火灾动力学FD07e-锥形量热仪

提纲本节讨论锥形量热器的工作原理研发设计工作原理计算方法测试数据分类原则锥形量热器1/2锥形量热器2/2锥形量热器目的测量在一定热辐射通量加热条件下的材料响应特征。通常是小规模Bench-scale主要参数放热率（基于耗氧的放热原理OxygenConsumptionCalorimetry）质量损失率点火时间烟气特征等可以模拟真实的火场条件5使用目的评估材料或产品的阻燃特征Evaluationofmaterialsorproducts提供火灾模化所需要的数据Providedataneededforstate-of-theartfiremodels设计新材料或产品Designofnewmaterialsorproducts研究和开发用途Researchanddevelopment给产品的安全性能加以分级Rankorderproductsaccordingtotheirperformance根据某一原则来通过或淘汰产品Passorfailaproductaccordingtoacriterionlevel6开发历史Thornton(1917)最早提出单位耗氧会产生固定量的热量Parker(early1970’s)展示了基于氧量的量热计的可行性；Hugget(1980)提出E=13.1kJ/gO2(Dhc/r0)证明概念可行合理；

Vytenis“Vyto”Babrauskas(early1980’s)在

NIST(formerlyNBS)开发了锥形量热器开发历史FirstcommercialconecalorimeterwasproducedintheU.S.(1986)NISTDevelopmentofsystemsformeasuringsmokeopticallyandsootyieldgravimetrically(1987)"R&D100Award"(1988)mostprestigiousAmericanawardfortechnologyinnovation测试标准更新历史U.S.NationalstandardsASTME1354(1990)NFPA271,originallyNFPA264(1992)Internationalstandard(1993)ISO5660AdditionalstandardsProposedASTMstandards(2002)商业化的锥形量热器·CommercialConeCalorimeters锥形量热器标准设计可以测量的结果IgnitiontimeHeatReleaseRateMasslosshistoryEffectiveheatofcombustionTotalheatreleaseSmokeobscurationSootToxicGases操作原理Oxygenconsumptioncalorimetry

Oxygenconcentration10-21%ParamagneticanalyzerPartialpressureofO2AdditionalaccuracywithadditionalmeasurementsCO,CO2,H2O13锥形加热器ExposureconditionsRadiantsourceSmallconvectivecomponentRangeofradiantfluxes0-100kW/m2UniformirradianceRealisticexposureElectricheaterTemperaturesupto950°CGreybodye=0.9114点火源（电子打火器）Auto-ignitionIgnitionfromheateralonePilotedignitionElectricsparkigniter(sparkplug)10kVNoimposedheatflux25mmabovecenterofspecimenWithinpyrolizedgasplumeIdealmixturefraction排烟管道ExhaustDuct·24LiterspersecondFLOW16激光照度计

laserphotometerHe-Nelaser&quasi-dual-beammeasurementI0I17样本制备Area:100x100mmThickness:upto50mmAluminumfoilwrappedInsulatedHorizontal&vertical样品安装方式HorizontalStandardThermoplasticsLiquidsVerticalNon-standardExploratoryR&DDripping19校订内容HeatfluxSchmidt-BoeltertotalheatfluxgaugeAnalyzersSpangasesHeatreleaserateHigh-puritymethaneDetermineCLoadcellStandardweightsSmokemeterNeutraldensityfilters20测试过程CalibrateapparatusSetexhaustflowSetexposurefluxBegindataacquisitionInserttestspecimenRemoveradiationshieldRecordtimetoignitionRemoveigniterRecorddatauntil2minutesafterflameout21测试关注内容Edgeeffects1-DheattransferReducedwithfoilRetainerFrameBackfaceconditionsAdiabatic/IsothermalInsulationlayerSamplethicknessThermallythickThermallythin则是过程关注内容SampleareaIgnitionHeatReleaseIntumescingmaterialsDelaminatingWarping测试结果HeatreleaseMasslossHeatofcombustionSmokeOnaperunitareabasis®

24HeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]25HeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]PeakHRR,[kW/m2]26HeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]PeakHRR,[kW/m2]Totalheatreleased[kJ/m2]27HeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]PeakHRR,[kW/m2]Totalheatreleased[kJ/m2]AverageHRRHeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]PeakHRR,[kW/m2]Totalheatreleased[kJ/m2]AverageHRRBurningduration,tbTotalheatreleaseAreaunderthecurveTrapezoidalruleTime(sec)Q”=A=A1+A2+A3…+An30MasslossMassloss(Dm)MasslossMassloss(Dm)Masslossrate()

dmdtMasslossMassloss(Dm)Masslossrate()

Averageloss10%to90%Dm10-90Dt10-90Masslossrate,SmoothesdataDifferentequationsfor:firsttwopointslasttwopoints34HeatofcombustionEffectiveheatofcombustion(EHC)

35SmokeSmokeextinctioncoefficientSmokeproductionrateSpecificextinctionarea36SootGravimetricsootyieldSamplepassedthroughafilterMassdifferenceYield:SampleConedata38SampleConedata39AdditionaldataDerivedthermo-physicalpropertiesASTME1321proceduresThermalinertia,krcIgnitiontemperature,TigCriticalfluxforignition,AdditionaldataDerivedthermo-physicalpropertiesHeatofgasification,LAdditionalgasmeasurementsCO,CO2,H2OReal-timegasanalyzersIncreaseaccuracyTotalunburnedhydrocarbonsReal-timegasanalyzersHCN,HCl,HBr,SO2,NOx,etc.Batchsampled&analyzedbyionchromatographyReal-timeanalysisofnumerousgasspeciesbyFourierTransformInfraRed(FTIR)spectrometry42AdditionaltestmethodsVitiatedatmospheresLowoxygenconcentrationsPost-flashoverfiresConecorrosimeterCorrosivityofelectricalcomponentsCableinsulationmaterialsUpholsteredFurniture

NewASTMtestmethodsBuildingProductsInteriorFinishMaterialsProposedASTMStandardforBuildingProducts

15mintestdurationDegreesofCombustibilityMaximum60-secslidingaverageTotalheatreleasedProposedASTMStandardforInteriorFinishProductsInteriorliningmaterials

Radiativeheatfluxfromablackbodysourceat700°C20mintestdurationTestresultsHeatreleaseratePeakheatreleaserateTotalheatreleased5,10,and20minutesObservationofcracking46ClassificationSystems–InteriorFinishMaterialsJapanese