大学英语四级语法汇编

大学英语四级语法汇编

I动词（语态，用法，省略，一致性等）

1.语态

1）可以有两种被动结构的类型，例如：

Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.

Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.

担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如：

Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeed

limit（你应该晓得速度限制）

2）双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

a）双宾语结构的被动语态：双宾语结构变为被动语态时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个

宾语仍然保留在谓语后面，但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.

Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.

Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.

b）宾补结构的被动语态：

ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.

Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.

Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.

Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.

3.短语动词

1)Vi+adv

Theplanetookofftwohourslate.

2)Vi+prep

TheylookedroundtheCathedral.

3)Vi+prep(有被动语态)

She,slookingafterhersister'schildren.

Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.

4)Vi+adv+prep

Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.

5)Vt+O+adv

Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.

Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.

Theytookhimon.

6)Vt+adv+O(无被动语态)

Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.

7)Vt+O+prep

WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.

4.省略

1)在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略：在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,

主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是itb),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)

省略掉.

a)Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.

Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.

Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.

Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.

Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.

Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.

Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.

Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.

Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.

Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.

Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.

Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.

Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.

Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.

Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit

b)IfnecessaryI'IIhavetheletterduplicated.

Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.

Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.

Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.

2)在以thana)或asb)引起的从句中，常会有一些成分省略.

a)Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.

Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.

b)Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).

Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.

Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.

Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.

3)错误的省略

HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.

Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.

5.一致

1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,more

than等引导的短语，谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.

Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.

Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.

Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.

2)代词作主语时的一致

a)each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词，都作单数看待.

Eachofushassomethingtosay.

Iseverybodyready?

Somebodyisusingthephone.

Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.

Haseitherofthemtoldyou?

b)some,few,both,many割乍复数

c)some可后接复数，也可接单数，表示某一.

none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待，主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念，但

none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数：

Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus

Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.

None(=notasingleone)ofushasgotacamera.

None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.

Noneofthisworriesme.

all和most可后接复数，也可接不可数名词(allofthe...,mostofthe...),动词用单数.

3)由and或both...and连接名词词组时，后用复数；由notonly...but(also),either...or,neither...

nor或or连接的并列主语，谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.

Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.

Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.

EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.

NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.

如果一个句子是由there或here引导，而主语又不止一个，谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.

Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.

Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.

4)people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽)，militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.

Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.

Thepolicearelookingforhim.

有些集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据意思来决定.

Hisfamilyisn'tverylarge.

Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.

Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.

Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.

Theaudiencewasenormous.

Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.

有些名词单复数同形，可根据意思决定谓语动词的数：

Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.

Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.

Thisspeciesisnowextinct.

Thesespeciesarenowextinct.

5）表示时间，重量，长度，价值等的名词，尽管仍是复数形式，如果作整体看待，动词也可用单数形式

（当然用复数动词也是可以的）：

Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.

Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.

6）其他问题

a）书名，国家名用单数：

TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.

b）名，如mathematics,economics用单数.

c）manya或morethanone所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式：

Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.

Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.

anumberof后接复数thenumberof后接单数

Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.

Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.

d)oneofthose后用单数.在“oneof+复数名词+关系分句〃结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复

数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：

Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.

当one之前友theonly等限定词和修饰语时,关系分句谓语动词根据one而定,即采用单数形式：

Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.

n非谓语动词

1.不定式

1)形式

主动形式被动形式

一般式todotobedone

完tohavedonetohavebeendone

进行式tobedoing

完成进行式tohavebeendoing

a）完成式：不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生,

或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作，在谓语所表示的动作（状态）之前发生，就要用不定式的完成

式.

Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother（=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother）.

（比较：Iamgladtoseeyou.）

Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.

Hepretendednottohaveseenme.

b）进行式：如果主要谓语表示的动作（状态）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时要用不定式的进

行式.

Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven1tquiterecoveredyet.

Wedidn*texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.

Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.

c）完成进行式：在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作，就要用不定式的完成进行式.

Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.

Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.

d)被动式：当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式T殳要用被动形式.

Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.

Shehatedtobeflattered.

Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.

Thisisboundtobefoundout.

Therearealotofthingstobedone.

Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.

2)功用：不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).

a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.

b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.

c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.

d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?

e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.

3)不带t。的不定式：

a)在"动词+宾语+不定式"结构中，如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice

等，或是表示“致使"意义的have,make,let等，其后的不定式结构不带to.

Johnmadehertellhimeverything.

这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带t。的不定式T殳还原为带t。的不定式.

Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.

b)在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,

cannotbut等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to.

fdrathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.

Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.

c)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfallletfly,letslip,letdrive,letgooflettherebe,hear

say,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式.

Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.

Fveheardtellofhim.

d)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式，也可用带to的不定式.

CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?

e)在介词except,but之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，不定式一般不带to,反之带to.

Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.

Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.

There*snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.

f)连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时，其后的不定式不带to.

Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.

出现在句中其他位置时，其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.

Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.

Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.

g)用作补语的动词不定式，如果主语是由"all+关系分句"，"thing+关系分句"，"what分句"或"thing

+不定式结构"等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to,也可以不省.

Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.

Allyoudonowiscompletetheform

TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.

Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.

TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.

4)不定式的其他用法

a)too...to结构通常表示否定意义：

Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.

enough...to结构则表示肯定意义：

Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.

nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式连用时，不定式一般不表示否定意义:

He*sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.

so...as（t。）这种结构也可用不定式作状语：

Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.

b）如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语：

Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.

Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.

在以某些形容词（如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,

considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等）作表语时，不定式前可加一个of引起的短语，来说明不定式指

的是谁的情况：

It'skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.

（Itis）Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.

It'sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.

It'sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.

2.V+ing形式（现在分词及动名词）

1）形式

a）完成式：如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，通常用动名词的完成形式.

Hedidn'tmentionhavingmetme.

Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.

在某些动词后（或成语中），常用（或可以用）动名词的一般形式，尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.

Excusemeforcominglate.

Idon*tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.

现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中，表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.

Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.

Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.

另外，独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.

Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.

Thechildren,havingeatingtheirfill,wereallowedtoleavethetable.

b）被动式：当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时，动名词一般要用被动形式.

Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.

Hecouldn7tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.

但要注意，在want,need,deserve,require等动词后，尽管表示的是被动的意思，却用动名词的主动形

式.

Mypenneedsfilling.

Thepointdeservesmentioning.

Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.

在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.

Hermethodisworthtrying.

现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语，宾语补足语，状语及用于独立结构中.

Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.

You'IIfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.

Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn1tverywellrefuse.

Thesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothecustomers.

c）完成被动式：如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.

Idon*trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.

但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式，而用一般被动形式代替，以免句子显得累赘.

现在分词的完成被动式T殳用来作状语或用于独立结构中.

Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?

Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.

Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudentshome.

2）句法功用

a)作主语：

Walkingisgoodexercise.

It'snicetalkingtoyou.

Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthenewmethodhasgreatlyraisedlabourproductivity.

b）作宾语:

Yourshoesneedpolishing.

Youmustn1tdelaysendingthetractorsover.

Heavoidedgivingusadefiniteanswer.

c)作介词宾语：动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面，常见的有：insiston,

persistin,thinkof,dreamof,objectto,suspect...ofaccuse...ofcharge...with,hearofapproveof,

prevent...from,keep...from,stop...from,refrainfrom,beengagedin,lookforwardto,opposedto,

dependon,thank...for,feellike,excuse...for,aimat,devote...to,setabout,spend...in,get(be)

usedto,befondof,becapableofbeafraidofbetiredofbesickof,succeedin,beinterestedin,

feel(be)ashamedofbeproudofbekeenon,beresponsiblefor.

d）作表语:

Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.

动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来，在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词；在表示具体某

词动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式.

e)作宾语补足语：分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等动词后作宾语补

足语.

Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.

Oncewecaughthimdozingoffinclass.

Hisremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat.

在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后，及可用现在分词，也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词

时，表示动作正在发生，用不定式时表示动作发生了.

Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?

Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.

f)作状语：现在分词作状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作，来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修

饰或作为陪衬.

Iranoutofthehouseshouting.

Igothome,feelingverytired.

DrivingtoChicagothatnight,Iwasstruckbyasuddenthought.

现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.

Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn*tgetintouchwithher.

Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.

Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn'twanttogotothecinema.

现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语，相当于when引起的从句：

Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn1thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspenttogether.

如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用when或while加分词这种结构.

Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.

Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.

ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.

3）前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构：一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词（或名词的所有格结构），来

表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.

Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.

Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.

Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?

Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.

如果不是在句子开头，这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格（或人称代词宾格），这比用所有格更自然一些.

Idon'tmindhimgoing.

Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.

4)只能用动名词作宾语的动词：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can'thelp,mind,admit,enjoy,leave

off,require,postpone,putoftdelay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,

endure,escape,miss

5)既可用动名词，也可用不定式作宾语的动词：love,like,hate,disl汰e,begin,start,continue,intend,

attempt,can*tbear;propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can*t

afford等.

有时两种结构之间意义差别不大，有时却有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等词后差别是比

较明显的.

Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.

Imustremembertotakemynotebookswithme.

Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice.

IregrettosayIhaven*tgivenyouenoughhelp.

Shedoesnxtwant(need)tocome.

Thehousewants(needs)cleaning.

Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.

Let,strydoingtheworksomeotherway.

6）悬垂修饰：分词作状语时，表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.

Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers,（walking>we的动作，正确）

Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.（错误）

Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.（正确）

Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.（错误）

3.分词

1）意义：过去分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动意义和完成意义；而现在分词有的来自及物动词，有的

来自不及物动词，通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.

frozenfoodafreezingwind

aboredtravelleraboringjourney

alostcausealosingbattle

aconqueredarmyaconqueringarmy

afinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouch

thespokenwordaspeakingbird

aclosedshoptheclosinghour

arecordedtalkarecordingmachine

来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语，能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词，仅表示完成意

义，不表示被动意义.

therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,

departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors

用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在意义上相当于关系分句.

Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.

2）句法作用

a）作定语:distinguishedguest贵宾,unknownheroes无名英雄,armedforces武装部队,canned

food罐头食品,boiledwater开水,steamedbread馒头,strickenarea灾区

分词还可构成合成词作定语：simply・furnishedroom陈设简单的房间，clear-cutanswer明确的答复,

highly-developedindustry高度发展的工业,heartfeltthanks衷心的感谢，hand-madegoods手工制

品，man-madesatellite人造卫星

b）作补足语：可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有：

see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.

Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.

Wefoundhergreatlychanged.

make,get,have,keep等表示“致使"意义的动词：

Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.

Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.

Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.

like,want,wish,order等表示希望，要求，命令等意义的动词：

Idon'twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.

Hewon,tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.

c)过去分词短语常用作状语，修饰谓语，很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.

Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,

Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.

过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.

Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.

有时也可说明动作发生的时间，相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.

Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.

间或也可表示一个假设的情况，相当于一个条件从句.

Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.

偶尔也可用来代替一个"让步”状语从句.

Picked20yearsayear;itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.

d）独立结构：在用分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致.但有时它也可以有

自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立结构，T殳表示一种伴随的动作或情况.

Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.

有时可以表示时间：

Latethatautumn,hisworkfinished,hepreparedtoreturntohisinstitute.

表示原因：

Hereyesdimmedwithtears,shedidnotseehimenter.

条件：

Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.

m虚拟语气

1.that从居中：

1)wish,wouldrather(sooner),hadbetter:

IwishIwereasstrongasyou.

IwishIhadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.

IwishIrememberedtheaddress.

Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow(youhadgonetheretoo).

Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.

2)suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等动词后的宾语从句：

Thecommanderorderedthatallcivilians(should)beevacuated.

Heaskedthathebegivenanopportunitytotry.

Sheurgedthathewriteandacceptthepost.

3)itisdesired,itissuggested,itisrequested,itwasordered,itwasproposed,itisnecessary,it

isimportant,ithasbeendecided等结构后的主语从句中.

Itwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweek

Itwillbebetterthatwemeetsomeothertime.

4)suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表语从句和同位语

从句：

Hissolerequirementis(was)thatthysystembeadjusted.

2.在某些句型中

1)itistimethat

Itistimethatwewent(或shouldgo)tobed.

Itishightimewe(should)putanendtothiscontroversy.

2)asif(though)弓|起的从句：

Theytalked(aretalking)asiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.

Itseemsasifitwas(were)springtoday.

Heacts(acted)asif(though)hewere(was)anexpert.

3)以lest,forfearthat和incase引起的从句(这时谓语多用should+动词原形)：

Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.

Heputhiscoatoverthechildforfearthat(或lest)heshouldcatchcold.

FIIkeepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldneedit.

4)以whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时，谓语多用may加动词原

形构成)：

Whateverdefectshemayhave,heisanhonestman.

Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead.不管发生什么情况，我们都要干下去.

Iacceptthatheisoldandfrail;bethatasitmay,he'sstillagoodpolitician.

我承认他年老体衰，然而尽管如此，它仍是优秀的政治家.

3.条件句

1）虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:

a）表示现在及将来情况（表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况）：

谓语主要形式如下（be多用were这个形式）：

从句主句

过去式would+动词原形

IfIwereyou,Iwouldn,tloseheart.

Howniceitwouldbeifyoucouldstayabitlonger.

b）表示过去情况的虚拟条件句（与事实完全相反的假设情况），谓语主要形式如下：

从句主句

had+过去分词wouldhave+过去分词

Shewouldhavecomeifwehadinvitedher.

IfIhadn'ttakenyouradvice,Iwouldhavemadeabadmistake,

Youwouldn,thavecaughtcoldifyouhadputonmoreclothes.

2）有时候，条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，发生的时间是不一致的（如一个是过去发生的，一个

是现在发生的）.这时，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整.这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句.

Ifhehadreceivedsixmorevotes,hewouldbeourchairmannow.

Ifwehadn'tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.

3)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示，而是通过一个介词短语来表示.

Withoutmusic,theworldwouldbeadullplace.

Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.

Thatwouldhavebeenconsideredmiraculousinthepast.

Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.

4)如果条件句从句中包含有were,had,should或could,有时可把if省略掉，并把were,had,

should或could放在主语前面.

Hadwemadeadequatepreparation,wemighthavesucceeded.

Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?

Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wewouldbeinseriousdifficulty.

IV介词

1.合成介词和复杂介词

1)合成介词：inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,uponwithin,without

2)复杂介词：accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,becauseof,bymeansofinfront

ofinspiteofinsteadof,inaccordancewith,onaccountof,onbehalfofowingto,dueto,

togetherwith,upto,withregardto,priorto等

2.介词在句末:

Thisiswhatheisinterestedin.

Doeseveryonehasaseattositon?

3.名词加介词(n+prep)

1)某些名词之后要求用某些介词:solutionto,faithin,glanceat,needfor

2)某些名词之前要求用某些介词：onone,sguard,atone'srequest,inallprobability,tomy

delight

4.动词加介词

1)Vi+prep:prevailon,appealto,fallinto,applyfor,touchupon

2)Vt+O+prep:layemphasison,takeadvantageof等

3)Vi+adv+prep:

Idon'twishtobreakinonyourthoughts.

Thefamilycameupagainstfreshproblems.

You/renottellingmethewholestory.You'reholdingoutonme.

Shegotoffwithhimsoonaftershebegantoworkattheinstitution.

4)Vt+O+adv+prep:

Youshouldn1ttakeyourresentmentoutonme.

Weshouldn,tputtheshortagedowntobadplanning.

5.形容词加介词

about—anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,

particular;sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etc

at—awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled,

useless,weak,etc

for—convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etc

from—evidentexempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etc

in—deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etc

of—apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient,

dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etc

on—dependent,keen,intent,etc

to—acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf

destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,

related,responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etc

with—awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick,

wrong,etc

V连词

1.并列连词

1)表示意义的引申：and,both...and,notonly...but(also),aswellas,and...aswell,neither...nor

2)表示选择or,either...or

3)表示转折:but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词)

4)表示因果:for,so,therefore,hence

2.从属连词

1)表示时间:when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),assoonas,once

2)表示原因：because,as,since,nowthat,seeingthat

3)表示条件:ifunless,incase,provided(that),suppose,aslongas,oncondition(that),

4)表示其他关系:(al)though,than,as/so...as,lest,inorderthat,so...that

VI定语从句

1.限制和非限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分，去掉了会造成病句

或意义不明确；非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质，去掉了不会影响主要意义，通常用逗号与它的先行

词分开.

Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.

Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.

如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词，或是带有形容词性物主代词(my,his,etc)或形容词性指示

代词(this,that,etc)作限定词，其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的：

MarySmith,whoisinthecorner,wantstomeetyou.

Hermother,whohadlongsufferedformarthritis,diedlastnight.

Allthesebooks,whichhavebeendonatedbyvisitingprofessors,aretobeusedbythe

postgraduates.

在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人用which指物，通常不用that替代

Myfather,whohadbeenonavisittoAmerica,returnedyesterday.

Allthebooks,whichhadpicturesinthem,weresenttothelittlegirl.

2.定语从句的引导词

1)that,who,whom:非限制性定语从句，如果修饰人，一般用who；有时用that(作主语时用who较

多).如果关系代词在从句中作宾语，就应当用宾格whom或that,但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉，在

口语中可用who代替whom.

Hereistheman(whom)you*vebeenlookingfor.

Heisaman(that)youcansafelydependon.

Thepeople(who/that)youweretalkingtowereSwedes.

TherearesomepeopleherewhoIwantyoutomeet.

但在介词后只能用whom:

ThisisthemantowhomIreferred.

但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去，这时可用that,但省略时更多一些.

Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?

Haveyoumettheperson(that)hewasspeakingabout

ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.

Thegirl(who/that)Ispoketoismycousin.

2)限制性定语从句如果修饰〃物〃，用关系代词that的时候较多，也有时用which..当这个代词在从句

中是用作宾语时，在绝大多数情况下都是省略的，特别是口语中(尤其是当被修饰的词是all,everything等

词时)：

Haveyoueverythingyouneed?

(Isthere)anythingIcandoforyou?

Allyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.

在介词后只能用which,在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去，这时可以用that,但省略的时候更多一

些：

Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench.

Thetool(that)heisworkingwithiscalledawrench.

Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe'vehadsomuchdiscussion.

Thisisthequestion(that)we'vehadsomuchdiscussionabout.

定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的，但间或也可以修饰整个句子a),或是句子的一部分b),引导词用

which:

a)Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.

Theactivitywaspostponed,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted

b)Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,whichheoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingand

sleeping.

Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.

3)whose:在表示"…的"这个概念时，可用所有格whose;whose用于指物，有时可与ofwhich

交替使用，通常的词序是名词词组+Ofwhich:

Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefamilyisinthenortheast?

Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear,(...thepurposeofwhichwas...)

He*swrittenabookthenameofwhichrvecompletelyforgotten,(...whosenameFve...)

ofwhich前的名词词组也可以由some,any,none,all,both,several,enough,many,most,few以及基

数词担任；这些词也能用在ofwhom之前.

Thebuses,mostofwhichwerealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.

It'safamilyofeightchildren,allofwhomarestudyingmusic.

4)关系副词when,where,why:它们的含义相当于atwhich,