1-IP网络的现状和发展

计算机网络技术的

历史和新进展主要内容Internet的发展和成功经验高速计算机网络技术发展的现状国际高速计算机网络技术研究计划中国计算机网络技术研究计划高速计算机网络技术发展战略机会和挑战并存，挑战大于机会WhatisaNetwork?

(fromendsystempointofview)Networkoffersaservice:moveinformationbird,fire,messenger,truck,telegraph,telephone,Internet…anotherexample,transportationservice:moveobjectshorse,train,truck,airplane...Whatdistinguishdifferenttypesofnetworks?TheservicestheyprovideWhatdistinguishtheservices?latencybandwidthlossratenumberofendsystemsserviceinterface(howtoinvoke?)otherdetailsreliability,unicastvs.multicast,real-time,messagevs.byte...WhatisaNetwork?

InfrastructureCentricViewElectronsandphotonsascommunicationmediumLinks:fiber,copper,satellite,…Switches:mechanical/electronic/optical,crossbar/BanyanProtocols:TCP/IP,ATM,MPLS,SONET,Ethernet,PPP,X.25,FrameRelay,AppleTalk,IPX,SNAFunctionalities:routing,errorcontrol,congestioncontrol,QualityofService(QoS)Applications:FTP,WEB,Xwindows,...TypesofNetworksGeographicaldistanceLocalAreaNetworks(LAN):Ethernet,Tokenring,FDDIMetropolitanAreaNetworks(MAN):DQDB,SMDSWideAreaNetworks(WAN):X.25,ATM,framerelayInformationtypedatanetworksvs.telecommunicationnetworksApplicationtypespecialpurposenetworks:airlinereservationnetwork,bankingnetwork,creditcardnetwork,telephonygeneralpurposenetwork:InternetTypesofNetworksRighttouseprivate:enterprisenetworkspublic:telephonynetwork,InternetOwnershipofprotocolsproprietary:SNAopen:IPTechnologiesterrestrialvs.satellitewiredvs.wirelessProtocolsIP,AppleTalk,SNATheInternetGlobalscale,generalpurpose,heterogeneous-technologies,public,computernetworkInternetProtocolopenstandard:InternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)asstandardbodytechnicalbasisforothertypesofnetworksIntranet:enterpriseIPnetworkDevelopedbytheresearchcommunityHistoryoftheInternet70’s:startedasaresearchproject,56kbps,<100computers80-83:ARPANETandMILNETsplit,85-86:NSFbuildsNSFNETasbackbone,links6Supercomputercenters,1.5Mbps,10,000computers87-90:linkregionalnetworks,NSI(NASA),ESNet(DOE),Bartnet,100,000computers90-92:NSFNETmovesto45Mbps,16mid-levelnetworks94:NSFbackbonedismantled,multipleprivatebackbonesToday:backbonesrunat2.4Gbps,10smillionscomputersin150countriesGrowthoftheInternetNumberofHostsontheInternet:Aug.1981 213Oct.1984 1,024Dec.198728,174Oct.1990313,000Oct.19932,056,000Apr.19955,706,000Jul.199719,540,000Jul.200093,047,785RecentGrowth(1991-2000)WhoisWhoontheInternet?InternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF):

TheIETFistheprotocolengineeringanddevelopmentarmoftheInternet.Subdividedintomanyworkinggroups,whichspecifyRequestForCommentsorRFCs.IRTF(InternetResearchTaskForce):

TheInternetResearchTaskForceisacomposedofanumberoffocused,long-termandsmallResearchGroups.InternetArchitectureBoard(IAB):TheIABisresponsiblefordefiningtheoverallarchitectureoftheInternet,providingguidanceandbroaddirectiontotheIETF.TheInternetEngineeringSteeringGroup(IESG):TheIESGisresponsiblefortechnicalmanagementofIETFactivitiesandtheInternetstandardsprocess.Standards.ComposedoftheAreaDirectorsoftheIETFworkinggroups.InternetStandardizationProcessServicesProvidedbytheInternetToday’sVisionEverythingisdigital:voice,video,music,pictures,liveeventsEverythingison-line:bankstatement,medicalrecord,books,airlineschedule,weather,highwaytraffic,toaster,refrigerator…Everyoneisconnected:doctor,teacher,broker,mother,son,friends,enemiesWhatisNext?ElectroniccommercevirtualenterpriseInternetentertainmentinteractivesitcomWorldasasmallvillagecommunityorganizedaccordingtointerestsenhancedunderstandingamongdiversegroupsElectronicdemocracylittlepeoplecanvoicetheiropinionstothewholeworldbridgethegapbetweeninformationhavesandhaveno’sElectronicterrorismhackercanbringthewholeworldtoitskneeIndustrialPlayersTelephonecompaniesownlong-haulandaccesscommunicationlinks,customersCablecompaniesownaccesslinksWireless/SatellitecompaniesalternativecommunicationlinksUtilitycompanies:power,water,railwayownrightofwaytolaydownmorewiresMediumcompaniesowncontentInternetServiceProvidersEquipmentcompaniesswitches/routers,chips,optics,computersSoftwarecompaniesCommercialInternetafter1994NSFNetworkRegionalISPAmericaOnLineIBMBartnetCampusNetworkJoe'sCompanyStanfordXeroxParcBerkeleyNSFNetworkInternetMCIUUnetSprintNetModemIBMBackboneISPISPInternetPhysicalInfrastructureResidentialAccessModemDSLCablemodemSatelliteEnterprise/ISPaccess,BackbonetransmissionT1/T3,DS-1DS-3OC-3,OC-12ATMvs.SONET,vs.WDM

CampusnetworkEthernet,ATMInternetServiceProvidersaccess,regional,backbonePointofPresence(POP)NetworkAccessPoint(NAP)LinksforLongHaulTransmissionTypesoflinksT1/DS1:1.544MbpsT3/DS3:44.736MbpsSTS-1/OC-1:51.850MbpsSTS-3/OC-3:155.2MbpsSTS-12/OC-12:622.080MbpsSTS-48/OC-48:2.488GbpsSTS-192/OC-192:9.953GbpsHigherlevelsofservicesofferedcommerciallyFrameRelayATMPossibilitiesIPoverSONETIPoverATMIPoverFrameRelayIPoverWDM计算机网络发展历史回顾七十年代的计算机网络X.25分组交换网：各国的电信部门建设运行各种专用的网络体系结构：SNA，DNAInternet的前身ARPANET进行实验运行八十年代的计算机网络标准化计算机网络体系结构：OSI局部网络LAN技术空前发展建成NSFNET，Internet初具规模九十年代的计算机网络Internet空前发展Web技术在Internet/Intranet得到广泛应用计算机网络与其他网络的关系电信网络计算机网络电视网络通信基础传输网（光纤、卫星、微波等）电话传真电子邮件信息浏览IP电话新闻广播电视节目Internet发展规模和趋势Internet的发展速度是历史上发展最快的一种技术以商业化后达到5000万用户为例电视用了13年，收音机用了38年，电话更长Internet从商业化后达到5000万用户用了4年时间Internet正在以超过摩尔定理的速度发展Internet的成功经验有远见的政府不断支持：1969－有风险的企业参与和投入：NSF：MCI、IBMvBNS：MCI；Abilene:Qwest，CISCO联合协作的开放式研究：IETF/RFC教育和科研的示范网络为起点具有实验物理学的研究特点ARPAnet、NSF、ANS、vBNS简单实用的技术路线：TCP/IPResearchandDevelopmentCommercializationPartnershipsPrivatizationNSFNETInternet2,Abilene,vBNSAdvancedUSGovtNetworksARPAnetgigabittestbedsActiveNetswirelessWDMSprintLinkInternetMCIUSGovtNetworksANSInteroperableHighPerformanceResearch&EducationNetworks21stCenturyNetworkingQualityofService(QoS)网络带宽与CPU性能光纤容量高水平大容量光纤传输试验系统容量 光纤长度 特点 研制单位3Tb/s 40km 用T-EDFA NTT(160Gb/sX19CHOTDM/WDM) (DSF-

0=1535nm) 用DSF光纤 (NZDSF) PD1-11.02Tb/s 1000km 0.4b/s/Hz，用SMF光纤 CNET(20Gb/sx51CHWDM) (SMF环测) 101km放大器间距 PD4-11Tb/s 342km 用TrueWave光纤 Lucent(40Gb/sx25CH) (TrueWave光纤) 85km放大器间距 PD7-1750Gb/s 2000km 采用C波段和L波段 Tyco(5.3Gb/sx50CH,10Gb/sx8CH)(纯Si光纤+NZDSF环测)纯Si光纤 PD16-1640Gb/s 7200km 0.33b/s/Hz Tyco(10Gb/sx64CH) (NZDSF环测) PD2-1490Gb/s 335.2KM 采用拉曼放大+EDFA混合 Lucent(10Gb/sx49CH) (ZDSF环测) 0色散光纤(67km)+NZDSF(17km)PD8-1340Gb/s 6380km 实线试验 Alcatel(10Gb/sx34CHWDM) (NZDSF) 50GHzSpacing PD18-180Gb/s 172km Soliton Chalmer(10Gb/sx8CHOTDM) (DSF0=1547nm) 已敷设的光纤 PD6-1Data(Still)OvertakingVoice0199619971998199920002001200220406080100120140160180Relative

Capacity

(%)VoiceDataSource:MCI(VintCerf)InternationaldatatrafficalreadyexceedsinternationalvoicefromAustraliaandScandinavia.200019981996IP(Still)ConqueringDataAllOtherIPXTCP/IPTrafficRatiosSource:Gartner1997100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%RelativeUserPopulationMultimediaDynamicWWWStaticWWWFTPandTelnetE-MailandNewsOther8%17%39%27%7%2%13%18%23%23%16%7%14%17%12%15%28%14%Internet(Still)GoingInteractive

ToTransactionalPages(Red)and

Audio/VideoContent(Purple)100%80%60%40%20%0%200019981996Source:TheYankeeGroup,1996Apps(Always)DrivingCapacitySimpleVideo,MultimediaBrowsing,PCMVoiceIP,PCS,E-Mail,

FileTransferPagingVideoConferencing,MPEG1NTSCVideoTelnet,VoIPISDN,

FrameRelayATM/POST3/E3T1/E1NewModemWirelessWANOldModem.004.0192.0288.1281.53155Mb/sMinimumBandwidthforApplicationperUserVirtualReality,MedicalImaging012345678919971998199920012002VoiceTraffic(Rising)overConvergedNetworks13%0%BillionsofMinutes/MonthVoiceTrafficonMultiserviceNetworksFractionofTotalVoiceSource:Frost&Sullivan;BusinessWeek,April6,1998HomeAccess:FasterGettingCheaper199719981999200020012002US$6050403020100AverageUS

CostperMonthADSLCableDialupISDNSource:ForresterResearch,January1998Data/Voice/VideoTransportConvergenceInternet高速信息网络的发展方向：

通信与计算聚合通信和计算技术的聚合改变了各自的原有特征高速信息网络体系结构的发展趋势分层结构；分布控制、管理和安全机制分层结构比特路层服务层应用层高速信息网络的体系结构比特路层主干网传输技术：SDH/SONET，光纤主干网交换技术：IPoverSDH或光纤，GbE，支持IPv6端系统接入技术：LAN；ADSL、FTTC、FTTH、HFC服务层（支撑技术）全球统一的地址、域名；安全的系统管理和访问控制Browser/Server计算模式，支持Data,Voice,Video以Java为代表的网络编程语言应用层（用户功能）用户－用户（立即响应，可适当延迟）用户－服务器（立即响应，可适当延迟）ATMSDH/SONETIPOpticalIPTransportAlternativesB-ISDNIPoverATMIPoverSDH/SONETIPoverOpticalLong-TermWinnersIPATMOpticalIPSDH/SONETOpticalIPOpticalMultiplexing,Protection,andManagementatEveryLayer.EliminatingLayersLowersCosts.国际高速信息网络技术研究计划1992年美国政府的“国家信息基础设施NII”1993年西方七国的“全球信息基础设施GII”美国NII组成部分“高性能计算和通信HPCC”NGI和vBNSInternet2和AbileneTransPAC、APAN、STARTAPCANARIE和CA*net3NGI：美国下一代Internet研究计划NGI目标1：先进网络技术的实验研究网络工程规划和模拟；监视；集成；数据传递；网络管理；动态和自适应的网络服务质量（端到端）服务质量体系结构；允许控制，计费和优先权；可观察和控制的API；DrillDown技术安全用户用安全和公平的方法服务网络资源；优越的网络管理；网络内部的监视；游动/远程访问；公钥基础设施NGI目标2：下一代网络测试床开发下一代网络测试床，用比现在Internet快100倍以上的速度连接至少100个大学和国家研究实验室以1997年1.54Mbps计，10个连接点速度达到比现在Internet快1000倍端到端连接速度达到100Mbps~1GbpsNGI目标2包括高性能连接：开发广域网结构，用100+Mbps速度连接100个广域点下一代网络技术和超高性能连接：开发超高速交换和传输技术，用1+Gbps速度连接10个以上的局域点主要策略：协调建立一个高性能的协作网络利用现有的网络试验床：vBNS,ESnet,NREN评价标准：连接点的数量，端到端的性能支持目标1的研究，支持目标3的应用NGI目标3：革命性的网络应用开发今天Internet没有，对国家重要的网络应用健康保健：远程医疗、紧急医疗响应支持教育：远程教育、数字图书馆科学研究：能源、地理系统、气象、生物国家安全：高性能全球通信、先进的信息传播环境：监测、预测、警告、响应政府：传递政府服务和信息给公民和企业突发事件：灾难响应、危机管理设计和制造：制造工程主要策略：重点研究基础性应用分布式计算应用、协同性应用vBNSCooperativeAgreementCompetitivelyawardedinApril1995EstablishedbytheNSFinordertoensuretheavailabilityofhighperformancenetworkingresourcesfortheUSResearch&EducationcommunityfostertheadvancementofnetworkingtechnologyNSFcontributes:programmanagementandfundingMCIcontributes:bandwidth,equipment,andengineeringSanFranciscoNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchSanDiegoSupercomputerCenterHoustonDenverAmeritechNAPChicagoNationalCenterforSupercomputingApplicationsClevelandPerryman,MDSprintNAPMFSNAPPittsburghSupercomputingCenterLosAngelesAAtlantaANewYorkCityvBNSBackboneNetworkMapBostonWashington,DCSeattleAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCJJAscendGRF400Cisco7507JuniperM40FOREASX-1000NAPACDS-3OC-3COC-12COC-48JSanFranciscoNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchSanDiegoSupercomputerCenterHoustonDenverChicagoNationalCenterforSupercomputingApplicationsClevelandPerryman,MDPittsburghSupercomputingCenterLosAngelesAtlantaNewYorkCityvBNSBackbone3Q99BostonWashington,DCSeattlevBNSPOPDS-3OC-3COC-12COC-48Internet2UCAID（120多个大学会员）的一项研究计划 UniversityCorporationforAdvancedInternetDevelopment形成大学试验网，开发下一代Internet技术和应用IPv6，Multicasting，QOS以竞争方式得到NGI计划的经费支持NGI是政府计划，Internet2是大学合作计划相互补充，相互依靠Internet2和NGI的合作范围NSF支持的vBNSInternet2将建立用于地区连接的gigaPoPInternet2的许多网络应用开发由NGI支持AdvancedInternetBenefitsRichercontentthroughhigherbandwidthVideo,audioVirtualrealityDynamicnotstaticMoreinteractivityviaminimaldelayReliablecontentdeliverythroughqualityofservicemodelInternet2ApplicationsDeliverqualitativeandquantitativeimprovementsintheconductof:ResearchTeachingLearningRequireadvancednetworkingManyDisciplinesandContextsSciencesArtsHumanitiesHealthcareBusiness/LawAdministration…InstructionCollaborationStreamingvideoDistributedcomputationDataminingVirtualrealityDigitallibraries…VirtualLaboratoriesInteractiveresearchandinstructionReal-timeaccesstoremotescientificinstruments

ImagescourtesyoftheUniversityofMichiganVirtualLaboratoriesReal-timeaccesstoremoteinstruments

UniversityofPittsburgh,

PittsburghSupercomputingCenter

3-DBrainMappingDigitalLibrariesVideoandaudio

IndianaUniversity

VariationsProjectDistributedComputationMulti-sitedatabases

OldDominionUniversity

ChesapeakeBaySimulationImagecourtesyofOldDominionUniversityTeleimmersionSharedvirtualrealityUniversityofIllinoisatChicago

Virtual

Temporal

BoneImagescourtesyUnivofIllinois-ChicagoAbileneProjectannounced14April1998byVPGoreMostadvancedandfarreachingresearchandeducationnetworkintheworldsupportadvancedresearchapplicationsintegratedadvancednetworkservicesDevelopedbyUCAIDQwest,NortelandCiscocorporatepartnersAdvancednativeIPbackbonenetworkavailabletouniversitiesparticipatinginUCAID’sInternet2projectAbileneCharacteristics2.4Gbps(OC48)amonggigaPoPs,increasingto9.6Gbps(OC192)Connectionsat622Mbps(OC12)or155Mbps(OC3)IPoverSonettechnologyAccessPoPsveryclosetoalmostalloftheanticipateduniversitygigaPoPsAbileneScheduleFall1998:Demonstratednetworkatmembermeeting,inpre-productionatseveraluniversities,connectedtoChicagoswitchforSTARTAPJanurary1999:AbileneinserviceByDecember1999:around65institutionsconnectedTheTransPACNetworkThenetworkisbasedona70MbpsVBR-nrtATMinternationalconnectionbetweentheSTARTAPinChicagoandtheAPANTokyoexchangepoint.TheunderlyingATMserviceprovidedbyAT&T/KDD.TransPACprovidesATMandIP-layeruserservices.APAN-TransPAC-vBNS/Canarieprovidesoneoftheworld’slargesthigh-performanceresearchnetworksandconstitutesthepremierglobaltestbedfordevelopingnextgenerationnetworkprotocolsandservices.STARTAPSTARTAP

CommonInterconnectforNGI,Internet2,InternationalHigh-PerformanceNetworksBill.St.Arnaud@canarie.cahttp://Tweetie.canarie.ca/~bstarnTel:+1.613.785.0426“Canada’sNationalOpticalInternet”GigaPOPCA*net3NationalOpticalNetworkVancouverCalgaryReginaWinnipegOttawaMontrealTorontoHalifaxSt.John’sFrederictonCharlottetownRANBCnetWURCnetSRnetMRnetONetRISQACORNOC3OC3DS3OC12OC48ChicagoSTARTAPCA*net3OC12Teleglobe中国的Internet中国科学技术计算机网（CSTNET）

NCFC（APT），CASnet，CERnetCSTnet：信息服务、超级计算、CNNIC

1999/12/31

2000/06/302001/01

10M10M55M

中国公用计算机互联网（CHINANET）

邮电部主管，依托CHANAPAC、CHANADDN、PSTN，1995年6月完成

1999/12/31

2000/06/302001/01

291M

711M1953M（北京170M、上海214M、广州327M）

（北京721M、上海661M、广州571M）

中国教育和科研计算机网（CERNET）

教育部主管，10主结点，完全采用TCP/IP技术，1995年12月完成1999/12/31

2000/06/302001/01

8M

12M117M中国金桥信息网（CHINAGBN）电子部建设、1996年9月完成，政府机关、文教单位、大型企业1999/12/31

2000/06/302001/01

22M69M

148M

（北京49M、上海12M、广州8M）（北京53M、上海59M、广州36M）中国联通互联网（UNINET）

1999/12/31

2000/06/302001/01

20M

55M55M（上海47M、广州8M）（上海47M、广州8M）

中国网通(CNCNET)

由中国科学院、铁道部、上海市政府及广播电影电视总局四家股东联合出资成立的中国网通公司致力于新一代全光纤纯IP高速骨干网络CNCnet的建设1999/12/31

2000