2014考研英语真题-海文考研

PAGE1PAGE152014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题万学海文教研中心英语教研室SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintance’sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2,werefertotheseoccurrencesas“seniormoments.”3seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea(n)4impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal5.Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.___,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate__TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantly,it18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping-muchlikea(n)20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recover [D]collapses3.[A]unless [B]while [C]once [D]if4.[A]damaging [B]limited [C]uneven [D]obscure5.[A]relationship [B]environment [C]welling [D]outlook6.[A]figures [B]finds [C]points [D]turns7.[A]responses [B]roundabout [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]criterion [C]circumstances [D]functions9.[A]channel [B]sequence [C]process [D]condition10.[A]feature [B]excel [C]persist [D]believe11.[A]However [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]Therefore12.[A]insteadof [B]accordingto [C]apartfrom [D]regardlessof13.[A]further [B]back [C]aside [D]around14.[A]framework [B]stability [C]flexibility [D]sharpness15.[A]hurries [B]reminds [C]allows [D]forces16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]constantly [B]habitually [C]irregularly [D]unusually19.[A]put [B]carry [C]build [D]take20.[A]idle [B]familiar [C]risky [D]effectiveSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inorderto“changelivesforthebetter”andreduce“dependency”,GeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe"upfrontworksearch"scheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerfortheonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefit—andthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable?Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker’sallowance.“Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon.”heclaimed,“We’redoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster.”Help?Really?Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewith“reforms”toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidiseslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstandwashiszealfor“fundamentalfairness”—protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.Losingajobishurting:youdon’tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefromthegenerousstate.Itisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency—permanentdependencyifyoucangetit—supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever–tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase“jobseeker’sallowance”isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa“jobseeker”whohadnofundamentalrighttobenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited“allowance”,conditionalonactivelyseekingajob:noentitlementandnoinsurance,at£71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheEU.21.GeorgeOsborne’sschemewasintendedto[A]providetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits.[B]encouragejobseeker’sactiveengagementinjobseeking.[C]motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily.[D]guaranteejobseekers’legitimaterighttobenefit.22.Thephase“tosignon”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans[A]tocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentre.[B]toacceptthegovernment’srestrictionsonthegovernment.[C]toregisterforanallowancefromthegovernment.[D]toattendagovernmentaljob-trainingprogram.23.Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme?[A]Adesiretosecureabetterlifeforall.[B]Aneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed.[C]Anurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants.[D]Apassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers.24.AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeel[A]uneasy.[B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.25.Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?[A]TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekers’laziness.[B]Osborne’sreformwillreducetheriskofunemployment.[C]Thejobseekers’allowancehasmettheiractualneeds.[D]Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.Text2Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession—withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica.Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynightmare.Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates;afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexam.Thisleavestoday’saveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard.Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.Studentswhodoneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird.Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirms’efficiency.Afterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.26.Alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessiondueto[A]thegrowingdemandfromclients[B]theincreasingpressureofinflation[C]theprospectofworkinginbigfirms[D]theattractionoffinancialrewards27.WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmericanstates?[A]Highertuitionfeesforundergraduatestudies[B]Receivingtrainingbyprofessionalassociations[C]Admissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation[D]Pursuingabachelorsdegreeinanothermajor28.Hindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginatesfrom[A]therigidbodiesgoverningtheprofession[B]lawyers’andclients’strongresistance[C]thesternexamforwould-belawyers.[D]non-professionals’sharpcriticism29.Theguild-likeownershipstructureisconsidered“restrictive”partlybecause[A]preventslawyersfromgainingdueprofits.[B]bansoutsiders’involvementintheprofession.[C]aggravatestheethicalsituationinthetrade.[D]keepslawyersfromholdinglaw-firmshares.30.Inthetext,theauthormainlydiscusses[A]thefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmerica.[B]aprobleminAmerica’slegalprofessionandsolutionstoit.[C]theroleundergraduatestudiesinAmerica’slegaleducation.[D]flawedownershipofAmerica’slawfirmsanditscauses.Text3TheUS＄3millionFundamentalPhysicsisindeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear’sawardinMarch.Anditisfairfromtheonlyoneofthistype.AsaNewFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchhavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthetelephones-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience.What’snottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels.Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.Theyperpetuatethemythofthelonegenius.Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.Somewanttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch.AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,thereeresomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprize—bothnewandold—aredistributed.TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifescienceinclude.ButtheNobelFoundation’slimitthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch—aswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.TheNobelwere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyaveryrichindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.Time,ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.Asmuchassomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawards,twothingsseemclear.First,mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhere.Itisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanism—thatisthecultureofresearch,afterall-butitistheprize-givers’moneytodowithastheyplease.Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandgrace.31.TheFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisseenas[A]asymboloftheentrepreneurs’wealth.[B]ahandsomerewardforresearchers.[C]apossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes.[D]anexampleofbankers’investments.32.Thecriticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefit[A]theprofit-orientedscientists.[B]theachievement-basedsystem.[C]thefoundersofthenewawards[D]peer-review-ledresearch.33.ThediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolves[A]legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes.[B]controversiesovertherecipients’status.[C]thejointeffortofmodernresearchers.[D]thedemonstrationofresearchfinding.34.AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels?[A]Historyhasnevercastdoubtonthem.[B]theirendurancehasdonejusticetothem.[C]Theyarethemostrepresentativehonor.[D]Theirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute.35.Theauthorbelievesthatthenewawardsare[A]unworthyofpublicattention.[B]subjecttoundesirablechanges.[C]harmfultothecultureofresearch.[D]acceptabledespitethecriticism.Text4“TheHearoftheMatter”,thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandsciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereport’sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.In2010,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenby“federal，stateandlocalgovernment,universities，foundations,educators,individualbenefactorandothers”to“maintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation”.Inresponse,theAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialScience.Amongthecommission’s51membersaretop-tier-universitypresidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,andbusinessexecutivesaswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacy,filmmaking,musicandjournalism.Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentativegovernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupportsfullliteracy;stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernment,particularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericangovernment;andencouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechnologies.Toencourageinnovationandcompetition,thereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearch,thecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudents’abilitytosolveproblemsandcommunicateeffectivelyinthe21stcentury,increasedfundingforteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobringgreaterstudyofforeignlanguages,internationalaffairsandtheexpansionofstudyabroadprograms.Unfortunately,despite2.5yearsinthemaking,“TheHeartoftheMatter”nevergetstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniversities.ThecommissionignoresthatforseveraldecadesAmerica’scollegesanduniversitieshaveproducedgraduateswhodon'tknowthecontentandcharacterofliberaleducationandarethusdeprivedofitsbenefits.Sadly,thespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenreplacedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesforpublicizing"progressive,"orleft-liberalpropaganda.Today,professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideas-suchasfreemarketsandself-reliance-asfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsomethinglegitimate,intellectualinvestigation.TheAAASdisplaysgreatenthusiasmforliberaleducation.YetitsreportmaywellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethatCongressaskedittoilluminate.36.AccordingtoParagraph1,whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtheAAAS’sreport?[A]Critical[B]Appreciative[C]Contemptuous[D]Tolerant37.InfluentialfiguresinthecongressrequiredthattheAAASreportonhowto[A]definethegovernment’sroleineducation[B]safeguardindividuals’rightstoeducation[C]retainpeople’sinterestinliberaleducation[D]keepaleadingpositioninliberaleducation38.Accordingtoparagraph3,thereportsuggests[A]anexclusivestudyofAmericanhistory.[B]agreateremphasisontheoreticalsubjects.[C]theapplicationofemergingtechnologies.[D]fundingforthestudyofforeignlanguages.39.Theauthorimpliesinparagraph5thatprofessorsare[A]supportiveoffreemarkets[B]conservativeaboutpublicpolicy.[C]biasedagainstclassicalliberalideas.[D]cautiousaboutintellectualinvestigation.40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]WaystoGrasp“TheHeartofthematter”[B]IlliberalEducationand“TheHeartoftheMatter”[C]TheAAAS’scontributiontoLiberalEducation[D]ProgressivePolicyvsLiberalEducationPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelis