阅读理解 （说明文） -2023年新高考八省名校联考高一英语期末试题汇编 （解析版）

专题02阅读理解（说明文）

-2023年新高考八省名校联考高一英语期末试题汇编

（解析版）

1.【重庆市西南大学附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中试题】

Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelyleadingtofewer

injuries.Ildoes,however,haveitsownproblem.

Racewalkersareconditioned（有.身体条件的）athletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummer

Olympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport'srules

requirethataracewalker'skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswing（摆动）andonefootremainincontact

withthegroundatalltimes.Ifsthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,says

JaclynNorberg,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.

Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,shesays.Accordingtomostdata,racewalkersmovingat

apaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories（卡路里）perhour,whichisabouttwiceasmanyasthey

wouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecaloriesper

hour.

However,racewalkingdoesnothitthebodyashardasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoher

research,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodo

notleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.

Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesconnectedwithrunning,suchasrunner'sknee,areuncommon

amongracewalkers.Butthesport'sstrangeformdoesplacemuchstressontheankles（脚踝）andhips（臀部）,so

peoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecarefulinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotry

racewalkingshouldprobablyfirstcommunicatewithacoachorexperiencedracertolearnproperskills,shesays.

Ittakessomepractice.

8.Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?

A.Theymustrunlongdistances.

B.Theydowellinthemarathon.

C.Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.

D.Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.

9.Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?

A.It'smorepopularattheOlympics.

B.It'slesschallengingphysically.

C.It'smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.

D.It'slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.

10.WhatisDr.Norberg'ssuggestionforsomeonetryingracewalking?

A.Gettingexperts?opinions.

B.Havingamedicalexamination.

C.Employinganexperiencedcoach.

D.Doingregularexercises.

11.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor'sattitudetoracewalking?

A.Puzzled.B.Careful.C.Supportive.D.Worried.

【答案】8.C9.D10.A11.B

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了竞走在比赛中的规则以及与走路和跑步相比时，它的优势和弊端。

不是所有人都适合竞走。

8.细节理解题。根据第二段第三句"Butthesport'srulesrequirethataracewalker'skneesstaystraightthrough

mostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontactwiththegroundatalltimes.（但这项运动的规则要求竞走运

动员在腿的大部分摆动过程中膝盖保持伸直，一只脚始终保持与地面接触。）“可知，竞走运动员是训练有素

的，因为他们要遵循特别的竞走比赛的规定。故选C项。

9.细节理解题。根据第五段第一句"Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesconnectedwithrunning,suchas

runner'sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.（因此，她说，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步膝盖，在竞

走者中并不常见。）”可知，与跑步相比，竞走运动员更不太容易伤到膝盖。故选D项。

10.细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第二句"Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirst

communicatewithacoachorexperiencedracertolearnproperskills,shesays.（她说，事实上，任何想尝试竞走

的人都应该首先与教练或有经验的选手沟通，学习正确的技能）”可知，想尝试竞走的人应该咨询一名教练或

者由经验的竞走者，即咨询专业人士。故选A项。

11.推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,research

shows,whilemostlikelyleadingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.。讲究表明，竞走与跑步

在健身方面有许多共同的好处，而且很可能导致更少的受伤。然而，它也有自己的问题。广后文客观陈述竞

走的优缺点，并建议在学习竞走时咨询专业人士，可知作者的态度理性谨慎。故选B项。

2.1重庆市南开中学2022・2023学年高一上学期期中试题】

Passage1

AJapanesecompanyrecentlyreleasedawhitecrust（H：司皮）milkbreadthatithopeswillstopthehabitof

removingthecrustwhenmakingsandwiches.

DidyouknowthatthevastmajorityofmilkbreadsandwichesmadedailyinJapanhavetheircrustsremoved?

Althoughcrustedsandwichloversdoexist,thegeneralideaisthatthefluffy（蓬松的）,whitepartofJapanesebread

istastierthanthebrowncrust.Thisconceptdatesbacktoatimelongagowhenthecrustwashardertochew（咀嚼）

through,butthingsaredefinitelyalotdifferenttoday.Thecrustisniceandsoft,butpeoplestillseemtoprefer

crustlesssandwiches.Thatresultsinalotoffoodwaste,butonecompanyhopestochangethatwithanewwhite

crustbread.

TokyoChefSugimotoandhisteamattheImperialHotelCo.,Ltd.spentsixmonthsdevelopinganewtypeof

breadthateliminatestheneedtogetridofthecrust.Peoplehavebeencomingupwithallsortsofwaystorecycle

breadcrustsinordertocontrolfoodwaste,butSugimoto'sideawastocreateacrustthatdidn'thavetobethrown

awayinthefirstplace.

AlthoughImperialHoteldidnotfullyrevealthesecretbehinditsnewwhitecrustbread,itdidmentionthatit

isbakedslowlyatalowertemperaturethanregularbread,whichresultsinawhitecolorallthroughthebreadanda

moremoisttexture（材质）.

ImperialHotelusedtoservecrustlessmilkbreadsandwichestoitscustomers,butstartingonOctober1stof

thisyear,theywillswitchtothisnewwhitecrustbread,thusdecreasingitsfoodwasteconsiderably.

ThewhitecrustbreadwillbeservedintheImperialHotePsrestaurantsandatbanquets,butpeoplewillalsobe

abletopurchaseitfromaluxurybakerythathasbeenoperatingsince1971.

28.Whatmakespeoplealwaysprefercrustlesssandwiches?

A.Changedtaste.B.Nicecolors.C.Softtexture.D.Fixedhabits.

29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“eliminale"inParagraph3mean?

A.Enlarge.B.Satisfy.C.Erase.D.Ignore.

30.Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?

A.Thewhitepartistastierbuthardertochew.B.ChefSugimotoisthefirstonetorecyclecrusts.

C.Theregularbreadasksforahighertemperature.D.TheHotelwillservecrustlesssandwichesafterOctober.

31.WhydidtheImperialHotelpromotethewhitecrustbread?

A.Tosatisfycustomers?needs.B.Todealwiththebreadwaste.

C.Todevelopanewtypeofbread.D.Toprovideanewoptionforluxurybakeries.

【答案】28.D29.C30.C31.B

【导语】本文为说明文，主要讲述了帝国酒店将要采用白面包皮的原因。

28.推理判断题。根据第二段中“Thisconceptdatesbacktoatimelongagowhenthecrustwashardertochew（咀

口爵）through,butthingsaredefinitelyalotdifferenttoday.Thecrustisniceandsoft,butpeoplestillseemtoprefer

crustlesssandwiches（这个概念可以追溯到很久以前，当时吐司皮很难咀嚼，但今天的情况肯定大不相同。吐

司皮很好很软，但人们似乎还是喜欢无壳三明治）“可知，虽然吐司皮比以前更软，但人们还坚持以前的想法，

更倾向于无壳三明治。由此推知，人们更喜欢无壳三明治是因为固定的习惯。故选D项。

29.词义猜测题。根据第三段中“Peoplehavebeencomingupwithallsortsofwaystorecyclebreadcrustsinorder

tocontrolfoodwaste,butSugimoto'sideawastocreateacrustthatdidn'thavetobethrownawayinthefirst

place（人们已经想出了各种各样的方法来回收面包皮，以控制食物浪费，但Sugimoto的想法是创造一种从一

开始就不必扔掉的面包皮片可知，Sugimoto的想法是创造一种不需要去掉面包皮的新型面包。由此可知，划

线词坐在句子意为“东京帝国酒店的主厨Sugimoto和他的团队花了六个月的时间开发了一种无需去皮的新

型面包”,即eliminates意为"去除”，故选C项。

30.细节理解题。根据第四段“AlthoughImperialHoteldidnotfullyrevealthesecretbehinditsnewwhitecrust

bread,itdidmentionthatitisbakedslowlyatalowertemperaturethanregularbread,whichresultsinawhitecolor

allthroughthebreadandamoremoisttexture（虽然帝国酒店没有完全揭示其新的白面包皮背后的秘密，但它确

实提到了它在比普通面包低的温度下缓慢烘焙，这导致整个面包呈白色，质地更加湿润）”可知，普通面包需

要的温度高，故选C项。

31.细节理解题。根据第五段中“startingonOctober1stofthisyear,theywillswitchtothisnewwhitecrustbread,

thusdecreasingitsfoodwasteconsiderably（从今年10月1日开始，他们将改用这种新的白面包，从而大大减

少食物浪费）”可知，改用白面包皮的H的是要减少食物浪费，故选B项。

Passage2

Nowresearchershavefoundthathumansproduceadifferentodor（气味）whenunderpressure—anddogs

cansniffitout.Whilepreviousstudieshavesuggesteddogsmightnoticehumanemotions,possiblythroughsmell,

questionsremainedoverwhethertheycoulddetectstressandifthiscouldbedonethroughsmell.

Wilson,headofoneresearchteam,pointedthefindingscouldproveusefulwhentrainingservicedogs,suchas

thosethatsupportpeoplewithPTSD（创伤后应激障碍）."They'reoftentrainedtolookatsomeoneeither

crouchingdownonthefloor,cryingoutinfear,orstartingtodoself-injuriousbehaviors,saidWilson.Thelatest

study,shesaid,offersanotherpotentialclue.

Wilsonandcolleaguestrainedfourdogstoidentifythecontainerholdingaparticularbreathandsweatsample,

evenwhenthecontainersincludedunusedgauze（纱布），samplesfromanotherperson,orsamplesfromthesame

persontakenatadifferenttimeofday.Aftertheteamisconfidentthatthedogsunderstoodtheapproach,they

turnedtocollectbreathandsweatsamplescollectedfrom36peopleaskedtocountbackwardsfrom9,000inunits

of17,andtheparticipantsreportedfeelingstressed.

Later,thedogsweretaughttopickoutsamplestakenjustafterthetask.Theresearchersthentestedwhether

thedogscoulddothesamewithsamplestakenfromthesameparticipantjustbeforethetask,whentheyweremore

relaxed.Eachsetofsampleswasshowntoasingledogin20trials.

Theresultsrevealthatthedogschosethe"stressed"samplein675outofthe720trials.Itwasprettyamazing

toseehowsmoothlythedogsactintellingpeoplethesetwosamplesdefinitelydifferent.

32.WhydidWilsonandcolleaguesdosuchanexperiment?

A.TotrainservicedogsforpeoplewithPTSD.B.Toconfirmdogscansmelloutstressedpeople.

C.Toprovedogscouldrecognizehumanemotions.D.Tohelppeopleunderstandhowstressedtheyare.

33.Theservicedogswillusuallyprovidehelpwhensomeone.

A.hurtshimselfB.liesonthebedC.producesanodorD.screamsinexcitement

34.Whichorderdoestheexperimentfollow?

a.Totraindogstopickouttheparticularcontainer.

b.TDshoweachsetofsamplestoasingledogin20trials.

c.Tocollectsamplesfromparticipantswhentheyarestressedout.

d.Toaskparticipantstocountbackwardsfrom9,000inunitsof17.

A.a-d-c-bB.a-c-d-bC.c-a-d-bD.c-a-b-d

35.Whafstheauthor'sattitudetowardsthefinding?

A.Negative.B.Positive.C.Uncertain.D.Neutral.

【答案】32.B33.A34.A35.B

【导语】本文是篇说明文。研究者们已经发现人类在压力下会一种不同的气味，而狗可以嗅出这种气味。

为此，Wilson和他的同事们一起进行了实验，并最终证实了这一发现。

32.推理判断题。根据第一段“Whilepreviousstudieshavesuggesteddogsmightnoticehumanemotions,possibly

throughsmell,questionsremainedoverwhethertheycoulddetectstressandifthiscouldbedonethroughsmell.”

（虽然之前的研究表明，狗可能通过嗅觉察觉到人类的情绪，但它们是否能察觉到压力，以及是否能通过

嗅觉察觉到压力，仍存在疑问。）及后面开始的实验可以推断，Wilson和同事们做实验是为了证明狗能够嗅

出有压力的人。故选B。

33.细节理解题。根据第二段“Wilson,headofoneresearchteam,pointedthefindingscouldproveusefulwhen

trainingservicedogs,suchasthosethatsupportpeoplewithPTSD（创伤后应激障碍）（Wilson是一个研究小组

的负责人，他指出，这•发现在训练服务犬时很有用，比如那些支持PTSD患者的服务犬。）和“Theyaoften

trainedtolookatsomeoneeithercrouchingdownonthefloor,cryingoutinfear,orstartingtodoself-injurious

behaviors"（它们通常被训练成看着那些蹲在地板上、害怕地大喊大叫或开始做自残行为的人）可知，服务

犬通常会在人们有伤害自己或是自残行为时提供帮助。故选Ao

34.细节理解题。根据第三段“Wilsonandcolleaguestrainedfourdogstoidentifythecontainerholdinga

particularbreathandsweatsample,（Wilson和他的同事们训练了四只狗来识别装着特定呼吸和汗水样本的容

器）可知，这是实验的第一步a；根据第三段“theyturnedtocollectbreathandsweatsamplescollectedfrom36

peopleaskedtocountbackwardsfrom9,000inunitsof17,andtheparticipantsreportedfeelingstressed.”（他们收

集了36人的呼吸和汗水样本，这些样本被要求以17为单位从900（）开始倒数，参与者表示感到有压力。）

可知，先是要求参与者以17为单位从9000开始倒数，即第二步d,再当他们感到有了压力时收集他们的呼

吸和汗水样本，即第三步c；最后根据第四段“Eachsetofsampleswasshowntoasingledogin20trials.^^（每

组样本在20次试验中向一只狗展示。）可知，最后一步是在20次实验中向一只狗展示每组样本，即第四步

bo所以实验顺序是a・d・c・b。故选A。

35.推理判断题。根据最后一段"Itwasprettyamazingtoseehowsmoothlythedogsactintellingpeoplethesetwo

samplesdefinitelydifferent.”（看到狗狗们如此流畅地告诉人们这两个样本绝对不同是非常令人惊叹的。）及

其中的“amazing”可知，作者认为实验的结果是肯定的、令人惊叹的。故选B。

3.【辽宁省中学20222023学年高一上学期期中试卷】

ThepipingploverisalreadyoneofthemostendangeredbirdsintheGreatLakesareaofthenorthernUnited

States.Now,therisingwaterlevelsofLakeMichiganfurtherthreatenthebirdsandtheareaswheretheylive.

PoolsofwaterareformingbehindseveralplovernestsalongSleepingBearDunesNationalLakeshoreinthe

stateofMichigan.ThewatersofLakeMichiganarenowonlyafewmetersfromtheplovers5nestingarea.Their

homecouldbeonestormawayfromdestruction.

VinceCavalieriworkswiththeU.S.FishandWildlifeService.HetoldtheAPthatthehighwaterlevelsput

ploversinmoredangerthanmostotherbirdgroups.Thatisbecausetheareaswheretheylivehavebeen

disappearing.HeaddedthatsomenestsontheCanadiansideoftheGreatLakesalsohavebeensweptaway.

TheGreatLakesgenerallyrisewiththemeltingsnowandrainstormsofspring,andfallduringthedrier

Summermonths.However,somescientistsbelieveclimatechangeiscausingmorechangesinwaterlevels.Ina

recentreport,researchersDrewGronewoldandRichardRoodsaid,"Quickchangesbetweenextremehighandlow

waterlevelsintheGreatLakesrepresentthe4newnormal.'"

Ifthatistrue,thepipingploverscouldbeatgreaterrisk.Theirnumbersalreadyhavedroppedbecauseof

shorelinedevelopment.ThefederalgovernmentliststhebirdsasthreatenedinthenorthernGreatPlainsandalong

theAtlanticcoast.

Recoveryprojectsarehelping,however.In2017,officialscounted76breedingpairsofplovers.Lastyear,

theycounted67.Cavalieriofthefishandwildlifeserviceexpectstoseesimilarnumbersthisyear.Mostofthis

year'splovereggswillhatchbytheendofJune.

4.Howdoestheauthordemonstratetheseverityofthepipingplover'slivingconditions?

A.Bymakingcomparison.B.Bylistingdetailedevidence.

C.Bygivingexamples.D.Bymakingpredictions.

5.Whyareploversmoreendangeredthanmostotherbirds?

A.Theyaretoosensitivetoclimatechanges.

B.Theirnestsarenotstrongenoughtostandastorm.

C.Thefederalgovernmentthinkslittleofprotectingplovers.

D.Theirhabitatsaregreatlydestroyedduetotherisingwaterlevels.

6.Whatcouldputthepipingploverinagreaterdanger?

A.Theirhomesaredisappearingrapidly.

B.Theirnumbersaredecreasingdramatically.

C.Theshorelinedevelopmentisswiftandunavoidable.

D.Theextremechangesinwaterlevelswilloccurfrequently.

7.WhatisVinceCavalieri'sattitudetowardsthefutureofthepipingplover?

A.Suspicious.B.Concerned.

C.Optimistic.D.Objective.

【答案】4.B5.D6.D7.C

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了thepipingplover已经是美国北部五大湖地区最濒危的鸟类之一，

而密歇根湖水位的上升进一步威胁到鸟类和它们生活的地区。

4.推理判断题。根据文章中的第二段“PoolsofwaterareformingbehindseveralplovernestsalongSleepingBear

DunesNationalLakeshoreinthestateofMichigan.ThewatersofLakeMichiganarenowonlyafewmetersfrom

theplovers'nestingarea.Theirhomecouldbeonestormawayfromdestruction.（密歇根州睡熊沙丘国家湖岸边

的几只plover巢穴后面形成了水池。密歇根湖的水域现在离plover的巢穴只有几米远。•场风暴就能摧毁

他们的家园）”可知，作者通过列出详细的证据来证明thepipingplover生活条件的严峻性。故选B项。

5.细节理解题。根据第三段中“VinceCavalieriworkswiththeU.S.FishandWildlifeService.HetoldtheAPthat

thehighwaterlevelsputploversinmoredangerthanmostotherbirdgroups.Thatisbecausetheareaswherethey

livehavebeendisappearing.（VinceCavalieri就职于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局。他告诉美联社，高水位使壬行

类比大多数其他鸟类更危险。这是因为他们居住的地区正在消失户可知，鹤鸟比其他鸟类更濒临灭绝的原因

是因为他们居住的地区正在消失。故选D项。

6.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Inarecentreport,researchersDrewGronewoldandRichardRoodsaid,“Quick

changesbetweenextremehighandlowwaterlevelsintheGreatLakesrepresentthe'newnormalJ”（在最近的一

份报告中，研究人员德鲁・格罗沃尔德和理查德・鲁德说广五大湖水位在极高和极低之间的快速变化代表着，新

常态以及第五段第一句中“Ifthatistrue,thepipingploverscouldbeatgreaterrisk.（如果这是真的，管状布

可能面临更大的风险）“可知，水位的极端变化会频繁发生使管状布鸟处于更大的危险中。故选D项。

7.推理判读题。根据最后一段中的"Recoveryprojectsarehelping,however.In2017,officialscounted76

breedingpairsofplovers.Lastyear,theycounted67.Cavalieriofthefishandwildlifeserviceexpectstosee

similarnumbersthisyear.Mostofthisyear5splovereggswillhatchbytheendofJune.（然而，恢复项目正在发挥

作用。2017年，官方统计了76对繁殖的鹤。去年，这一数字为67。鱼类和野生动物管理局的Cavalieri预

计今年会看到类似的数字。今年大部分的玲鸟蛋将在六月底孵化厂可知，Cavalieri认为今年会有鹤繁殖，这

说明恢复项目正在发挥作用，由此可推知，Cavalieri对管状圻科鸟的未来持乐观态度。故选C项。

4.【辽宁省大连市二十四中2022.2023学年高一上学期期中试题】

Passage1

Nowyoucanhavepolarbearsaspenfriends.Firstyouneedtofindone,thentranquilize（麻醉）itandquickly

giveitthenecessarytoolsbeforeitwakesup.It'sanawkwardfirstencounter-howmanyfriendshipsdoyouknow

thatstartwithtranquilizers?—andadmittedlyaone-sidedcorrespondence、butsoonthey'llbesendingmessages

daily.

Everymorning,JonAars,aseniorresearcherattheNorwegianPolarInstitute,receivesabunchofemailsfrom

severalfemalepolarbears,lettinghimknowwheretheyare.Eachyear,Aarsandhiscolleaguesfitaround70polar

bearswithatrackingcollarwhichcontinuouslylogsmovement.Onceadaythecollarsendsthelast24hoursof

databacktotheInstitute.

“Dataaboutmovementhasbeenveryimportanttounderstandhowtheymightrespondtoclimatechange.^^

Aarsexplains.

Awarmingclimatemeansavastamountofseaiceismelting.Severalsealspecies-polarbears'main

food—relyonseaice,andmoreoftenthannot,sodopolarbears.Asaresult,polarbearswillspendmoretimeon

landandlookfbrdifferentoptions.Aarsexplains.uTheyhuntreindeerandtheywilltakemorebirdsandeggs.We

haveseenthatbearsareindifferentareasthantheyusedtobe-somuchfurthernorth.^^

Thecollarcanalsorecordbodytemperature,whichcantellscientistsifabearhasmovedinsideahabitat—an

indicationthattheanimalisgoingtogivebirth.Seaicelossisalsohavinganimpactonwherepolarbearsareborn,

'importantareasthattheyusedtogotogivebirthtocubs（幼兽）aremoreorlesslost,“saysAars."Bearsarenow

swimmingasfaras200kilometerstoreachanislandhabitat,“headds,''somethingtheydidnotneedtodo20years

ago.”

Aarshopeshisresearchcouldrevealhowtohelphispenfriendsholdoutalittlelonge匚”Changesareso

significantandsofast;wewillreachsomestageinthefuturewhereitwillgetmuchhardertobeapolarbearin

Svalbard?'

8.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"correspondence“inparagraph1possiblymean?

A.Communication.B.Agreement.C.Performance.D.Control.

9.Whatisthefunctionofthecollar?

A.Itpreventspolarbearsfrombeingattacked.

B.Itallowsresearcherstodetectthemeltingseaice.

C.Itmakesiteasierforpolarbearstosearchforfood.

D.Ithelpsresearcherstomonitorpolarbears?activities.

10.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph4?

A.Polarbearscaneasilyadapttoclimatechange.

B.Polarbearsarelivingintoughconditions.

C.Thecollarhelpspolarbearsgivebirthtocurbs.

D.Polarbearsswimhardtofindtheiroldhabitats.

11.WhatisAars'attitudetowardsthefiitureofpolarbearsinSvalbard?

A.Optimistic.B.Tolerant.C.Uncaring.D.Concerned.

【答案】8.A9.D10.B11.D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学家在北极熊身上安装跟踪项圈来收集数据，以了解气候变

化对它们的影响。

8.词句猜测题。根据第一段所猜词后一句"butsoonthey511besendingmessagesdaily（但很快它们将每天发送

信息户可知，目前是单方面通信，但不久之后就会每天发送消息。由此推知，所猜词的意思为“交流”。故选

Ao

9.细节理解题。根据第二三段“Eachyear,Aarsandhiscolleaguesfitaround70polarbearswithatrackingcollar

whichcontinuouslylogsmovement.Onceadaythecollarmakesasatellitecall,sendingthelast24hoursofdata

backtotheInstitute.4kDataaboutmovementhasbeenveryimportanttounderstandhowtheymightrespondto

climatechange,“Aarsexplains.（每年，Aars和他的同事们在大约70只北极熊身上安装了一个追踪项圈，可以

连续记录它们的运动。项圈每天会打一次卫星电话，把过去24小时的数据发回研究所。“关于迁徙的数据

对于了解它们如何应对气候变化非常重要，"Aars解释道）”可知，这个项圈主要用来收集北极熊的运动数据。

故选Do

10.推理判断题。根据第四段“Awarmingclimatemeansavastamountofseaiceismelting.Severalseal

species-polarbears5mainfood-relyonseaice,andmoreoftenthannot,sodopolarbears.Asaresult,polar

bearswillspendmoretimeonlandandlookfordifferentoptions.Aarsexplains.ifcTheyhuntreindeerandtheywill

takemorebirdsandeggs.Wehaveseenthatbearsareindifferentareasthantheyusedtobe—somuchfurther

northJ（气候变暖意味着大量海冰正在融化。几种海豹物种——北极熊的主要食物依赖海冰，北极熊也

经常如此。因此，北极熊将在陆地上花费更多的时间，并寻找不同的选择。Aars解释道。“它们猎杀驯鹿，

会带走更多的鸟和蛋。我们已经看到，北极熊在不同的地区，比以前在更远的北方。”户可知，气候变化让

北极熊花更多的时间在陆地上去寻找食物。由此推知，北极熊生活在艰苦的环境中。故选B。

11.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Changesaresosignificantandsofast;wewillreachsomestageinthefuture

whereitwillgetmuchhardertobeapolarbearinSvalbard.（变化是如此显著和迅速；在未来的某个阶段，在斯

瓦尔巴特群岛做一只北极熊会变得更加困难）”可知,Aars认为北极熊以后的处境会更加艰难，即非常的担忧。

故选D。

Passage2

Palacesareknownfortheirbeautyandsplendor,buttheyofferlittleprotectionagainstattacks.Itiseasyto

defendafortress（要塞），butusuallyfortressesarenotdesignedwiththecomfortofakinginmind.Whenitcomes

tostructuresthatarebothbeautifulanddefensive,theEuropeancastleisabigsuccess.

CastleswereoriginallybuiltinEnglandbytheNormansin1066.Theybuilttowersandwallstosecurethe

landtheyhadtaken.ThesecastlesprovidedtheNormanswithaquietandsafeplace.Theyalsoservedasbasesof

operationforattacks.Inthiswaycastlesservedbothdefensiveandoffensiveroles.Besides,castlesservedas

officesforgovernors.Thosethatweresociallybeneaththegovernorwouldcometoreportaffairsandexpresstheir

respect.Theywouldaddressproblems,handlebusiness,feast,andenjoyfestivitiesincastles.Socastlesservedas

socialcentersaswell.

Thefirstcastlesweremadefromearthandwood,andtheywerelikelytosufferfromattacksbyfire.Then

woodencastlesweregraduallyreplacedbystone,whichgreatlyincreasedthestrengthofthesetowersandwalls.

However,attackerscouldthrowflamingobjectsintocastlesthroughthewindowsorburnthewoodendoors.This

ledtomovingthewindowsandentrancesoffthegroundflooranduptothefirstfloortomakethemmoredifficult

toaccess.

DuringtheMiddleAges,attacksincreasedinregularity,socastledefenseswereupdated.Arrow-slitswere

added.Theyweresmallholesinthecastle,whichalloweddefenderstofirewithoutbeinghurt.Towerswerebuilt

fromwhichdefenderscouldprovidefireonbothsides.Thetowerswereconnectedtothecastlebywoodenbridges,

sothatifonetowerfell,therestofthecastlewasstilleasytodefend.Alotofringsofcastlewallswereconstructed,

sothatevenifattackerswentpastonewall,theywouldbecaughtonakillinggroundbetweeninnerandouterwalls.

Alloftheseincreasedthedefenseofcastles.

Theendofcastlescanbeattributed（归因于）togunpowder.Duringthe15thcentury,artillery（炮）,akindof

largeguns,becamepowerfulenoughtobreakthroughstonewalls.Thisgreatlymadetheroleofcastlesless

effective.Thoughcastlesnolongerservetheiroriginalpurposes,remainingcastlesreceivemillionsofvisitorseach

yearwhowishtoexperiencethesituationsofancienttimes.

12.Theauthorintroducesthetopicofthetextby.

A.makingaguessB.makingacomparison

C.givinganexampleD.providingdata

13.Thereasonwhywoodencastleswerereplacedbystonecastleswasthat.

A.stonecastlescostlessmoney

B.stonecastlesofferedbetterdefense

C.woodencastleswereuncomfortable

D.woodencastlestookalongtimetobuild

14.Whichofthefollowingshowedanimprovementincastledefenses?

A.Castlesweretotallyseparatedbystones.

B.Arrow-slitsweremadeinlargequantities.

C.Ringsofwallswerebuilttodefendthetowers.

D.Windowsandentrancesweremovedtothehigherfloor.

15.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?

A.FancyLiving:LearningaboutCastles

B•Normans:BringingCastlestoEngland

C.AHistoryofCastles:TheRiseandFallofCastles

D.DefendingCastles:TechnologiesUsedtoDefendCastles

【答案】12.B13.B14.D15.C

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述城堡的历史和兴衰。

12.推理判断题。根据第一段“Palacesareknownfortheirbeautyandsplendor,buttheyofferlittleprotection

againstattacks.Itiseasytodefendafortress（要塞），butusuallyfortressesarenotdesignedwiththecomfortofa

kinginmind.Whenitcomestostructuresthatarebothbeautifulanddefensive,theEuropeancastleisabig

success.（宫殿以其美丽和辉煌而闻名，但它们几乎无法抵御攻击。保卫要塞很容易，但通常要塞的设计并没

有考虑到国王的舒适。说到既美观又具有防御能力的建筑，欧洲城堡是一个巨大的成功户可推知，作者先对

比了宫殿和要塞，说明了两者各自的优缺点，再引出即既美观又具有防御能力的城堡，即文章的话题。故

选B项。

13.推理判断题。根据第一三段中“Thenwoodencastlesweregraduallyreplacedbystone,whichgreatlyincreased

thestrengthofthesetowersandwalls.（后来，木制城堡逐渐被石头取代，这大大提高了这些塔和墙的强度）“可

推知，木头城堡被石头城堡取代的原因是石头城堡提供了更好的防御。故选B项。

14.细节理解题。根据第三段“However,attackerscouldthrowflamingobjectsintocastlesthroughthewindowsor

burnthewoodendoors.Thisledtomovingthewindowsandentrancesoffthegroundflooranduptothefirstfloor

tomakethemmoredifficulttoaccess.（然而，攻击者可以通过窗户向城堡投掷燃烧的物体或烧毁木门。这导致

将窗户和入口从一楼移到二楼，使它们更难以进入厂可知，窗户和入口被移到较高的楼层表明城堡防御的改

善。故选D项。

15.主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段最后一句"Whenitcomestostructuresthatarebothbeautifuland

defensive,theEuropeancastleisabigsuccess.（当谈到既美观又防御性的建筑时，欧洲城堡