四川省成都市成华区某校高三上学期一模英语试题

一诊模拟考试英语第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1.Whereisthewomanprobablyfrom?A.Peru.B.Britain.C.Mexico.2.Whatwillthemandotonight?A.Attendaparty.B.Replytoaninvitation.C.Playfootball.3.Whatdoesthewomanthinkofheroldroommate?A.Selfish.B.Thoughtful.C.Careful.4.Whatshouldthecitydoaccordingtothewoman?A.Createmorejobs.B.Improvetheairquality.C.Closesomebusinesses.5.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A.Theirdailyroutine.B.Theirdormitory.C.Theweather.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听下面一段对话，回答第6和第7两个小题。6.Howdoesthewomansuggestthemangethome?A.Bybus.B.Bycar.C.Bytaxi.7.Wherearethespeakers?A.Athome.B.Atabusstation.C.Atarestaurant.听下面一段对话，回答第8至9题。8.Whyisthemanatthesupermarkettoday?A.Todosomeshopping.B.Tocarryoutasurvey.C.Tomeettheowner.9.Whatchangedidtheownermaketothesupermarketlastyear?A.Thelocation.B.Thename.C.Themanager.听下面一段对话，回答第10至12题。10.Whatisthewomandoing?A.Borrowingatent.B.Returningatent.C.Packingatent.11.Whatisthewoman’smotivationforclimbing?A.Togetclosetonature.B.Tohavefun.C.Toimproveherfitness.12.Wherewillthespeakersclimbtogether?AInthewild.B.Ataclimbingcenter.C.Atagym.听下面一段对话，回答第13至16题。13.Whatisthewoman’sopinionaboutherideaoftheonlinebusiness?A.It’sunique.B.It’spractical.C.It’schallenging.14.Whywillthewomancontactartists?A.Toseetheirworks.B.Tolookforinspiration.C.Todobusinesswiththem.15.Whatwillthewomandoforlargeorders?A.Offerfreedelivery.B.Chargeasmallfee.C.Giveadiscount.16.Whatisspecialaboutthepackaging?A.It’sluxury.B.It’sofgoodquality.C.It’senvironmentallyfriendly.听下面一段独白，回答第17至20题。17.Wherearedrinksservedallday?A.Inthecafe.B.Inthediningroom.C.Bytheswimmingpool.18.Whatwillthelistenersprobablydoaround1p.m.?A.Havelunch.B.Goswimming.C.Attendaconference.19.Whatdoesthespeakerapologizefor?A.Theupdatedprogram.B.Thehightemperature.C.Thelatelunch.20.Whydoestheconferenceprogramhavetobechanged?A.Someroomsarebeingrepaired.B.TheGeneralManagercan’te.C.Aspeakerisn’tabletogivehertalk.第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡将该项涂黑。AWELETODENTAL2023IMPLANTCENTERGRANDOPENING!!VISITOURNEWLOCATION3317E.10thST.,LONGBEACHSavethiscoupon(优惠券)andyoucanenjoythemaximumdiscountinournewoffice:Singletoothimplantcostsonly$700!(A10%discountofnormal).Includingimplant,abutmentandcrown.*Duedate:03/31/24.Cannotbebinedwithinsurancefeesorothercoupons.Newpatientsonly.NOWSERVINGYOUINTHREELOCATIONS!IRVINE:39CreekRoad,Suite210LAGUNANIGUEL:30012CrownValleyPkwy,STEBUnliketraditionalartificialteeth,whichareremovable,dentalimplantsaresurgicallyplacedintothejawboneandthentoppedwitharestorationsuchasadentalcrown.Theyfeelmuchmorenaturalthanconventionalalternatives.Additionally,dentalimplantscanhelptopreventbonedeterioration(退化)thatiscausedbymissingteeth.Thebonebeginstodeterioratewhenyouloseatoothbecauseitisnolongerbeingstimulateddaily.Thiscanleadtoseverebonelossovertime.Butbyplacingdentalimplantsintothejawbone,wecanpreservethisstructure.Ifyou’remissingone,two,orallofyourteeth,weencourageyoutovisitournewofficeinLongBeach,orcall(949)8576757toscheduleyourappointment.Wewouldbehappytohelpyoufindthebesttreatmentplantorestoreyoursmileandhelpyouenjoybetteroralhealthsoon!1.What’stherestrictionofthecoupon?A.ItisvalidonlyonMarch31st. B.Itdoesn’tsupportphonereservation.C.Onlynewpatientscanuseit. D.Itmustbeusedwithinsurancefees.2.Whichisanadvantageofdentalimplants?A.Theycostlittlemoney. B.Theypreservethejawbone.C.Theycanbeeasilyremoved. D.Theypreventteethmissing.3.Whatisthepurposeofthetext?A.Toexplainhowtoimplantteeth. B.Tointroducethreeimplantcenters.C.Toadvertiseanewlyopeneddentalcenter. D.Topopularizetheknowledgeoforalhealth.【答案】1.C2.B3.C【解析】【导语】本文是应用文。为一则“牙科2023种植中心”的开业广告。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据“Duedate:03/31/24.Cannotbebinedwithinsurancefeesorothercoupons.Newpatientsonly.(截止日期:03/31/24。不能与保险费或其他优惠券合并使用。仅限新患者)”可知，优惠券只有新患者才能使用它。故选C项。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Additionally,dentalimplantscanhelptopreventbonedeterioration(退化)thatiscausedbymissingteeth.Thebonebeginstodeterioratewhenyouloseatoothbecauseitisnolongerbeingstimulateddaily.Thiscanleadtoseverebonelossovertime.Butbyplacingdentalimplantsintothejawbone,wecanpreservethisstructure.(此外，种植牙可以帮助防止因缺牙而导致的骨质退化。当你失去一颗牙齿时，骨头就开始恶化，因为它不再每天受到刺激。随着时间的推移，这会导致严重的骨质流失。但是通过在颌骨中植入牙齿，我们可以保留这种结构)”可知，种植牙的优点是保存了颌骨。故选B项。【3题详解】推理判断题。根据本文标题“WELETODENTAL2023IMPLANTCENTERGRANDOPENING!!VISITOURNEWLOCATION(欢迎来到牙科2023种植中心.隆重开幕!!参观我们的新地点)”以及最后一段“Ifyou’remissingone,two,orallofyourteeth,weencourageyoutovisitournewofficeinLongBeach,orcall(949)8576757toscheduleyourappointment.Wewouldbehappytohelpyoufindthebesttreatmentplantorestoreyoursmileandhelpyouenjoybetteroralhealthsoon!(如果你缺了一颗、两颗或所有的牙齿，我们建议你去我们在长滩的新办公室，或者打(949)8576757预约你的预约。我们很乐意帮助您找到最好的治疗方案，恢复您的笑容，让您早日享受更好的口腔健康!)”可推知，本文的目的是为一家新开的牙科中心做广告。故选C项。BParentsoftenthinkthattheirkidsshouldbegoodatstudiesanddowellinsports.That’susuallythecasebecauseparentsfeelthatcouldgettheirchildrenadmissiontotopcolleges.However,MelissaandMarkWimmerthinkdifferently.Their14yearoldson,Mike,isaprodigy.HeisamemberofMensa,whichistheworld’stopIQclub.Hepletedhishighschool,associate’sandbachelor’sdegreesallinthreeyears.That’snotall.Healsorantwotechpanies,foundedathirdonethatworkstowardscontrollingthepopulationoflionfish,aninvasive(入侵的)species.ButtheparentsareproudthattheywereabletohelpMikewithhissocialskillsalongwithhisintellectualskills.MelissatoldCNBCthatpeopleexpected“YoungSheldon”beforetheymetherson.YoungSheldonisatelevisionshowaboutachildtalentwhoisanindoormanandlackssocialskills.“ButoncetheytalktoMike,theyunderstandthathe’sjustanormal14yearoldthathappenstobeabletodoamazingthings,”saidMelissa.MarkandMelissagottoknowabouttheirchild’sintelligencewhenheenteredpreschool.Achildpsychologisttoldthemthattheirsonwouldneedadifferentcoursetosupporthisfasttrackdevelopment.Manyparentsaren’tfortablewithputtingtheirchildrenwith18yearolds,butMike’sparentssawthevalueinlettingtheirchildgothroughit.“Iwantedhimtobesocialandbeabletodealwithallthedifferentpersonalitiesintheclassroomswitholderchildren,”saidMelissa.TheparentssharedthattheywereabletodothisbylettingMikefindhisownvoiceandputittouse.“Welethimorderfoodwhenhe’s3or4fromthewaiterorwaitressandintroducehimselftopeople.Thosekindsofthingsaredonetoencouragehimtoengagewitheveryoneelseandbemorefortabletalkingtoothersoutsideofourenvironment,”saidMelissa.Thankstohisparents,Mikehaslearnedtogetalongwithyoungandoldalike.4.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“aprodigy”inparagraph2referto?A.Agiftedperson. B.Afamousstudent.C.Abrilliantbiologist. D.Asuccessfulbusinessman.5.WhatcanweinferaboutthechildintheshowYoungSheldon?A.Helikestomakefriends. B.Heisawellroundedman.C.Heisapopularchildactor. D.Heispooratdealingwithpeople.6.HowdidMarkandMelissadiscoverMike’shighintelligence?A.Througharemendationfromachildpsychologist.B.ThroughobservingMike’sbehaviorinpreschool.C.Throughparticipatinginaspecialeducationalprogram.D.ThroughtheinformationprovidedbyMike’sschoolteachers.7.WhatdoMike’sparentsdotoimprovehissocialskills?A.Teachhimsomemunicationrules. B.Encouragehimtospeakinclass.C.Placehiminsocialsituations. D.Lethimgotoschoolalone.【答案】4.A5.D6.A7.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了天才少年Mike的父母在助力儿子发展智力的同时，鼓励并帮助他发展社交技能的故事。【4题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词的下文“HeisamemberofMensa,whichistheworld’stopIQclub.Hepletedhishighschool,associate’sandbachelor’sdegreesallinthreeyears.(他是全球顶尖的智商俱乐部门萨的成员。他在三年内完成了高中、副学士和学士学位)”可知，Mike的智商非常高，学习能力非常强，能迅速完成学业。由此可知，他应该是一个天才，aprodigy意思应该是“极具天赋的人”。故选A项。【5题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段中“YoungSheldonisatelevisionshowaboutachildtalentwhoisanindoormanandlackssocialskills.(《小谢尔顿》是一部关于一个天才少年的电视节目，他是一个宅在家里的男孩，缺乏社交能力)”可知，《小谢尔顿》这部剧中的天才少年宅在家里，缺乏社交能力。由此可知，他不善于与人打交道。故选D项。【6题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中“MarkandMelissagottoknowabouttheirchild’sintelligencewhenheenteredpreschool.Achildpsychologisttoldthemthattheirsonwouldneedadifferentcoursetosupporthisfasttrackdevelopment.(Mark和Melissa在孩子上幼儿园的时候就开始了解他的智商了。一位儿童心理学家告诉他们，他们的儿子需要一个不同的处理方式来支持他的快速发展)”可知，通过一位儿童心理学家的建议，Mark和Melissa发现了Mike的高智商。故选A项。【7题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中Melissa所说的话“Welethimorderfoodwhenhe’s3or4fromthewaiterorwaitressandintroducehimselftopeople.Thosekindsofthingsaredonetoencouragehimtoengagewitheveryoneelseandbemorefortabletalkingtoothersoutsideofourenvironment(当他三四岁的时候，我们让他从服务员那里点餐，并向人们介绍自己。做这些事情是为了鼓励他和其他人交流，让他更愿意和我们环境之外的人交流)”可知，Mike的父母让他置身社交场合中，鼓励他和其他人交流，从而提高他的社交技能。故选C项。CUpskillingisthefuture—butitmustworkforeveryoneAutomationandjobreplacementwillbeoneofthemostsignificantchallengesfortheglobaleconomyoftheingdecades.A2017Mckinseyreportestablishedthat375millionworkerswillneedtoswitchoccupationalcategoriesby2030.TheWorldEconomicForumsuggeststhatby2022,automationwillreplace75millionjobsglobally—butcreate133millionnewones.Researchintothelikelihoodthatajobwillbeimpactedbydigitizationhaslargelyfocusedonthe“automatability”oftheroleandthefollowingeconomicregionalandpoliticaleffectsofthis.Whatthisresearchdoesn’ttakeintoaccountissomethingmoreimportantforthemillionsoftaxidriversandretailworkersacrosstheglobe:theirlikelihoodofbeingabletochangetoanotherjobthatisn’tautomatable.Recentresearchsuggeststhattheanswertothismaybethattheskillsthatenableworkerstomoveuptheladdertomoreplexroleswithintheircurrentareasmightbelessimportantthanbroaderskillsthatwillenableworkerstochangeacrossdivisions.InJuly,Amazonannouncedthatitwouldspend$700millionretrainingaround30%ofits300,000USworkforce.Whilepraiseworthy,itwillbeinterestingtoseetheoute.IntheUK,theNationalRetrainingSchemehaslargelybeenledbyemployers,meaningthatthoseonzerohourscontractsandparttimeworkers—oftenlowskilled—willmissout.Governancewillbeacrucialelementofensuringthatsuchschemesfocusonindividualsandlifelonglearning,ratherthanupskillingworkersintorolesthatwillsoonalsofaceautomation.AccordingtotheMckinseyreport,“growingawarenessofthescaleofthetaskaheadhasyettotranslateintoaction.PublicspendingonlabourforcetrainingandsupporthasfallenforyearsinmostmembercountriesoftheOrganisationforEconomicCoOperationandDevelopment,”whichimpactsmorethanjustthelowskilledandpoorlypensated.Theglobalimpactofautomationisalsoputintoreliefbyresearchdemonstratingthat,between1988and2015,ineinequalityincreasedthroughouttheworld.BillionsofpeopledonothavetheessentialsoflifeasdefinedbytheUNSustainableDevelopmentgoals.Alongsideclimatechange,automationisarguablytech’sbiggestchallenge.Aswithglobalization,governmentsandemployers—andusworkers—ignoreitspotentialconsequencesatrisktoourselves.8.ItcanbeknownfromParagraph2that.A.recentresearchhasfoundwaystofaceautomationB.broadskillsareofgreatsignificanceinchangingjobsC.regionaleconomycanaffecttheautomatabilityofajobD.itisevenharderforworkerstomoveupthesocialladder9.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsretrainingprograms?A.Supportive. B.Critical.C.Skeptical. D.Sympathetic.10.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisoneconsequenceofautomation?A.Lessspendingontraining. B.Aslowdownofglobalization.C.Socialunrestandinstability. D.Anincreaseinineinequality.11.Thepassageiswrittento.A.arguetheurgencyofcreatingnewjobs B.pareglobalizationwithautomationC.analyzetheautomatabilityofcertainjobs D.stresstheimportanceofupskillingworkers【答案】8.B9.C10.D11.D【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了自动化和就业替代将是未来几十年全球经济面临的最重大挑战之一，而要应对这一趋势，当务之急是提高自身技能，尤其是跨部门跳槽所需的广泛技能。文章说明了再培训项目存在的问题，指出除了气候变化，自动化可以说是科技面临的最大挑战。就像全球化一样，政府和雇主——以及美国工人——忽视了全球化对我们自身的潜在影响。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中Recentresearchsuggeststhattheanswertothismaybethattheskillsthatenableworkerstomoveuptheladdertomoreplexroleswithintheircurrentareasmightbelessimportantthanbroaderskillsthatwillenableworkerstochangeacrossdivisions.可知最近的研究表明，这个问题的答案可能是，使工人能够在其目前的领域内晋升到更复杂的角色的技能，可能不如使工人能够跨部门转换的更广泛的技能重要。由此可知，广泛的技能在换工作中是非常重要的。故选B。【9题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段中IntheUK,theNationalRetrainingSchemehaslargelybeenledbyemployers,meaningthatthoseonzerohourscontractsandparttimeworkers—oftenlowskilled—willmissout.可知在英国，国家再培训计划在很大程度上是由雇主主导的，这意味着那些签订零时合同的人和兼职工人——往往技能低下——将会错过机会。由此可推知，作者对再培训计划持怀疑态度。故选C。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中Theglobalimpactofautomationisalsoputintoreliefbyresearchdemonstratingthat,between1988and2015,ineinequalityincreasedthroughouttheworld.可知研究表明，1988年至2015年期间，世界各地的收入不平等现象加剧，这也让自动化对全球的影响得到了缓解。由此可推知，作者认为自动化的一个后果是收入不平等加剧。故选D。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据文章标题Upskillingisthefuture—butitmustworkforeveryone(技能提升是未来趋势，但它必须适用于每个人)结合文章主要说明了自动化和就业替代将是未来几十年全球经济面临的最重大挑战之一，而要应对这一趋势，当务之急是提高自身技能，尤其是跨部门跳槽所需的广泛技能。文章说明了再培训项目存在的问题，指出除了气候变化，自动化可以说是科技面临的最大挑战。就像全球化一样，政府和雇主——以及工人——忽视了全球化对我们自身的潜在影响。由此可推知，这篇文章是为了强调提高工人技能的重要性。故选D。DInthe1770s,anEnglishdoctorcalledEdwardJennergavehisgardener’ssoncowpox(牛痘)andthendeliberatelyinfectedhimwithsmallpox(天花)totesthisassumptionthatpeoplewhowerefrequentlyexposedtocowpox,asimilarbutlessseverevirus,wouldavoidcatchingsmallpox.Itworkedandcowpoxasthevaccine(疫苗)washighlyeffective.“Vaccination”,fromtheLatinwordforcow,soonbecamemonplace.Challengetrialsareformsofresearchwhere,ratherthanrelyingondatafromnaturalinfections,weintentionallyexposesomeonetoadiseaseinordertotesttheeffectivenessofavaccineortreatment.ThingshavechangedalotsinceJenner’stime,ofcourse,whenitwasnotunmonfordoctorstoconductthiskindofresearch.Evenso,there’sthecontinuoussensethatthere’ssomethingimmoralaboutmakingsomeoneillonpurpose.Butthisshouldn’tblindustotheextraordinarypowerofchallengetrials.Theycouldbeeincreasinglyimportantweaponsinthemedicalresearch,inasituationwherevaccinetechnologyisadvancingandthethreatofdiseasesjumpingfromanimalsintohumanbeingsisincreasing.Muchhasbeendonetoreducetherisksofchallengetrials.Likerespiratorysyncytialvirus(RSV),researchershaveinvolvedadultswhoareatalowriskofsevereillness.Theseactshavealreadycutdownamassiverangeofvaccinecandidates.Withtheirhelp,theworldwillsoonhavethefirstvaccinesagainstRSV,whichkillstensofthousandsofnewbornbabieseachyear.Butnotalldiseasesareliketheseones.Wedon’talwaysknowthedangersvolunteersmightface;wedon’talwayshavetreatmentsready.Whatthen?Wecould,ofcourse,justavoidthesequestionsentirely,andrelyonothertypesofresearch.Butthatdoesn’talwayswork:sometimes,animaltestingistrickyanduninformative,becausethediseasedoesn‘tdevelopinthesamewayasitwouldinhumans.Incontrast,challengetrialscanbedeeplyinformativewithinweeks,withfarfewervolunteers.Andthebenefitscanbesurprisinglyhigh.Takethelatestpandemic.Attheendoflastyear,asthenumberofdeathsisestimatedtohavereachedabout17.8million,it’salsoestimatedthat20millionhadbeensavedbyvaccines.Intheyearstoe,theywillhopefullysavemillionsmore.Inordertomakesureweareasprotectedaspossiblefromcurrentandfuturethreats,weshouldtrytogetridofthemisbeliefinchallengetrials,makingthemamorefamiliarpartofourtoolkits.Perhapsthegreatestrewardofallwouldbetomakesureparticipants’effortsareworthwhile:bydesigningtrialstobefairandeffectiveandapplyingthemwhenandwheretheymightmakearealdifference.Inshort,byhelpingthemtosavethousands,ifnotmillionsoflives.12.TheauthortellsthestoryofEdwardJennermainlyto______.A.giveadefinitionofchallengetrialsB.introducethetopicofchallengetrialsC.highlighttheeffectivenessofhisvaccineD.explaintheoriginoftheword“vaccination”13.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Theissuesbehindchallengetrialscanbesolved.B.Thedangersofchallengetrialsoutweighthebenefitstheybring.C.Challengetrialscanbenefitnumerouslivesinspiteoftheirrisks.D.Challengetrialscansetbackthedevelopmentofvaccinetechnologies.14.Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?A.Peopleshouldstillbecarefulaboutchallengetrials.B.Amoreopenattitudeshouldbetakentowardschallengetrials.C.Challengetrialsguaranteeparticipantsprotectionagainstthreats.D.Morevolunteersinvolvedcanimprovetheaccuracyofchallengetrials.15.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Shouldweusechallengetrialstofindcures?B.Canchallengetrialsbeablocktomedicalprogress?C.Canchallengetrialsbetheendofinfectiousdiseases?D.Shouldwereplaceanimaltestingwithchallengetrials?【答案】12.B13.C14.B15.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。它提供了关于医学研究中挑战试验的信息，并阐述了挑战试验的优势和重要性。通过简明扼要地介绍，以及使用有据可查的数据和案例，解释挑战试验在医学研究中的用途和潜在效益。【12题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Inthe1770s,anEnglishdoctorcalledEdwardJennergavehisgardener’ssoncowpox(牛痘)andthendeliberatelyinfectedhimwithsmallpox(天花)totesthisassumptionthatpeoplewhowerefrequentlyexposedtocowpox,asimilarbutlessseverevirus,wouldavoidcatchingsmallpox.(18世纪70年代，一位名叫爱德华·詹纳(EdwardJenner)的英国医生让他的园丁的儿子染上牛痘，然后故意让他感染天花，以检验他的假设，即经常接触牛痘(一种类似但不那么严重的病毒)的人会避免感染天花)”以及第二段“Challengetrialsareformsofresearchwhere,ratherthanrelyingondatafromnaturalinfections,weintentionallyexposesomeonetoadiseaseinordertotesttheeffectivenessofavaccineortreatment.(挑战试验是一种研究形式，我们不是依靠自然感染的数据，而是故意让某人接触某种疾病，以测试疫苗或治疗的有效性)”可知，作者讲述爱德华·詹纳的故事是为了介绍挑战试验的话题。故选B项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“Evenso,there’sthecontinuoussensethatthere’ssomethingimmoralaboutmakingsomeoneillonpurpose.(即便如此，人们仍然认为故意让别人生病是不道德的)”以及第三段“Butthisshouldn’tblindustotheextraordinarypowerofchallengetrials.Theycouldbeeincreasinglyimportantweaponsinthemedicalresearch,inasituationwherevaccinetechnologyisadvancingandthethreatofdiseasesjumpingfromanimalsintohumanbeingsisincreasing.(但这不应该让我们忽视挑战试验的非凡力量。在疫苗技术不断进步、疾病从动物传染给人类的威胁日益增加的情况下，它们可能成为医学研究中越来越重要的武器)”可知，尽管有风险，但挑战试验可以使许多生命受益。故选C项。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Inordertomakesureweareasprotectedaspossiblefromcurrentandfuturethreats,weshouldtrytogetridofthemisbeliefinchallengetrials,makingthemamorefamiliarpartofourtoolkits.Perhapsthegreatestrewardofallwouldbetomakesureparticipants’effortsareworthwhile:bydesigningtrialstobefairandeffectiveandapplyingthemwhenandwheretheymightmakearealdifference.Inshort,byhelpingthemtosavethousands,ifnotmillionsoflives.(为了确保我们尽可能免受当前和未来的威胁，我们应该努力消除对挑战试验的误解，使其成为我们工具箱中更为常见的一部分。也许最大的回报将是确保参与者的努力是值得的：通过设计公平、有效的试验，并在可能产生真正差异的时间和地点应用这些试验。简而言之，通过帮助他们拯救成千上万，甚至数百万人的生命)”可知，本文作者想告诉我们对挑战试验应采取更开放的态度。故选B项。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Challengetrialsareformsofresearchwhere,ratherthanrelyingondatafromnaturalinfections,weintentionallyexposesomeonetoadiseaseinordertotesttheeffectivenessofavaccineortreatment.ThingshavechangedalotsinceJenner’stime,ofcourse,whenitwasnotunmonfordoctorstoconductthiskindofresearch.Evenso,there’sthecontinuoussensethatthere’ssomethingimmoralaboutmakingsomeoneillonpurpose.(挑战试验是一种研究形式，我们不是依靠自然感染的数据，而是故意让某人接触某种疾病，以测试疫苗或治疗的有效性。当然，与詹纳的时代相比，情况发生了很大变化，当时医生进行这类研究并不罕见。即便如此，人们仍然认为故意让别人生病是不道德的)”以及纵观全文可知，本文讲述了尽管有风险，但挑战试验可以使许多生命受益，并且目前已采取很多方法来降低这种风险，呼吁人们对挑战试验应采取更开放的态度。所以A项“Shouldweusechallengetrialstofindcures?”是本文最好的标题。故选A项。第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。Manyofussetgoals,butsometimeswefailtoachievethem.Therearemanycauseswhywedon’tmanagetorealizeourgoals.____16____Thereisaway,though,tohelpaddressthisproblem:setreminders.Peopleemployapsychologicalstrategycalledcognitive(认知的)offloading,whereweuseaphysicalactiontoreducedemandsonourbrain.Specifically,wemayoutsourceourintentionsfrombeingstoredinourbrainstoremindersoutsideourhead.____17____Understandingthebenefitsofcognitiveoffloadingcanimproveourabilitytorememberandfollowthroughwithourintentions.Thebiggestbenefitissimplythatitimprovesmemoryperformance.Itincreasestheprobabilitythatwewillworktowardsthegoalsweneedtoreach.____18____“Themoreweoffloadunimportantinformation,suchasitemsonashoppinglist,themorewecanuseourbrainforthosemoresignificantcognitivetasks,suchascreativity,”saidSamGilbert,professorattheUniversityCollegeLondon.____19____Still,therearepotentialnegativepartsforit.Wearemorelikelytoforgetwhatweoffloadedifwenolongeraccessourstorage,suchaswhenoursmartphonedies.Wealsotendtooffloadtheimportantthingswemostwanttoremember.Inasurprisetestwheretheirreminderswerewipedclean,theparticipantsweremorelikelytoforgettheimportantitemsandrecalltheunimportantones,thatis,themoreimportanttheintentionwewanttoremember,themorelikelywearetooffloadit—andtoforgetit.We’dbettertendtocreatereminderswhenwethinkweneedthem,butnotnecessarilywhenwedoneedthem.____20____“Ifourunderstandingofourmemoryabilityiswrong,thissuggeststhatwewilleitheroveruseorunderusereminders,”Gilbertsaid.“Wecanlearnbynoticingthetimesthatwehaveforgottentodosomethingandcouldhaveusedreminderstohelp.”A.Cognitiveoffloadinghasnoticeablebenefits.B.Onemonreasonisthatwesimplyforgetthem.C.Besides,itcanfreeupourlimitedcognitiveresources.DAgoodexamplecanbedocumentsonoursmartphonecalendars.E.Theprocessofcognitiveoffloadinghelpsusidentifyfalseinformation.F.Ourbeliefsabouthowgoodourmemoryisdirectlyinfluencewhetherwesetthem.G.Otherexpertssayit’stoosoontounderstandhowcognitiveoffloadingaffectsourbrains.【答案】16.B17.D18.C19.A20.F【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。介绍了认知卸载的好处和坏处，以及什么时候创建提醒。【16题详解】根据前文“Therearemanycauseswhywedon’tmanagetorealizeourgoals.(我们无法实现目标的原因有很多)”可知，此处是说明无法实现目标的原因，所以B项“Onemonreasonisthatwesimplyforgetthem.(一个常见的原因是我们只是忘记了它们)”符合主题，并引出下文“Thereisaway,though,tohelpaddressthisproblem:setreminders.(不过，有一个方法可以帮助解决这个问题：设置提醒)”。故选B项。17题详解】根据前文“Peopleemployapsychologicalstrategycalledcognitive(认知的)offloading,whereweuseaphysicalactiontoreducedemandsonourbrain.Specifically,wemayoutsourceourintentionsfrombeingstoredinourbrainstoremindersoutsideourhead.(人们采用一种叫做认知卸载的心理策略，即我们用身体动作来减少对大脑的需求。具体来说，我们可能会把我们的意图从储存在大脑里外包给大脑外的提醒)”可知，此处讲述了设置提醒具体方法，所以D项“Agoodexamplecanbedocumentsonoursmartphonecalendars.(一个很好的例子就是我们智能日历上的文档)”是对此方法的具体举例，符合文意。故选D项。【18题详解】根据前文“Understandingthebenefitsofcognitiveoffloadingcanimproveourabilitytorememberandfollowthroughwithourintentions.Thebiggestbenefitissimplythatitimprovesmemoryperformance.Itincreasestheprobabilitythatwewillworktowardsthegoalsweneedtoreach.(了解认知卸载的好处可以提高我们的记忆能力和贯彻我们的意图的能力。最大的好处就是提高了记忆性能。它增加了我们朝着我们需要达到的目标努力的可能性)”可知，此处在讲述了解认知卸载的好处，根据后文““Themoreweoffloadunimportantinformation,suchasitemsonashoppinglist,themorewecanuseourbrainforthosemoresignificantcognitivetasks,suchascreativity,”saidSamGilbert,professorattheUniversityCollegeLondon.(伦敦大学学院的教授山姆·吉尔伯特说：“我们越不去想那些不重要的信息，比如购物清单上的东西，我们就越能把大脑用于那些更重要的认知任务，比如创造力。”)”是在讲述另一个好处，所以空处应是C项“Besides,itcanfreeupourlimitedcognitiveresources.(此外，它可以释放我们有限的认知资源)”符合文意，描述另一个好处，引出下文。故选C项。【19题详解】分析设空，位于段首，根据后文“Still,therearepotentialnegativepartsforit.(不过，它也有潜在的负面影响)”可知，空处应是承上启下的作用，由上文介绍好处，转到讲述缺点，所以A项“Cognitiveoffloadinghasnoticeablebenefits.(认知卸载有明显的好处)”符合文意，承接上文，并和后文构成转折关系。故选A项。【20题详解】根据前文“We’dbettertendtocreatereminderswhenwethinkweneedthem,butnotnecessarilywhenwedoneedthem.(当我们认为我们需要提醒时，我们最好创建提醒，但不一定是在我们确实需要的时候)”以及后文““Ifourunderstandingofourmemoryabilityiswrong,thissuggeststhatwewilleitheroveruseorunderusereminders,”Gilbertsaid.(吉尔伯特说：“如果我们对记忆能力的理解是错误的，这表明我们要么过度使用提醒，要么使用不足。”)”可知，空处应是过渡句，所以F项“Ourbeliefsabouthowgoodourmemoryisdirectlyinfluencewhetherwesetthem.(我们对自己记忆力好坏的看法直接影响到我们是否能记好)”是对前文的进一步说明，并引出下文。故选F项。第三部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节完形填空（共2小题：每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Pharez,aformerstudentofmine,isnowateacheratmyhighschool.Shewalkedbymeinthe____21____thisafternoonandsaidwithasmile,“Ms.Harris,Iknowyouloveourwordoftheweek—integrity(诚实正直).IhearditontheannouncementsthismorningandI____22____thoughtofyou.”Ireplied,“ThankyouPharez,that____23____myday.”Shewentontosay,“Ialways____24____youtalkingtousaboutintegrityand____25____andhowimportanttheywere.”I____26____heragainandshe____27____downthehallway.AsIreflectonthis____28____,itbringsasmiletomyface.Ofthem