自媒体外文翻译文献

自媒体外文翻译文献自媒体外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)JPewResearchCenter'sProjectforExcellenceinJournalism《NewMediaOldMedia》HowBlogsandSocialMediaAgendasRelateandDifferfromtheTraditionalPress.Newstodayisincreasinglyashared,socialexperience.HalfofAmericanssaytheyrelyonthepeoplearoundthemtofindoutatleastsomeofthenewstheyneedtoknow.Some44%ofonlinenewsusersgetnewsatleastafewtimesaweekthroughemails,automaticupdatesorpostsfromsocialnetworkingsites.In2009,Twitter'smonthlyaudienceincreasedby200%.Whilemostoriginalreportingstillcomesfromtraditionaljournalists,technologymakesitincreasinglypossiblefortheactionsofcitizenstoinfluenceastory'stotalimpact.Whattypesofnewsstoriesdoconsumersshareanddiscussthemost?Whatissuesdotheyhavelessinterestin?Whatistheinterplayofthevariousnewmediaplatforms?Andhowdotheiragendascomparewiththatofthemainstreampress?Toanswerthesequestions,thePewResearchCenter'sProjectforExcellenceinJournalismhasgatheredayearofdataonthetopnewsstoriesdiscussedandlinkedtoonblogsandsocialmediapagesandsevenmonths'worthonTwitter.Wealsohaveanalyzedayearofthemostviewednews-relatedvideosonYouTube.Severalcleartrendsemerge.Mostbroadly,thestoriesandissuesthatgaintractioninsocialmediadiffersubstantiallyfromthosethatleadinthemainstreampress.Buttheyalsodiffergreatlyfromeachother.Ofthe29weeksthatwetrackedallthreesocialplatforms,blogs,TwitterandYouTubesharedthesametopstoryjustonce.ThatwastheweekofJune15-19,whentheproteststhatfollowedtheIranianelectionsledonallthree.Eachsocialmediaplatformalsoseemstohaveitsownpersonalityandfunction.Intheyearstudied,bloggersgravitatedtowardstoriesthatelicitedemotion,concernedindividualorgrouprightsortriggeredideologicalpassion.Oftenthesewerestoriesthatpeoplecouldpersonalizeandthenshareinthesocialforum–attimesinhighlypartisanlanguage.Andunlikeinsomeothertypesofmedia,thepartisanshipheredoesnotleanstronglytoonesideortheother.EvenonstoriesliketheTeaPartyprotests,SarahPalinandpublicsupportforObamabothconservativeandliberalvoicescomethroughstrongly.OnTwitter,bycontrast,technologyisamajorfocus–withaheavyprominenceonTwitteritself–whilepoliticsplaysamuchsmallerrole.Themissionisprimarilyaboutpassingalongimportant–oftenbreaking–informationinawaythatunifiesorassumessharedvalueswithintheTwittercommunity.AndthebreakingnewsthattrumpedallelseacrossTwitterin2009focusedontheprotestsfollowingtheIranianelection.ItledasthetopnewsstoryonTwitterforsevenweeksinarow–afeatnotreachedbyanyothernewsstoryonanyoftheplatformsstudied.YouTubehasstillothercharacteristicsthatsetitapart.Here,usersdon'toftenaddcommentsoradditionalinsightsbutinsteadtakepartbyselectingfrommillionsofvideosandsharing.Partlyasaresult,themostwatchedvideoshaveastrongsenseofserendipity.Theypiqueinterestandcuriositywithastrongvisualappeal.The“Heyyou'vegottoseethis,”mentalityringsstrong.Usersalsogravitatetowardamuchbroaderinternationalmixhereasvideostranscendlanguagebarriersinawaythatwrittentextcannot.Acrossallthreesocialplatforms,though,attentionspansarebrief.Justasnewsconsumersdon'tstaylongonanywebsite,socialmediadoesn'tstaylongonanyonestory.Onblogs,53%oftheleadstoriesinagivenweekstayonthelistnomorethanthreedays.OnTwitterthatistrueof72%ofleadstories,andmorethanhalf(52%)areonthelistforjust24hours.Andmostofthosetopweeklystoriesdifferdramaticallyfromwhatisreceivingattentioninthetraditionalpress.BlogsoverlapmorethanTwitter,buteventhereonlyaboutaquarterofthetopstoriesinanygivenweekwerethesameasinthe“MSM.”Instead,socialmediatendtohomeinonstoriesthatgetmuchlessattentioninthemainstreampress.Andthereislittleevidence,atleastatthispoint,ofthetraditionalpressthenpickinguponthosestoriesinresponse.Acrosstheentireyearstudied,justoneparticularstoryorevent–thecontroversyoveremailsrelatingtoglobalresearchthatcametobeknownas“Climate-gate”–becameamajoritemintheblogosphereandthen,aweeklater,gainingmoretractionintraditionalmedia.Thesearesomeconclusionsdrawnfromoneofthefirstcomprehensiveempiricalassessmentsoftherelationshipsbetweensocialmediaandthemoretraditionalpress.ThestudyexaminedtheblogosphereandsocialmediabytrackingthenewslinkedtoonmillionsofblogsandsocialmediapagestrackedbyIcerocketandTechnoratifromJanuary19,2009,throughJanuary15,2010.ItalsotrackedthevideosonYouTube'snewschannelforthesameperiod.ItmeasuredTwitterbytrackingnewsstorieslinkedtowithintweetsasmonitoredbyTweetmemefromJune15,2009,throughJanuary15,2010.Amongthespecificfindings:Socialmediaandthemainstreampressclearlyembracedifferentagendas.Blogssharedthesameleadstorywithtraditionalmediainjust13ofthe49weeksstudied.Twitterwasevenlesslikelytosharethetraditionalmediaagenda–theleadstorymatchedthatofthemainstreampressinjustfourweeksofthe29weeksstudied.OnYouTube,thetopstoriesoverlappedwithtraditionalmediaeightoutof49weeks.Thestoriesthatgaintractioninsocialmediadosoquickly,oftenwithinhoursofinitialreports,andleavequicklyaswell.Just5%ofthetopfivestoriesonTwitterremainedamongthetopstoriesthefollowingweek.Thiswastrueof13%ofthetopstoriesonblogsand9%onYouTube.Inthemainstreampress,ontheotherhand,fully50%ofthetopfivestoriesoneweekremainedatopstoryaweeklater.Politics,somuchafocusofcableandradiotalkprogramming,hasfoundaplaceinblogsandonYouTube.Onblogs,17%ofthetopfivelinked-tostoriesinagivenweekwereaboutUSgovernmentorpolitics,oftenaccompaniedbyemphaticpersonalanalysisorevaluations.ThesetopicswereevenmoreprevalentamongnewsvideosonYouTube,wheretheyaccountedfor21%ofalltopstories.OnTwitter,however,technologystorieswerelinkedtofarmorethananythingelse,accountingfor43%ofthetopfivestoriesinagivenweekand41%oftheleaditems.Bycontrast,technologyfilled1%ofthenewsholeinthemainstreampressduringthesameperiod.Whilesocialmediaplayersespouseadifferentagendathanthemainstreammedia,blogsstillheavilyrelyonthetraditionalpress–andprimarilyjustafewoutletswithinthat–fortheirinformation.Morethan99%ofthestorieslinkedtoinblogscamefromlegacyoutletssuchasnewspapersandbroadcastnetworks.。Andjustfour–theBBC,CNN,theNewYorkTimesandtheWashingtonPostaccountedforfully80%ofalllinks.Twitter,bycontrast,waslesstiedtotraditionalmedia.Herehalf(50%)ofthelinksweretolegacyoutlets;40%wenttoweb-onlynewssourcessuchasMashableandCNET.Theremaining10%wenttowirestoriesornon-newssourcesontheWebsuchasablogknownas“GreenBriefs,”whichsummarizeddailydevelopmentsduringtheJuneprotestsinIran.ThemostpopularnewsvideosonYouTube,meanwhile,stoodoutforhavingabroaderinternationalmix.Aquarter,26%,ofthetopwatchednewsvideoswereofnon-USevents,primarilythosewithastrongvisualappealsuchasrawfootageofPopeBenedictXVIgettingknockedoverduringMassonChristmasEveoraclipofaveteranBraziliannewsanchorgettingcaughtinsultingsomejanitorswithoutrealizinghismicrophonewasstilllive.Celebrityandmedia-focusedvideoswerealsogivensignificantprominence.InproducingPEJ'sNewMediaIndex,thebasisforthisstudy,therearesomechallengesposedbythebreathofpotentialoutlets.Thereareliterallymillionsofblogsandtweetsproducedeachday.Tomakethatprospectmanageable,thestudyobservesthe“news”interestsofthosepeopleutilizingsocialmedia,asclassifiedbythetrackingwebsites.PEJdidnotmakeadeterminationastowhatconstitutesanewsstoryasopposedtosomeothertopic,butgenerally,areasoutsidethetraditionalnotionofnewssuchasgardening,sportsorotherhobbiesarenotinthepurviewofcontent.Byfocusingonthistypeofsubjectmatter,thestudycreatesaclosecomparisonbetweenthenewsagendaofusersofsocialmediaandofthemoretraditionalnewsmedia.Thisapproachcouldtendtomaketheagendasofthemainstreamandnewmediaplatformsappearevenmoresimilarthantheywouldbeifawiderarrayofsubjectmatterwerepracticabletocapture.Thusthedivergentagendasfoundhere,ifanything,areevenmorestriking.新媒体与旧媒体博客和社会媒体议程的关系如何不同于传统的新闻。今天的新闻越来越多地是共享的，社会的经验。一半的美国人说他们依靠他们周围的人，知道至少他们需要知道的有一些消息。约44%的在线新闻用户一个星期至少有几次通过电子邮件，自动更新或从社交网站上的公告得到新闻消息。在2009年，Twitter的每月使用者增加了200%。而最原始的报道仍然来自传统的记者，技术使公民的行为变得越来越可能影响到报道的整体。什么类型的新闻报道消费者共享并讨论地最多呢？什么问题他们比较少的感兴趣呢？什么是各种新媒体平台的相互作用？其议程设置与主流媒体相比较又如何呢？为了回答这些问题，皮尤研究中心卓越新闻项目已经聚集了一年的数据，关于博客和社交媒体网页上联系和讨论的头条新闻和七个月的在Twitter上讨论的有价值信息。我们还分析了一年来YouTube上最受欢迎的与新闻有关的视频。出现几个明显的趋势。最广泛的，社交媒体网页上受关注的新闻报道和问题与主流媒体上的有很大的不同。但他们彼此也有很大的不同。29周以来，我们跟踪调查了所有三个社交媒体平台，博客，Twitter和YouTube，他们只有一次头条新闻是相同的。这是6月15日-6月19日，抗议伊朗选举时，这则新闻都是他们三个的头条。每一个社会媒体平台似乎也有其自己的个性和功能。经过一年的研究，博客趋向于发表引起情感的，有关个人或群体的权利的，或引发思想激情的新闻报道或故事。往往这些都是些故事，人们可以将其个性化，然后共享在社会论坛-有的时候是高于党派性的语言。而不像一些其他类型的媒体，党派之争在这里不会强烈而分明地倾向于一党或者另一党。甚至像茶党抗议这样的事件，萨拉·佩林和奥巴马的公众支持者，保守派和自由派的声音都很强烈。相比之下，在Twitter上，技术是一大重点-与Twitter本身侧重的重点一样-而政治发挥了作用小得多。它的主要任务是传递重要的新闻信息，经常是突发性的大事，信息以这样的方式传递——统一或假设Twitter的社区内有着共同的价值观。2009年里Twitter上胜过其他一切重大新闻的是集中在伊朗大选后的抗议。它导致了连续7周在Twitter作为头条新闻故事-任何平台研究上的任何新闻报道中的未完成的壮举。YouTube在设置上仍有它的其他特点。在这里，用户不经常补充意见或额外的见解，而是选择从数以百万计的视频中分享其中的一部分。可以作为部分结果，最受瞩目的影片都意外的拥有相同的强烈责任感。他们用强烈的视觉吸引力激起兴趣和好奇心。“嘿，你已经看到了这一点”心理反应强烈。用户在这里也被吸引走向更广阔的国际融合，因为视频作品能够逾越文字无法逾越的语言鸿沟。虽然，所有的三个社交平台，注意力都是短暂的。正如新闻消费者不留任何网站，社会媒体不留任何一个故事。在博客，53%的头条新闻在某一周的列表上没有超过三天。在twitter上，这个数据是72%，超过半数（52%）头条新闻在列表上仅仅24小时。这些每周头条的大部分与传统主流媒体上受关注的新闻有着戏剧性的差别。博客与传统媒体的重叠远超过twitter，但即使这样，每周也只有三分之一的头条与传统媒体相同。相反，社会媒体关注的往往是家中故事，这在主流媒体上的关注度要小得多。这里几乎没有证据，至少在这一点上，传统印刷物会回应性地从这些故事中摘抄一些。在整个一年的研究中，只有一个特别的故事或事件-争议过电子邮件与全球性的研究，后来被称为“气候门”-在博客中成为一个备受关注的热点，然后，一个星期后，在传统媒体中获得了更多的关注。这些都是从第一个网络社交媒体和传统媒体之间的关系的综合实证评估中得出的一些结论。研究通过Icerocket和Technorati跟踪调查2009年1月19日到2010年1月15日间百万计的博客和网络社交媒介网页上的新闻链接来检验博客和社交媒介。他们同时跟踪同一时间阶段YouTube上的新闻频道。他们衡量twitter通过跟踪2009年6月15日到2010年1月15日间的新闻报道。其中的具体结果：社交媒体和主流媒体清楚地拥有不同的议程