英语高考习题复习十一 推测词义

专题十一推测词义

高考

题组一单词类

Passage1（2021新高考I,C）话题:环境保护难度:中词数：305

WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskies

andlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshad

takencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittookthe

explorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartof

theseresources.MillionsofWaterfOW1（水禽）werekilledatthehandsofmarket

huntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlands

weredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducing

waterfowlhabitat（栖息地）.

In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct（Act）,an

increasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionof

migratory（迁徙的）waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.Underthis

Act,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarrya

FederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”

Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointed

byPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.

Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournatural

resources.

About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBird

ConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintothe

NationalWiIdlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedand

availableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollars

hasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.Little

wondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessful

conservationprogramseverinitiated.

1.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?

A.Lossofwetlands.

B.Popularityofwatersports.

C.Pollutionofrivers.

D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordudecimate"meaninthefirstparagraph?

A.Acquire.B.Export.

C.Destroy.D.Distribute.

3.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?

A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.

B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.

C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.

D.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.

4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.TheFederalDuckStampStory

B.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem

C.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowl

D.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting

冬口室

［语篇解读］本文为说明文。文章介绍了美国联邦政府发布的《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》的背

景及结果。

1.A

2.C

3.D

4.A

Passage2（2020新高考I,D）话题:生活方式难度:中词数:343

AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeand

consumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.And

contrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeople

whoorderlargeportions（份），it,Sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneed

toavoid.

Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchers

conductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividually

invitedintoalabtoostensibly（表面上）participateinastudyaboutmovie

viewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.An

actorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactor

weighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhich

increasedherweightto180pounds.

Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.The

participantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,

theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.

Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthe

snackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothe

firsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthe

thinactortook30pieces.

Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe,re

makingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callit

the**I,11havewhatshe,shavingυeffect.However,we,11adjusttheinfluence.If

anoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I,11holdbackabitbecauseIseethe

resultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,Γ11followsuit.Ifhe

caneatmuchandkeepslim,whyca∏,tI?

1.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?

A.Foodsafety.B.Movieviewership.

C.Consumerdemand.D.Eatingbehavior.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"beanpoles"inparagraph1referto?

A.Bigeaters.

B.Overweightpersons.

C.Pickyeaters.

D.Tallthinpersons.

3.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?

ʌ.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.

B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.

C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.

D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.

4.Onwhatbasisdowei,adjusttheinfIuencenaccordingtothelastparagraph?

A.Howhungryweare.

B.Howslimwewanttobe.

C.Howweperceiveothers.

D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.

林P=I宏

［语篇解读］本文是一篇说明文。到底和胖人一块用餐吃得多还是和瘦人一块用餐吃得多呢?

本文旨在培养学生养成良好的饮食习惯,保持身体健康。

1.D

2.D

3.Λ

4.C

PaSSage3（2020全国I,B）话题:生活与学习难度:中词数:324

Returningtoabookyou,vereadmanytimescanfeellikedrinkswithanoldfriend.

There,sawelcomefamiliarity-butalsosometimesaslightsuspicionthattimehas

changedyouboth,andthustherelationship.Butbooksdon,tchange,peopledo.And

that*swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.

Thebeautyofrereadingliesintheideathatourbondwiththeworkisbasedon

ourpresentmentalregister.It,strue,theolderIget,themoreIfeeltimehaswings.

Butwithreading,it,sallaboutthepresent.It,saboutthenowandwhatone

contributestothenow,becausereadingisagiveandtakebetweenauthorandreader.

Eachhastopulltheirownweight.

TherearethreebooksIrereadannually.Thefirst,whichItaketoreadingevery

spring,isErnestllemingway,sΛMoveableFeast.Publishedin1964,it,shisclassic

memoirof1920sParis.ThelanguageisalmostintoXiCating(令人陶醉的)，anaging

writerlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.AnotherisAnnieDillard,sHoly

theFirm,herpoetic1975ramble(∣^^)abouteverythingandnothing.Thethirdbookis

JulioCortzar,sSaveTwilight:SelectedPoems,becausepoetry.Andbecause

Cortzar.

While1tendtobuyalotofbooks,thesethreeweregiventomeasgifts,which

mightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeed

wonderfulandnecessary,rereadinganauthor,sworkisthehighestCUrrenCyareader

canpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.But

remember,it,syouthathastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstand

yourfriends.

1.Whydoestheauthorlikerereading?

ʌ.Itevaluatesthewriter-readerrelationship.

B.It,sawindowtoawholenewworld.

C.It,sasubstitutefordrinkingwithafriend.

D.Itextendstheunderstandingofoneself.

2.WhatdoweknowaboutthebookAMoveableFeast?

A.It,sabriefaccountofatrip.

B.It,saboutHemingway,slifeasayoungman.

C.It,sarecordofahistoricevent.

D.It,sabout∏emingway,sfriendsinParis.

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"currency'*inparagraph4referto?

A.Debt.B.Reward.

C.Allowance.D.Facevalue.

4.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?

A.Helovespoetry.

B.He,Saneditor.

C.He,sveryambitious.

D.Heteachesreading.

答案

［语篇解读］本文为议论文。文章认为重读书籍是人们重新认识自我的重要过程。

1.D

2.B

3.B

4.A

Passage4（2020浙江7月，B）话题:科学与技术难度:中词数:308

ThetrafficsignalsalongFactoriaBoulevardinBellevue,Washington,generally

don,tflashthesamelengthofgreentwiceinarow,especiallyatrushhour.At9:30

am,thefullred/yellow/greensignalcyclemightbe140seconds.By9:33am,aburst

ofadditionaltrafficmightpushitto145seconds.Lesstrafficat9:37amcouldpush

itdownto135.Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.

Thatisbydesign.Bellevue,afast-growingcityjusteastofSeattle,usesa

systemthatisgainingpopularityaroundtheUS:intersection（十字路口）signalsthat

canadjustinrealtimetotrafficconditions.Theselights,knownasadaptive

signals,haveledtosignificantdeclinesinboththetroubleandcostoftravels

betweenworkandhome.

uAdaptivesignalscanmakesurethatthetrafficdemandthatisthereisbeing

addressed,,,saysAlexStevanovie,aresearcheratFloridaAtlanticUniversity.

ForallofBellevue,ssuccess,adaptivesignalsarenotacure-allforjammed

roadways.KevinBalke,aresearchengineerattheTexasA&MUniversity

TransportationInstitute,saysthatwhilesmartlightscanbeparticularly

beneficialforsomecities,othersaresojammedthatonlyasharpreductioninthe

numberofcarsontheroadwillmakeameaningfuldifference."It'snotgoingtofix

everything,butadaptivesignalshavesomebenefitsforsmallercities,,,hesays.

InBellevue,theswitchtoadaptivesignalshasbeenalessoninthevalueof

welcomingnewapproaches.Inthepast,therewasoftenanautomaticreactionto

increasedtraffic:justwidentheroads,saysMarkPoch,theBellevueTransportation

Department,strafficengineeringmanager.Nowhehopesthatothercitieswill

considermakingtheirstreetsrunsmarterinsteadofjustmakingthembigger.

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"that'*inparagraph2referto?

A.Increasedlengthofgreenlights.

B.Shortenedtrafficsignalcycle.

C.Flexibletimingoftrafficsignals.

D.Smoothtrafficf1owontheroad.

2.WhatdoesKevinBalkesayaboutadaptivesignals?

A.Theyworkbetteronbroadroads.

B.Theyshouldbeusedinothercities.

C.Theyhavegreatlyreducedtrafficontheroad.

D.Theyarelesshelpfulincitiesseriouslyjammed.

3.WhatcanwelearnfromBellevue,Ssuccess?

A.Itisrewardingtotrynewthings.

B.Theoldmethodsstillworktoday.

C.Itpaystoputtheoryintopractice.

D.Thesimplestwayisthebestway.

答案

［语篇解读］本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种自适应信号灯,这种信号灯的使用使一些

城市交通拥堵的问题得到了改善。

1.C

2.D

3.A

Passage5（2020北京,D）话题:科学与技术难度:难词数：419

CertainformsofAIareindeedbecomingUbiqUitOus.Forexample,algorithms（算

法）carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsare

appearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageinto

another.Thesesystemsaresometimesfasterandmoreperceptivethanwehumansare.

Butsofarthatisonlytrueforthespecifictasksforwhichthesystemshavebeen

designed.Thatissomethingthatsomeʌldevelopersarenoweagertochange.

Someoftoday,sAIpioneerswanttomoveonfromtoday,Sworldof“weak”or

"narrow"ΛI,tocreateustrongnor,lfulΓ,ΛI,orwhatisoftencalled

artificialgeneralintelligence（AGI）.Insomerespects,today,spowerfulcomputing

machinesalreadymakeourbrainslookweak.AGIcould,itsadvocatessay,workforus

aroundtheclock,anddrawingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstomany

problems.DM,acompanyfocusedonthedevelopmentofAGI,hasanambitiontousolve

intelligenceυ.nIfwe,resuccessful,,,theirmissionstatementreads,,,we

believethiswillbeoneofthemostimportantandwidelybeneficialscientific

advancesevermade.,,

SincetheearlydaysofAI,imaginationhasoutpacedwhatispossibleoreven

probable.In1965,animaginativemathematiciancalledIrvingGoodpredictedthe

eventualcreationofan,,ultra-intel1igentmachine...thatcanfarsurpassallthe

intellectual（智力的）activitiesofanyman,howeverclever.,,Goodwentonto

suggestthat“thefirstultra-intelligentmachinet,couldbe,,thelastinvention

thatmanneedevermake.n

Fearsabouttheappearanceofbad,powerful,man-madeintelligentmachineshave

beenreinforced（强化）bymanyworksoffiction-MaryShelley,sFrankensteinandthe

Terminatorfilmseries,forexample.ButifAIdoeseventuallyprovetobeour

downfall,itisunlikelytobeatthehandsofhuman-shapedformslikethese,with

recognisablyhumanmotivationssuchasaggression（敌对行为）.Instead,Iagreewith

OxfordUniversityphilosopherNickBostrom,whobelievesthattheheaviestrisks

fromΛGIdonotcomefromadecisiontoturnagainstmankindbutratherfromadogged

pursuitofsetobjectivesattheexpenseofeverythingelse.

ThepromiseanddangeroftrueAGIaregreat.Butalloftoday,sexcited

discussionaboutthesepossibilitiespresupposesthefactthatwewillbeableto

buildthesesystems.And,havingspokentomanyoftheworld,sforemostAI

researchers,IbelievethereisgoodreasontodoubtthatwewillseeAGIanytimesoon,

ifever.

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"ubiquitous"inParagraph1probablymean?

ʌ.Enormousinquantity.

B.Changeabledaily.

C.Stableinquality.

D.Presenteverywhere.

2.WhatcouldAGIdoforus,accordingtoitssupporters?

A.Helptotackleproblems.

B.Makebrainsmoreactive.

C.Benefitambitiouspeople.

D.Setuppowerfuldatabases.

3.AsforIrvingGood,sopiniononultra-intelligentmachines,theauthor

is・

A.supportiveB.disapproving

C.fearfulD.uncertain

4.WhatcanbeinferredaboutAGIfromthepassage?

A.Itmaybeonlyadream.

B.Itwillcomeintobeingsoon.

C.Itwillbecontrolledbyhumans.

D.Itmaybemoredangerousthanever.

林玄

口木

［语篇解读］本文为议论文。目前人工智能的应用随处可见,一些人工智能先锋想把人工智

能发展成为通用人工智能(AGl),有些人害怕通用人工智能会给人类带来灾难,但作者对通用

人工智能在近期实现持怀疑态度。

1.D

2.A

3.B

4.A

Passage6(2019全国I,B)话题:人际沟通难度:易词数：329

ForCanaanElementary,SsecondgradeinPatchogue,N.Y.,todayisspeechday,and

rightnowit,SChrisPalaez,sturn.The8-year-oldisthejokeroftheclass.With

shiningdarkeyes,heseemslikethekindofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.

Buthe,snervous.**Γmheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould...should..."Chris

tripsonthe*'-ld,,,apronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.

Histeacher,ThomasWhaley,isnexttohim,whisperingsupport.m...Vote

for...me...nExceptforsomestumbles,Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebrings

hisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.

Asonofimmigrants,ChrisstartedlearningEnglishalittleoverthreeyearsago.

Whaleyrecalls（回想起）howatthebeginningoftheyear,whencalledupontoread,

Chriswouldexcusehimselftogotothebathroom.

LearningEnglishasasecondlanguagecanbeapainfulexperience.Whatyouneed

isagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes."Ittakesalotforany

student,nWhaleyexplains,,,especiallyforastudentwhoislearningEnglishas

theirnewlanguage,tofeelconfidentenoughtosay,,Idon,tknow,butIwantto

know.,,,

Whaleygottheideaofthissecond-gradepresidentialcampaignprojectwhenhe

askedthechiIdrenonedaytoraisetheirhandsiftheythoughttheycouldneverbea

president.Theanswerbrokehisheart.Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjust

learningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast（夸耀）about

themselves.

uBoastingaboutyourself,andyourbestqualities,,,Whaleysays,,,isvery

difficultforachildwhocameintotheclassroomnotfeelingconfident.υ

1.WhatmadeChrisnervous?

ʌ.Tellingastory.

B.Makingaspeech.

C.Takingatest.

D.Answeringaquestion.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"stumbles"inparagraph2referto?

A.Improperpauses.

B.Badmanners.

C.Spellingmistakes.

D.Sillyjokes.

3.WecaninferthatthepurposeofWhaley,Sprojectisto.

A.helpstudentsseetheirownstrengths

B.assessstudents*publicspeakingskills

C.preparestudentsfortheirfuturejobs

D.inspirestudents*loveforpolitics

4.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesWhaleyasateacher?

A.Humorous.B.Ambitious.

C.Caring.D.Demanding.

林U玄木

［语篇解读］本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Whaley老师关爱学生,鼓励学生发现自己的优

点,增强自信的故事。

1.B

2.A

3.A

4.C

Passage7（2019全国∏,A）话题:文学与艺术难度:易词数：264

MyFavouriteBooks

JoUsmarisawriterforCosmopolitanandco-authoroftheThisBookWill

SerieS（系歹IJ）oflifestylebooks.Hereshepickshertopreads.

Matilda

RoaldDahl

IoncewroteapaperontheinfluenceoffairytalesonRoaldDahΓswritingandit

gavemeanewappreciationforhisstrangeanddelightfulworlds.Matilda,sbattles

withhercruelparentsandthebossyheadmistress,MissTrunchbull,areequallyfunny

andfrightening,butthey,realsoaspirational.

AfterDark

HarukiMurakami

It,sabouttwosisters一Eri,amodelwhoeitherwon,torcan,tstopsleeping,and

Mari,ayoungstudent.Intryingtoconnecttohersister,Maristartschangingher

lifeanddiscoversaworldofdiverse**nightpeople”whoarehidingsecrets.

GoneGirl

GillianElynn

Therewasabitofmethatdidn,twanttolovethiswheneveryoneelseonthe

planetdid,butthehorrorstoryisbrilliant.There,Stensionandanxietyfromthe

beginningasNickandΛmybattleforyourtrust.It,Sarealwhodunitandthe

frustrationwhenyourealisewhat,sgoingonishorriblyenjoyable.

TheStand

StephenKing

Thisisanexcellentfantasynovelfromoneofthebeststorytellersaround.

Afteraseriousfluoutbreakwipesout99.4%oftheworld,spopulation,abattle

unfoldsbetweengoodandevi1amongthoseleft.RandallFlaggisoneofthescariest

charactersever.

1.Whodoes"Γ,refertointhetext?

A.StephenKing.B.GillianFlynn.

C.JoUsmar.D.RoaldDahl.

2.WhichofthefollowingtellsaboutMariandEri?

A.Cosmopolitan.B.Matilda.

C.AfterDark.D.TheStand.

3.WhatkindofbookisGoneGirl?

A.Afolktale.B.Abiography.

C.Alovestory.D.Ahorrorstory.

林玄

口木

［语篇解读］本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了一位作家对自己喜欢的几本书的评价。

1.C

2.C

3.D

Passage8（2019北京,D）话题:环境保护难度:难词数：419

Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld,soceanswillbebluerand

greenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.

Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms（海洋微生物）called

phytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,these

phytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvaries

fromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climate

changewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinother

spots,leadingtochangesintheocean,Sappearance.

Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioXide（二氧化碳）

intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarbonin

thedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.But

phytoplanktonareVUlnerabletotheocea∏,swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskey

characteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednot

onlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.

StephanieDutkiewicz,ascientistinMIT,sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,

builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Ina

worldthatwarmsupby3℃,itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceans

wouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplankton

couldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarming

willmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturn

greener.uNotonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging,υshe

said,“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.,,

Andwhydoesthatmatter?Phytoplanktonarethebaseofthefoodweb.Ifcertain

kindsbegintodisappearfromtheocean,Dutkiewiczsaid,,,itwillchangethetypeof

fishthatwillbeabletosurvive.,,Thosekindsofchangescouldaffectthefood

chain.

Whatevercolourchangestheoceanexperiencesinthecomingdecadeswill

probablybetoogradualandUnnoticeable,buttheycouldmeansignificantchanges.

“It'11beawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappening

becauseofclimatechange,nDutkiewiczsaid,“butthechangeinthecolourofthe

oceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedour

planet.n

1.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?

A.Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.

B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.

C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.

D.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"vulnerable11inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Sensitive.B.Beneficial.

C.Significant.D.Unnoticeable.

3.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.

B.Dutkiewicz,smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchanges.

C.Phytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimate.

D.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.

4.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

A.Toassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchanges.

B.Toanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchain.

C.Toexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceans.

D.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton.

答案

［语篇解读］本文为说明文。气候变暖导致了海洋浮游植物的变化,进而会影响海洋颜色的

变化。

1.B

2.A

3.D

4.C

Passage9（2018浙江6月，B）话题:环境保护难度:中词数:280

StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhen

youconsiderthathe,sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,

includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.Whatis

evenmoreinterestingisthatoneofStein,sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindthe

plasticshoppingbag.

Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyend

upintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthem

atCheCkoUtS（收银台）・Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,

includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiring

scientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadforthe

planetasmostpeopleassume.

Amongthebagmakers,arguments:manycitieswithbansstillallowshoppersto

purchasepaperbags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergytoproduceand

transport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeuglytolookat,theyrepresentasmall

percentageofallgarbageonthegroundtoday.

Theindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasits

replacement:reusableshoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongerits

lifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However,longer-lastingreusable

bagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeused

atleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.

Environmentalistsdon,tdispute（质疑）thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbe

bannedsomedaytooandwantshopperstousethesamereusablebagsforyears.

1.WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?

Λ.Helpincreasegrocerysales.

B.Recyclethewastematerial.

C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks.

D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags.

2.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inparagraph2referto?

A.Bansonplasticbags.

B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.

C.Headachescausedbygarbage.

D.Plasticbagshungintrees.

3.Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers?

A.Theyarequiteexpensive.

B.Replacingthemcanbedifficult.

C.Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags.

D.Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy.

4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

ʌ.Plastic,PaperorNeither

B.Industry,PollutionandEnvironment

C.RecycleorThrowAway

D.GarbageCollectionandWasteControl

答案

［语篇解读］本文是一篇议论文。文章论述的主题是一次性塑料袋究竟对环境好不好,塑料

袋和纸袋哪个好。

1.D

2.A

3.D

4.A

Passage10（2018北京,D）话题:科学与技术难度:难词数：479

PreparingCitiesforRobotCars

Thepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist,s

dream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureis

apparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsin

Aprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealso

clearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompanies

tooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,is∏,tleading

thewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.

It,shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthowever

longittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystems

andourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationis

regulated.

Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverless

cars（andrightfullyso）,policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-driving

vehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions（排放）andoffermoreconvenient,

affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisacha