WeleUnitDiscoveringUsefulStructures句子基本结构课件-高中英语人教版

词类、句子成分和基本句型初高中衔接---语法奠基篇十大词类名词动词形容词副词数词冠词代词介词感叹词连词名词(n.)Obamathingriverhabit动词(v.)动词分类实义动词无实义不及物（vi.）及物（vt.）助动词情态动词系动词及物动词(vt.)vs

不及物动词(vi.)Iseeabird.Isee.Thejobwillbe

finished.助动词：帮助谓语动词表达精确含义。（时态、语态）Youshouldclosethewindow.情态动词：表示人对某种行为的情绪和态度。

（能/可能/应该/必须）Lihuaisateacher.系动词：把“事物”和“属性”联系起来Theleavesturnyellow.Youlooktired.形容词(adj.)bluesky修饰名词，表示特征。beautifulgirl副词(adv.)用来说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。可以修饰动词、形容词、副词。Isitstill.Iamsocool.Ipushthedoorveryhard.数词(num.)onetwothreefour基数词表示数量或顺序firstsecondthirdfourth序数词代词(pron.)用于代替名词以及起名词作用的词人称

主格宾格形容词性

物主代词名词性

物主代词反身代词第一人称单数Imemyminemyself复数weusouroursourselves第二人称单数youyouyouryoursyourself复数youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人称单数hehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfititits-itself复数theythemtheirtheirsthemselves人称代词代词单数复数this(这个)these(这些)that(那个)those(那些)it(这)指示代词用来起指示作用，或用来代替前面已提到过的名词。自我检测：代词的分类和形式冠词(art.)a/an/theIhaveanapple位于名词前，帮助说明名词所指的人或事物IhaveapenTheappleisred.介词(prep.)Shelookedatme.表示名词与句中其它词的关系感叹词(interj.)表示说话时的情感。Oh,hello,well,please连词(conj.)Ladiesandgentlemen,…IamuglybutIamgentle.连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句句子成分和基本句型Learningobjectives语法脉图定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分。主要成分:主语和谓语次要成分:表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语Thebabyissleeping.Hedrivesfast.Oneisenough.Toseeistobelieve.Smokingisbadforhealth.Whatshehassaidistrue.

（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（句子）主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。主语是谓语动作或状态的执行者。Observe:Whatcanbe“subject”inasentence?Subject主语主语一般由名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和主语从句等充当。注意:主语一般位于句首，但若不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、名词性从句作主语，常用it作形式主语，则把真正的主语放在句后。Itdrivesmemadtoteachher.It’sapitythatyoumissedtheexcitingfootballmatch.Findthesubjectinthesentence

Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.

Thepoorarenowlivingintheshelter.Runningisgoodforourhealth.

Tostudyhardisyourduty.

Shelikesdancing.

WhatIwantissomeapples.Verb谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，有完整的时态和语态。一般在主语之后。谓语中最重要的是谓语动词

(通常由实义动词充当)，它有时态，语态的变化，并受主语人称和数的影响。实义动词有实在意义并能独立作谓语readeatlookdrink助动词本身没有意义，不单独作谓语，协助主要动词构成谓语behavedowill情态动词有一定词义，不能单独作谓语，后加动词原形canmustmayneedshall系动词有词义，但不能独立做谓语，必须和表语构成主系表结构amisarekeepstaysoundfeelbecome动词的分类：主谓(宾)主系表

be动词am,is,are,was,were

表变化类动词become,

get,turn,grow,go

感官动词look,sound,smell,taste,feel

延续性动词remain,stay,

keep

英文中常见的系动词4.Wehavefinishedreadingthisbook.5.TheycanspeakEnglishwell.助动词和情态动词须和实义动词一起构成谓语2.Helookedaftertwoboys.找出句子中的谓语6.Mysisteriscryingoverthere.

1.Atigereatsmeat.3.Hedoesn’tlikefruit.注意：复合谓语的划分要把时态、被动语态、情态动词和否定词归入进去。宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般位于及物动词和介词之后。Object宾语Observe:Whatcanbe“object”inasentence?（句子）Showyourbook,please.Shedidn'tknowanything.Theywanttoknow

myidea.Ilikestayingwithyou.Didyouknowwhatshewant?（名词）

(

代词）（不定式）（动名词短语）宾语一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词（短语）及宾语从句等充当注意：不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、名词性从句作宾语，常用it作形式宾语，则把真正的宾语放在句后。SomestudentsfinditdifficulttostudyEnglish.Mostofusthinkitnousearguingwithher.MissTanteachesusEnglish.双宾语（IO

+

DO）在动词后方所跟的双宾语中表示物的叫做直接宾语directobject（简称“直宾”）表示人的叫做间接宾语indirectobject（简称“间宾”）SVDOIO常见接双宾语的动词：teach,buy,bring,take,give,send,sell,show,tell,write,lend,make...Hegaveme

apen.IODO

Weboughthim

agift.

IODOHewroteme

aletter.IODO

Hegaveapentome.

DOIOWeboughtagiftforhim.

DOIOHewrotemealettertome.

DOIO双宾语易位常借助介词to的常用动词teach/tellsb.sth=teach/tellsth.tosb.take/bring/givesb.sth=take/bring/givesthtosb.send/writesb.sth.=send/writesth.tosb.showsb.sth.=showsth.tosb.

常借助介词for的常用动词buysb.sth=buysth.forsb.lendsb.sth.（借）=lendsth.forsb.makesb.sth=makesth.forsb.双宾语易位VSComplement宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词接宾语后，意义仍然不完整，还需要一个句子成分来补充说明宾语的意义，状态等，这就是宾语补足语。1.Theymadehertheirmonitor.

2.Thefirelefthimhomeless.3.Whenhewokeup,hefoundhimselflyinginthestreet.4.Whenhecametohimself,hefoundhimselfsurroundedbyhisfamilyandfriends.5.Thefarmeraskedustohavedinner.6.Wesawhimplaysoccer.名词形容词过去分词现在分词（省略to不定式）动词不定式短语1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.4.Wesawherenteringtheroom.5.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.6.Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.Mymommademe

acake.Mymommadeacake

for

me.SVDOIOSVDOIOMymommademehappy.SVOOC宾补区分以下句子成分：宾补？双宾语？Mymommademeafool.SVOOC宾补Attributive定语

定语是用于对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。注意：单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前(前置定语)，而短语或从句作定语时，则放在被修饰词之后(后置定语)。Observe:Whatcanbe“Attributive”inasentence?常用作定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、定语从句等。 (1)形容词作定语Theblackbikeismine. (2)代词作定语What'syourname? (3)名词作定语Theymadesomepaperflowers. (4)介词短语作定语TheboysintheroomareinClassThree，GradeOne. (5)不定式作定语Ihavenotimetotravelinspring. (6)从句作定语ThetallboywhoisstandingthereisPeter. (7)过去分词作定语Therearefallenleavesontheground.1.TheletteronthedeskisforMrWu.2.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishismother.3.Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.4.It’sacityfarfromthecoast.5.Hehasenoughmoneytobuyacar.6.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.7.Therearelotsofplacesofinterestneedingrepairinginourcity.FindtheattributiveinthesentenceWhatisAdverbial?A(adverbial)状语1HelivesinShenzhen.

A

2Yougotoschoolbybus.

A3Hewasbornin1918.

A

状语（A）：是用来说明动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词，介词+其他担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。地点状语方式状语时间状语Thestudentsstudyhard.Ioftenwritetohim.Thebagistooheavy.副词You

each

haveachancetogotocollege.We

students

shouldputourheartintothestudy.IamLiHua,

aChinesestudentstudyinginLondon.

ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.

Appositive同位语同位语用于对名词或代词的进一步解释说明，常位于名词或代词之后。常用作同位语的有名词、名词短语、数词、代词、同位语从句等。

I

met

mybest

friend

Tom

atthestationyesterday.↓主语↓谓语↓定语↓宾语↓同位语↓状语分析句子成分：

I.选出下列句子中画线部分的成分1.WeallstudyhardatEnglish.A.主语

B.谓语

C.宾语

D.表语2.Bettylikeshernewbikeverymuch.A.主语

B.谓语

C.宾语

D.表语3.Mybrotherisapoliceman.A.主语

B.谓语C.宾补D.表语4.Wereyouathomelastnight?A.定语

B.状语

C.宾补

D.表语即时训练5.Winteristhecoldestseasonoftheyear.A.定语

B.状语

C.宾补

D.表语6.Heoftenwalksinthepark.A.定语

B.状语

C.宾语

D.表语7.Maryaskedmetohelpheryesterday.A.定语

B.状语

C.宾补

D.表语8.Heboughtmeanicepresentlastweek.A.宾语

B.直接宾语

C.间接宾语

D.宾补9.Hisparentsaredoctors.A.宾语

B.表语

C.谓语

D.定语10.I'llgetyousometeanow.A.主语

B.直接宾语

C.间接宾语

D.宾补11.Mymothertoldusaninterestingstorylastnight.A.表语

B.直接宾语

C.间接宾语

D.宾补12.Hehasreadthebooktwice.A.主语

B.谓语

C.表语

D.宾语13.Theyseemedunhappywhentheyheardthenews.A.表语

B.谓语

C.宾语

D.定语14.Doyouhavesomethingtoeat?A.状语

B.定语

C.宾语

D.宾补15.Wemadehimourmonitor.A.宾语

B.定语

C.状语

D.宾补P6S(subject)主语V(verb)动词O(object)宾语P(predicative)表语A(adverbial)状语DO(directobject)直接宾语IO(indirectobject)间接宾语OC(objectcomplement)宾语补足语Sentencestructure

Sentence

SVAllofuslaughed!SVOImissmygrandma.SPTheteacherwaskindandfriendly.SVIODOHetoldusafunnystory.SVOCIfoundmostofmyclassmatesandteachersfriendlyandhelpful.SVAHetalkedtoomuch.SVOAIhadmyfirstmathsclassatseniorhighschool.Therebe...There'salottoexploreatseniorhighschool.Studythesentencestructures.Allofuslaughed!Imissmygrandma.Theteacherwaskindandfriendly.Hetoldusafunnystory.Ifoundmostofmyclassmatesandteachersfriendlyandhelpful.主语+谓语(SV)主语+谓语+宾语(SVO)主语+谓语+表语(SVP)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVIODO)主语+谓语+宾语+宾补(SVOC)Hetalkedtoomuch.Ihadmyfirstmathsclassatseniorhighschool.There’salottoexploreatseniorhigh.主语+谓语+状语(SVA)主语+谓语+宾语+状语(SVOA)Therebe句型BasicSentenceStructures英文中基本的句子结构有以下五种：1.

主+谓(不及物动词)

SV2.主+谓(及物动词)+宾语

SVO3.主+系动词+表语

SVP4.主+谓(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语

5.主+谓(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语

SVOC

SVIODO6.Therebe句型

SV

主语+谓语(不及物动词Vi.)①此句型中“主语+不及物动词/词组”构成句子的主体部分，不及物动词后不能直接带宾语。注意：有时为了表示发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、地点或时间等，可以有状语来修饰。例1Classbegins.例3Hermotherhasgoneabroad.例2Therainhasstopped.例4Theredsunriseintheeast.状语修饰动词状语修饰动词②SVO

主语+谓语(及物动词Vt.)+宾语此句型中谓语是及物动词，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整。注意：一些不及物动词后面加介词相当于一个及物动词，之后可加宾语。Vi+prep.=Vt.例1Youmust

listentoyourteacher.例2Myfather

arrivedinLondonyesterday.例3Heis

laughingatthecrippledwoman.例4I’ll

writeabout

myfootballteaminmyfuturebooks.③SVP

主语+系动词+表语此类型的句子，谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语性质或状态的表语，才能表达完整的意思。例1Shebecame

asinger.例2Mybrotheris

out

now.例3Breakfastsmells

good.④SVIODO主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语例2IboughtTomabirthdaygift.间接宾语直接宾语例1Ishowedhermyphotos.间接宾语直接宾语常见的可接双宾语的动词有：give,send,bring,owe,take,offer,pass,lend,tell,return,promise,show,write,throw,hand,award,grant（授予）等。⑤SVOC主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语在某些及物动词的后面，需要用一个宾语再加一个宾补才能表达完整的意思。常见的可做宾语补足语的有：名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式,不带to的动词不定式等例1Iwillmakeyou

captain.例2Youshouldkeeptheroomcleanandtidy.例3Theengineermadetherobortcleantheroomeveryday.6.1Thereis

anapple

onthetable.VSA6.2Thereare

sevendays

inaweek.VSA6.3Thereis

milkandbread.VS在这种结构中，S和V是倒置的。V的数由S的第一个名词决定。⑥Therebe句型

某地存在什么东西Therearemanybeautifulteachingbuildingsinourschool.GroupWorkFinishtask2onP6.Readthesentencesandanalysethestructures.1The100-year-oldschoolliesinthecentreofthecity.2Wemustact.3Themathshomeworklookseasy.4Theteacherfoundtheclassroomemp