscar-winningfilmBabelisbasedon[22]theconceptof“SixDegreesofSeparation”.Thelivesofallthecharacterswerecloselyconnected,althoughtheydidnotknoweachotherandlivedthousandsofmilesapart[23]【11】.ThetelevisionseriesLostalsoexploredtheideaof“SixDegreesofSeparation”，asalmostallthecharactershadrandomly[24]meteachother,orhadmetsomeonetheothercharactersknew,beforetheywereallinthesameplanecrash.Inthemid-1990s,twocollegestudentsintheUnitedStatesinventedagame.Theideaofthegamewastolinkanyactorto[25]KevinBacon,afamousAmericanactorandmusician,throughnomorethan[26]sixlinks.SoonthegamewasbeingplayedinuniversitiesacrosstheUnitedStates.【10】此句为简洁句，basedontheconcept为过去分词短语作后置定语，所修饰的词语morefilmsandTVprogrammes与base之间是被动关系。【11】此句为主从复合句，其中although引导让步状语从句。In2003,ColumbiaUniversitytriedtorecreate[27]Milgram'sexperimentontheInternet.Thisbecameknownas[28]the“ColumbiaSmall-worldProject”.Theexperimentinvolved[29]24,163emailchainswith18targetpeoplein13differentcountries.Theresultsconfirmed[30]thattheaveragenumberoflinksinthechainwassix.Mostrecently,anexperimentin2011attheUniversityofMilananalysed[31]therelationshipbetween721millionsocialmediausers[32]andfoundthat92percentwereconnectedbyonlyfourstages,orfivedegreesofseparation.So,thinkabout[33]itforaminute:Howmightyoubeconnectedtothedriverofthebusyouregularlytakeorthepersonwhodeliversyourparcels？探讨表明，一般人只与7至15个人常常保持联系，而且其中大部分的沟通事实上只发生在5到10个与我们最亲近的人身上。不过，或许我们与世界上其他人的联系比想象中的更紧密。“六度分隔”理论(theory)说的是地球上任何人都可通过不超过另外五个人的联结(chain：一连串)与其他任何一个人联系起来。这个概念早在20世纪20年头就被首次提出。匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了《一切皆不同》一书，在书中他介绍了挚友关系网的概念，很多早期关于社交网络(network)的构想(impression)都受到他思想的影响。20世纪50年头，两位科学家试图用数学方法证明该理论，但20年过去了，他们仍未胜利。1967年，美国社会学家(sociologist)斯坦利·米尔格兰姆尝试用新的方法来验证这一理论，他称之为“小世界问题”。他在美国中部随机(random)抽取一部分人作为样本，让他们给马萨诸塞州的一位生疏人寄包袱。这些寄送包袱的人只知道这位生疏人的姓名、工作和大致的位置。米尔格兰姆告知这些人先把包袱寄给他们认为有可能相识目标收件人的熟人。一旦此人收到包袱(parcel)，他或她就会将包袱再发给相识的人，直到该包袱被送到目标收件人手中。令人惊异的是，这些包袱只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布(release)，便发表在双月(bimonthly)刊《今日心理学》上。正是这项探讨启发了“六度分隔”这一说法(phrase：习语)。在过去的几十年里，这一理论和说法又再次出现。它被用作戏剧标题和电影名称。随后，更多基于这一理论的影视节目相继拍摄、播出。例如，奥斯卡获奖影片《通天塔》就是基于“六度分隔”这一概念。影片中全部人物彼此不相识、相隔千里，但他们的生活都是紧密相连的。电视连续剧《迷失》也探讨了“六度分隔”的理论，剧中失事飞机上几乎全部人物此前都曾偶遇，或曾遇见其他人物相识的人。在20世纪90年头中期，美国两名高校生独创了一款嬉戏。这个嬉戏的玩法是用不超过六个联结将随意一个演员与著名的美国演员、音乐家凯文·贝肯联系起来。这款嬉戏很快在美国的高校里流行起来。2003年，哥伦比亚高校试图在互联网上重现米尔格兰姆的试验，被称为“哥伦比亚小世界项目”。这项试验涉及24163个电子邮件链接，覆盖了来自13个不同国家的18个目标人物。试验结果证明，联络串上的连接平均数是6。最新的是2011年米兰高校的一项试验，该试验分析了7.21亿社交媒体用户之间的关系，发觉92%的用户只需通过四个阶段，或五度分隔，就可以建立联系。所以，思索一下这个问题：你与你常常乘坐的公交车的司机或给你送包袱的人可能存在怎样的联系？Ⅰ.课文结构图示Ⅱ.课文预习自测1．Whatdoestheconcept“SixDegreesofSeparation”mean?A.Peoplecanbeconnectedbysixdegrees.B．Peoplecanbeseparatedbysixdegrees.C．Peoplecanbeconnectedthroughachainofnomorethanfiveotherpeople.D．Peoplecanbeseparatedthroughsixotherpeople.2．Whotestedthetheorybyusinganewmethodandinspiredthephrase?A．FrigyesKarinthy. B．StanleyMilgram.C．KevinBacon. D．PsychologyToday.3．Howmanyexperimentsarementionedtoconfirmthetheoryinthepassage?A．3.B．4.C．5.D．6.4．WhyistheOscar-winningfilmBabelmentionedinParagraph4?A．Toshowthetheorywaswidelyused.B．Toshowallthecharacterswerecloselyconnected.C．Tointroducethefilm.D．Toconfirmthetheory.►第一版块：核心单词1.contactn．[C]熟人[U]接触；联系vt.联系(1)makecontactwithsb./getincontactwithsb.与某人取得联系keepincontactwithsb.与某人保持联系losecontactwithsb.与某人失去联系beincontactwithsb.与某人有联系beoutofcontactwithsb.与某人失去联系physical/eyecontact身体/目光接触(2)contactsb.immediately/directly马上/干脆与某人联系contactsb.byemail/telephone通过电子邮件/电话与某人联系❶Iftheredlightisnotblinking,contactresidencehallstaffimmediately.假如红灯不闪耀，请马上联系宿舍工作人员。❷Afterhoursinthecoldandwet,hereachedinsideandpulledthewalletouthopingtofindsomeIDsohecouldcontactthedriver...在又冷又湿的天气里待了几个小时后，他把手伸进车里，把钱包掏了出来，希望能找到一些身份证件，以便与司机取得联系……(现在分词短语hopingto...作伴随状语)❸It'sunusualforagrousetohaveanycontactwithpeople.松鸡与人有任何接触都是不寻常的。(Itis＋adj.＋forsb./sth.todosth.对某人/某物来说做某事是……的。)学法点拨：contact用作动词时，不用contactwith而是用作及物动词；contactsb.和某人联系学问拓展：①与某人取得联系getintouchwithsb.(动作)②与某人保持联系keepintouchwithsb.或beintouchwithsb.(状态)③与某人失去联系losetouchwithsb.(动作)或beoutoftouchwithsb.(状态)即学即练单句语法填空①Icomeintocontact________allkindsofpeopleinmywork.②Hehasmany________(contact)inthecity.③Shecontacted________doctoratonce.④Wehavekeptincontact________eachothersincechildhoodbutIamafraidwewilllosecontactonedayinthefuture.2.averageadj.平均的；一般的；适中的n．平均数；平均水平vt.平均为……anaveragecost/price平均成本/价格achildofaverageintelligence智力平常的孩子anaverageof平均有……above/belowaverage高于/低于平均水平onaverage平均来看Freddywasanaveragestudent,butnotanaverageperson.弗雷迪是一个一般的学生，但不是一个一般人。经典例句：Herworkwaswellbelowaveragefortheclass.她的功课远在班上的中等水平以下。即学即练单句语法填空①Hisworkis________theaverage.②Theexpenses________(average)tendollarsaday.③Heis________averageheight.完成句子④Ontheotherhand,theyburnedslightlymorecalories(卡路里),______________________(平均来看),duringtheworkoutafterbreakfastthanafterfasting.3.impressionn．印象，感想；印记(教材P8)．..hisideasinfluencedmanyofourearlyimpressionsofsocialnetworks.……很多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。get/haveagood/badimpressionof对……的印象好/不好leave/makea(n)...impressiononsb.给某人留下……的印象giveanimpressionof给人……的印象firstimpression第一印象beundertheimpressionthat...误认为……❶I'muncertainwhetheryouhaveaverydifferentimpressionofhim.我不确定你是否对他的印象大不相同。❷Thewayhedealtwiththeconflictwithhiscolleagueleftadeepimpressiononme.他处理与同事冲突的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。❸Thereareimpressionsofshoesinthemud.泥地里留下了鞋印。❹Whatwereyourfirstimpressionsofthecollege?你对这所高校的第一印象是什么？归纳拓展：impresssb.withsth.某事物给某人留下深刻印象beimpressedwith/by对……印象深刻impresssth.onsb.＝impressonsb.sth.向某人强调某事的重要性Wewereimpressedwithyourpositiveattitude.你乐观的看法给我们留下了深刻的印象。Heimpressedonustheneedforimmediateaction.他让我们相识到马上实行行动的必要性。impressiveadj.令人赞美的，令人钦佩的Mostoftheworksdisplayedinthegalleryareimpressive.Iliketheonehanginginthemiddleofthewallinparticular.这家画廊里展示的大部分作品都令人赞美，我尤其喜爱挂在墙中间的那一幅。即学即练单句语法填空①Thesplendidsceneryleftadeepimpression________us.②Fatherimpressed________methevalueofhardwork.③ThehistoricalarchitectureofLondonattractsvisitorsfromallovertheworld,andleavesadeep________(impress)onthem.④Themost________(impress)memoryofmyhighschoollifeistheconstantencouragementfrommyEnglishteacher.完成句子⑤Asacandidate,youmust________________________(给……留下好印象)everyoneyoumeetifyouwanttowintheelection.⑥We________________(对……印象深刻)theenjoyableexperienceinthecountryside.4.randomadj.随机的，随意的；胡乱的n．随意(教材P9)HechosearandomsampleofpeopleinthemiddleofAmerica...他在美国中部随机抽取一部分人作为样本……arandomsample/selection随机抽样/选择therandomkillingofinnocentpeople对无辜者的随意杀戮arrange...inarandomorder随机排列……atrandom胡乱地；随意地；随意地choose/select/pick...atrandom随意选择……afewrandomremarks随意说的话❶Hewentintoagroceryandpickedsomesnacksfromtheshelfatrandom.他走进一家食品杂货店，从架子上随意挑了些零食。❷Theinformationisprocessedinarandomorder.信息是按随机依次处理的。词语积累：randomlyadv.随意地，随意地；无目的地，胡乱地；未加安排地Myphoneseemstoswitchitselfoffrandomly．我的手机似乎随时自动关机。即学即练单句语法填空①Thewinningnumbersare________(random)selectedbythecomputer.②Theluckyfanswillbepicked________randomratherthanchosenbeforehandtoperformwiththesingerduringtheparty.③Thereisnodoubtthatitisbettertoreadafewbookscarefullythantoreadmany________random.5.attemptn.&vt.企图；试图；尝试attemptedadj.未遂的atone'sfirstattempt在某人第一次尝试时ahopelessattempt没有胜利希望的努力attemptarescue设法实行营救attemptedcrime犯罪未遂归纳拓展：attempttodosth.(＝trytodosth.)＝makeanattempttodosth./at(doing)sth.企图/试图做某事inanattempttodosth.试图做某事attempt,ability,chance,promise,way等后常用不定式作定语即学即练单句语法填空①Hetriedhardtopractiseandattempted________(pass)thedrivingtest________hisfirstattempt.②Writersofhistorybooksoftenattempt________(associate)thepastwiththepresentandmakecomparisons.③Everyyearabout40，000peopleattempt________(climb)Kilimanjaro,thehighestmountaininAfrica.6.targetv．把……作为目标；面对n．目标；对象；靶子(1)targetsth.at/onsth./sb.把……对准……targetsb./sth.把某人/物作为目标(2)setoneselftargets给自己制订指标meet/achieveatarget完成/达到目标atargetarea/audience/group目标区域/观众(听众)/群体aimatatarget瞄准靶子hit/missthetarget中/脱靶❶Wewerestillrightontargetforourdeadline.我们那时仍旧很有希望在最终期限之前完成目标。❷Thearrowflewstraighttowardsthetarget.箭不偏不斜地朝靶子飞去。❸Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.伐木工人的目标是大树。❹Hemissedthetargetonlyonceyesterday.昨天他只有一次脱靶。❺Setyourselftargetsthatyoucanreasonablyhopetoachieve.给自己制订有望达到的指标。归纳拓展：ontarget击中目标；击中要害offtarget脱靶；偏离目标makeaneasytargetforsb.成为某人简洁下手的目标targetpractice射击练习即学即练单句语法填空①Theradarbeamcantrackanumberof________(target)atthesametime.②Politicallyspeaking,hisjibes(嘲讽)wereright________target.③Theoldmenandwomenmakeaneasytarget________thieves.④Hefiredattheenemysoldier,but________(miss)thetarget.⑤Weshouldset________(oneself)targetsandworkhardatourlessons.7.deliverv．递送；生(孩子)；接生；发表(演说等)；解救，挽救deliveryn．递送；分娩deliversth.to...把某物送到……deliverababy接生孩子deliveraspeech作报告；发表演说deliverajudgment做出判决deliverpapers送报纸deliverthegoods发货deliversb.fromdanger救某人脱险归纳拓展：bedeliveredofababy分娩；生孩子haveyourmilkdelivered找人给你送牛奶Doyouhaveyourmilkdelivered?你的牛奶是让别人送吗？即学即练单句语法填空①Hedeliveredmypackage________me.②Thepresidentwillcometoourschool________(deliver)aspeechtonight.③Theonlinestoreoffersfree________(deliver)________itscustomers.④WheneverMomandI________(deliver)the“buddies”totheagencies,thekidswouldbewaitingtherewiththeireyesdown,tooshy________lookbutshakingwithexcitement.⑤Oncehismessage________(deliver),heallowedmetostayandwatch.8.releasevt.发表，发布；释放；放开，松开；宣泄；解雇n．发表，发布；释放；排放；解脱(教材P9)．..oncereleased,theresultswerepublishedinthebimonthlymagazinePsychologyToday.……结果一经公布，便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。releasesb.from...从……释放某人；免除某人的(职责、义务等)releasesth.intosth.把某物排放到某物中releaseaprisoner释放囚犯agoodwayofreleasingstress释放压力的好方法❶Theprisonerhasservedhissentenceandwillbereleasedtomorrow.那名犯人已服刑期满，明天将获释。❷10，000balloonswerereleasedattheceremony.典礼上放飞了一万个气球。❸Theclubisreleasingsomeofitsolderplayers.那家俱乐部正在解聘一些老队员。归纳拓展：thereleasefrom从……的释放thereleaseofcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere二氧化碳向大气层的排放即学即练单句语法填空①Afterhe________(release)fromprison,hewasdeterminedtodevotemostofhistimetohisworkandfamily.②Sheburstintotears,________(release)allherpent-upemotions.③Thenewlawreleasedemployers________theirobligationtorecognizeunions.④Whenyoudothisyoumayfeelalittle,orlarge,release________thejailofyourmind.完成句子⑤Herefused____________________________(放开她的胳膊).9.seriesn．连续；系列aseriesof一系列aseriesofevents/attacks一连串事务/攻击aTVseries一部电视连续剧asociologyseries一套社会学丛书thecrimestoryseries推理小说系列❶Thescientistconductedaseriesofexperiments.这位科学家进行了一系列的试验。❷What'syourfavoriteTVseries？你最喜爱的电视连续剧是什么？老师提示：(1)series单复数形式相同。“aseriesof＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。(2)series虽带有复数的词尾，但与a连用成单数。这种词还有species(种),summons(呼唤)等。即学即练单句语法填空①Napoleonwonaseriesof________(victory).②Aseriesoflectures________(schedule).完成句子③Inthe1760s,MathurinRozeopened________________(一系列)shopsthatboasted(享有)aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsommé.10.confirmvt.确认；使确信；证明；证明；批准confirmationn．确认；证明；批准sth.confirmseq\b\lc\{\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(sth.,that...从句))事实证明白……❶Whatheobservedconfirmedhisjudgement.他视察到的现象证明白他的推断。❷TheannouncementconfirmedthattheelectionwouldtakeplaceonJun.20th.公告证明选举将于六月二十日实行。sb.confirmssth.某人批准某事❸Theagencyconfirmedthecontract.经销处批准了此合同。sb.confirmssb.as＋职位某人任命某人为……❹Thepresidentconfirmedhimassecretaryofstate.总统任命他为国务卿。归纳拓展：confirmin使更坚决confirmrumours证明传言confirmtheflight确认航班toconfirmanoppointment确定约定即学即练单句语法填空①Beforechoicesarefinalised,parents/carerswillbeaskedtosign________(confirm)theirchild'schoices.②Hiswordsconfirmedme________mybeliefthatourcausewasright.完成句子③____________________________________(已经证明)waterisfundamentaltothedevelopmentoflife.►其次版块：重点短语1．referto(教材P8)“SixDegreesofSeparation”referstothetheorythat...“六度分隔”理论说的是……(1)指的是，提及，谈到referto...as...称……为……❶Helikestobereferredtoas“DoctorKhee”．他喜爱别人叫他“基博士”。(2)查阅，参考❷Hemadethespeechwithoutreferringtohisnotes.他脱稿发表了演讲。(3)涉及，关于❸ThefiguresrefertooursalesinEurope.这些数字涉及我们在欧洲的销售额。归纳拓展：referto/turnto/consultthedictionary查词典lookup...inthedictionary在词典中查阅……经典例句：Whenhereferredtothegallery,Iknewitwastheoneattheendofthisstreet.当他提到画廊的时候，我知道就是在这条街的终点的那家。Theyagreednevertorefertothematteragain.他们同意恒久不再提这件事了。即学即练写出referto在句中的含义①IwasnotreferringtoherwhenIsaidso.____________②Nowthattheboyhasbeenpunished,pleasedon'trefertothatmatteragain.____________③Theteacheraskedusnottorefertoourbooksordictionarieswhenwewereintheexam.____________一句多译不要老是查词典，你要学会揣测生词在文章中的含义。④Don'talways________________________；youshouldlearntoguessthemeaningofthenewwordsinthepassage.⑤Don'talways____________________________；youshouldlearntoguessthemeaningofthenewwordsinthepassage.⑥Don'talways______________________________；youshouldlearntoguessthemeaningoftheminthepassage.2.bebasedon基于，以……为依据；在……基础上(教材P9)Forexample,theOscar-winningfilmBabelisbasedontheconceptof“SixDegreesofSeparation”．例如，奥斯卡获奖影片《通天塔》就是基于“六度分隔”这一概念。base...on/upon...使……以……为基础/依据baseopinionsonfacts以事实为依据发表观点bebasedon/upon...基于……atthebaseof在……底部haveabroadbaseofthemasses有广泛的群众基础returntotheairbase返回空军基地Oneshouldalwaysbasehisopinionsonfacts.一个人应当始终以事实为依据发表自己的观点。词语积累：basicadj.基本的，基础的；初级的；必需的basicallyadv.基本上；从根本上说经典例句：Peoplecomplainthatdecisionstoapproveordenyapermitareoftenrandomratherthanbasedonfixedcriteria.人们埋怨，批准或拒绝许可的确定往往是随机的，而不是依据固定的标准。Inmydiary,Isetdownaseriesofthingsthatwasbasedonfacts.在我的日记里，我登记了一系列有事实依据的事情。即学即练单句语法填空①Theresearchgroupproducedtworeports________(base)onthesurvey,butneithercontainedanyusefulsuggestions.②________(base)onatruestory,thefilmattractsmanypeople,whethertheyareoldoryoung.③________(base)animportantdecisionmoreonemotionthanonreason,youwillregretitsoonerorlater.完成句子④Thenewfilm____________________________(以……为依据)atrueincident.⑤Thereport__________________________(以数据为依据)fromsixcountries.⑥Thedoghadinitiallybeenknockedunconsciousbuthadsurvivedbydrinkingwaterfromastream____________________________(在……底部)thecliff.►第三版块：典型句式1.同位语从句(教材P8)“SixDegreesofSeparation”referstothetheorythatanypersononEarthcanbeconnectedtoanyotherpersonthroughachainofnomorethanfiveotherpeople.“六度分隔”理论说的是地球上任何人都可通过不超过另外五个人的联结与其他任何一个人联系起来。[句式分析]that引导同位语从句，说明说明thetheory的详细内容。在复合句中，充当同位语成分的从句称为同位语从句。由that或wh-类连接词引导，常放在doubt，fact，news，idea，truth，hope,problem，information，impression，thought等抽象名词后，说明说明该名词的详细内容。Heleftthefirstimpressiontousthathewasnotonlyhandsomebutalsoreliable.他给我们的第一印象是他不仅英俊而且牢靠。易混比较：同位语从句与定语从句类别同位语从句定语从句共同点从句前都有一个与从句相关的名词从句作用对名词说明、说明对名词(先行词)修饰、限定引导词that只起连接作用，在从句中不作成分，但一般不能省略在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略即学即练单句语法填空①Themanagerputforwardasuggestion________weshouldhaveanassistant.Therewastoomuchworktodo.②There'satraditioninouroffice________whenit'ssomebody'sbirthday,theybringinacakeforusalltoshare.③Ihavenoidea________thecellphoneisn'tworking,socouldyoufixitforme?④Thehope________theyexpressedisthattheywouldgotovisitthatcountryagain.⑤Butalloftoday'sexciteddiscussionaboutthesepossibilitiespresupposesthefact________wewillbeabletobuildthesesystems.2.现在分词(短语)作定语(教材P9)Thepeoplesendingthepackagesonlyknewthename,jobandgenerallocationofthestranger.这些寄送包袱的人只知道这位生疏人的姓名、工作和大致的位置。[句式分析]现在分词短语sending...作后置定语，修饰thepeople，相当于定语从句(whosent...)。被修饰词Thepeople与send之间是主动关系。现在分词(短语)作定语时，其逻辑主语与分词动作之间存在主动关系，表示主动。❶Thechildstandingoverthereismybrother.站在那边的那个孩子是我的弟弟。(Thechild与stand之间是主动关系)❷Thegirlworkinginthebakeryisagraduatewhochosetheindependentemployment.在面包店工作的那个女孩是一个选择独立就业的毕业生。(Thegirl与work之间是主动关系)学法点拨：过去分词(短语)作定语：过去分词(短语)作定语，其逻辑主语与分词动作之间是被动关系，表示被动或完成。Youcannotacceptanopinionofferedtoyouunlessitisbasedonfacts.你不能接受别人给你的看法，除非它是建立在事实基础上的。(anopinion与offer之间是被动关系)Hisfirstbookpublishedlastmonthisbasedonatruestory.他上个月出版的第一本书是依据一个真实故事改编的。(Hisfirstbook与publish之间是被动关系)即学即练单句语法填空①Doyouwanttoseethedoctor________(work)onthecasereportintheoffice?②Doyouknowtheboy________(stand)atthedoor?③Theylivedinahouse________(face)thesouth.④Thewindow________(break)yesterdaywasrepairedthismorning.⑤Thehamburgers________(sell)inthischainarenottomytaste.⑥Thenews________(release)lastnightraisedaheateddiscussionamongtheyoungworkers.3.Ittakes...todosth.花费……做某事。(教材P9)Amazingly,itonlytookbetweenfiveandsevenpeopletogettheparcelsdelivered,andoncereleased,theresultswerepublishedinthebimonthlymagazinePsychologyToday.令人惊异的是，这些包袱只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。[句式分析]itonlytookbetweenfiveandsevenpeopletogettheparcelsdelivered为ittakes...todosth.结构；oncereleased为状语从句的省略。Ittookhimaboutthirtyminutestohavehisparceldeliveredinthepostoffice.他花了大约30分钟才在邮局把包袱寄了。(该句型中it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。)归纳拓展：sb.spendssometime/moneyonsth.某人在某事物上花一些时间/钱sb.spendssometime/money(in)doingsth.某人花一些时间/金钱做某事sb.payssomemoneyforsth.某人花一些钱买某物sth.costssb.somemoney某物花某人一些钱Ihatetospendalongperiodoftimeplayingcomputergames.我厌烦花长时间玩电脑嬉戏。Hepaid$50forthedessertinthebakeryforhisgirlfriend.他花了50美元在面包店给他的女挚友买甜点。Theskirtcosther$100．这条裙子花了她100美元。即学即练选词填空(take/spend/pay/cost)①Thegirloften________moneyonbookswhichshelikesverymuch.LastSundayit________her10minutestogotothebookstoretobuyherfavouritebook.Whenshewasgoingto________forthebook,thesalesmantoldheritonly________halfthepricebecauseofthebrokencover.单句语法填空②AccordingtoarecentU．S.survey,childrenspentupto25hoursaweek________(watch)TV.③Itonlytookhimafewminutes________(solve)thedisagreementbetweenhimandhiscolleague.4.强调句型(教材P9)Itwasthisresearchthatinspiredthephrase“SixDegreesofSeparation”．正是这项探讨启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。[句式分析]本句是一个强调句，强调句子的主语thisresearch。(1)基本结构是“Itis/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他．”；若强调的是人，也可以用who替换that；(2)强调句的一般疑问句式是“Is/Wasit＋被强调部分＋that＋其他？”；(3)强调句的特别疑问句式是“疑问词＋is/wasit＋that＋其他？”；若该结构用于宾语从句，则要用陈述语序。❶Itwasinthegallerythathecameacrossoneofhisoldfriends.他是在画廊里遇到了他的一位老挚友。(强调状语)❷Wasitbecauseofthedisagreementbetweenhimandhispartnerthattheydelayedtheproject?是不是因为他和他的合伙人看法不合，他们才推迟了这个项目？(强调状语，一般疑问句式)❸Whatisitthatheisdoinginthesuburb?他正在郊区做什么？(强调宾语，特别疑问句式)学法点拨：推断句子是不是强调句型的方法：去掉itis/was与that/who，剩余部分若结构完整、句意明确，则为强调句型，否则就不是。宾语从句中的强调句式：Hetoldusthatitwasbecauseofthedisagreementbetweenhimandhispartnerthattheydelayedtheproject.他告知我们，是由于他和他的合伙人的看法不合，才推迟了这个项目。(句中that引导宾语从句，宾语从句是一个强调句式，是对缘由状语的强调)即学即练单句语法填空①Itwaswhenheworkedinthecanteeninthecollege________hetaughthimselfEnglish.②ItismyEnglishteacherinseniorschool________isalwaysgivingmeencouragement.③________wasinthegrocerythathepickedupawalletcontainingalargesumofmoney.用强调句型改写④Hecameacrosshisclientwhenhehungoutinthesuburbyesterday.→______________________________hecameacrosswhenhehungoutinthesuburbyesterday.(强调宾语)→______________________hecameacrosshisclient.(强调时间状语)Ⅰ.单词拼法1．Thesurveyuseda________(随机的)sampleoftwothousandpeopleacrossEnglandandWales.2．Shecouldscarcelycontainherselfwithdelightwhensheopenedthe________(包袱).3．Thegovernmentrestricts________(发行)ofnewforeignfilmstoabout30ayear.4．Thefinancialreportwasmadebythecompany________(两月一次地).5．A________(短语)fromtheconferencefloorsetmymindwandering.6．Thecomparisonshowsconsiderabledisagreementbetween________(理论)andpractice.7．Volunteersformedahuman________(链)torescuepreciousitemsfromtheburninghouse.8．Doctorscangetthewrong________(印象)fromanaccuratedescription.9．Afirewallprovidesanessentialsecurityblanketforyourcomputer________(网络).10．One________(社会学家)hassuggestedthatthegovernmentshouldprovidemorelow-skilledpositionstopeoplewithlessschooling.Ⅱ.短语填空referto,beconnectedto,beimpressedwith,aseriesof,onaverage,bebasedon,passthrough,carryout,participatein,intheend1．Theoperatorhastobeableto________________routinemaintenanceofthemachine.2．Customsofficialshavemade________________contradictorystatementsabouttheequipment.3．________________，anagreementwasreachedbetweenmanagersandemployees.4．Theteacher________________inmylastletterhasgoneabroad.5．Thisridiculoustheory________________aseriesofwrongassumptions.6．Attheuniversity,I________________anumberofsocialeventsandaccumulatedsomeexperience.7．Yourapplicationhasbeencarefullyreviewedandwe________________youracademicbackground.8．Thebrilliantmandisguisedhimselfasamerchantandmanagedto________________theblockadeline.9．Full-timeemployeeswhodohavetwoweeks'paidvacationonlyusehalfofthem________________．10．Passages________________oneanother,whichwillenhancethechildren'sreasoningpower.Ⅲ.单句语法填空1．Thepolicehaveseveral________(theory)aboutthecase,butnohardevidence.2．Evenintheageofopen-planofficesandsocial________(network)someworkisbes