Appraisal Theory 功能语言学评价理论课件

Appraisal:negotiatingattitudesAppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论Thelanguageofemotion,ethicsandaesthetics1.J.R.Matin2.Definitionsandbasicstructure3.Detailsa.Attitudeb.Amplificationc.SourceApplicationtoanalysisofapoem.CommentAppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论Prof.J.R.MartinLife:J.R.MartinisProfessorofLinguisticsattheUniversityofSydney.Hisresearchinterestsincludesystemictheory,functionalgrammar,discoursesemantics,register,genre,multimodalityandcriticaldiscourseanalysis,focusingonEnglishandTagalog-withspecialreferencetothetransdisciplinaryfieldsofeducationallinguisticsandsocialsemiotics.ProfessorMartinwaselectedafellowtheAustralianAcademyoftheHumanitiesin1998,andawardedaCentenaryMedalforhisservicestoLinguisticsandPhilologyin2003.AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论RecentpublicationsWorkingwithDiscourse:meaningbeyondtheclause(JRMartin&DavidRose)TheLanguageofEvaluation:appraisalinEnglish.(JRMartin&PRRWhite)ShidoniiGakuhanoSFL:HarideiGengoRironnoTenkai.Genrerelations:mappingculture.(JRMartin&DavidRose).Learningtowrite/readingtolearn:scaffoldingdemocracyinliteracyclassrooms.(DavidRose&JRMartin).AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论1.Definitionsandbasicstructure

Appraisal:isconcernedwithevaluation:thekindsofattitudesthatarenegotiatedinatest,thestrengthofthefeelingsinvolvedandthewaysinwhichvaluesaresourcedandreadersaligned.AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论

评价理论是对人际功能所进行的横向和纵向的延伸,它主要研究个人如何运用语言去对事物做出评价,采取立场,从而调节主体间立场乃至意识形态立场。Martin指出,通过告诉听话人或读者对某些人和事物的感受,便可以利用评价资源去协商和调节社会关系。这就是说,评价理论所关心的是说话人利用其话语介入到语篇之中从而使语义随说话人的立场而变化。运用评价理论可以分析作者和说话者的态度和立场。AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论韩礼德和哈桑致力于从社会学的角度研究语言的三大元功能:概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能。然而他们却忽略了对谈话人的赋值语义(semanticsofevaluation)的研究(王振华,2001)。澳大利亚语言学家马丁(J.R.Martin)进一步发展了系统功能语法,在原有的基础上创造性地提出了评价系统。此系统是一个人际意义系统,人们可利用它来领会各种社会关系。它涉及文本所揭示出来的各种态度,各种情感的强度以及确定各种价值来源的手段(Martin2001:19)。AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论2.Definitionsandbasic

structureNegotiationattitude:

Appraisalsareinterpersonalkindsofmeanings,whichrealizevariationinthetenorofsocialinteractionsenactedinatext.Peopleusetheresourcesofappraisalfornegotiatingsocialrelationships,bytellingourlistenersorreadershowwefeelaboutthingsandpeople(inaword,whatourattitudesare.).Appraisalconsistsofthreeaspects:attitude,amplification,andsource.AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论2.Definitionsandbasicstructurethreeaspectsofappraisal.

Attitudes:indicateswhatpeopleappraise,includingevaluatingthings,people’scharacterandtheirfeelings.Inotherwords,therearethreetypesofattitudes:expressingemotion,judgingcharacterandvaluingtheworthofthings.Amplification:indicateshowwefeelaboutthedegreeoftheappraisal.Evaluationscanbemoreorlessintense,thatistheymaybemoreorlessamplified.Itcoversforceandfocus.Engagement:indicatesthesourceoftheappraisal.Andtheattitudemaybethewriter’sownoritmaybeattributedtosomeothersources,viaprojection,modalization,orconcession..AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论2.DefinitionsandbasicstructureExamples:1.Hewasworkingina

topsecuritystructure.(valuingtheworthofthings)2.Itwasthebeginningofabeautifulrelationship.(valuingtheworthofthings)3.Abubbly,vivaciousmanwhobeamedoutwildenergy.Sharplyintelligent.(judgingcharacter)4.EvenifhewasandEnglishman,hewaspopularwithalthe‘Boer’Afrikanners.(judgingcharacter)5.Andallmygirlfriendsenviedme.(expressingemotion)6.Iwastorntopieces.(expressingemotion)7.wildenergy.Sharplyintelligent.(amplification)

8.Andallmygirlfriendsenviedme.(engagement)AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论Attitudes

Wediscussthethreekindsofattitudes:affect:judgment,andappreciation;1.Affect:expressingourfeelingsPeopleexpresstheirfeelingsindiscourseintwogeneralways:positiveandnegative;directlyandimplied.Affectcanbepositiveornegativeandthatitcanberealizeddirectlyorindirectly.1)positiveandnegative;peoplecanhavegoodfeelingsandbadfeelings.forexample,satisfied,respect,wish;pain,bitterness,feared,etc.Weareecstatic.Theywouldbecomerestless.AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论Attitudes2)a.directly:emotionscandescribedindifferentways.First,speakerreferstoaemotionalstate,usingwordsthatnamespecificemotions:.forexample:torntopieces,pain,ecstatic,feared,worried,etc.Secondisphysicalexpression:speakerreferstoemotionphysically,describingbehaviorthatalsodirectlyexpressesemotion;forexample:withdrawn,presshisfaceintohishands,shakeuncontrollablytoexpressfear,etc.

AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论Attitudesb.implicit:thespeakerdescribesunusualbehaviortoexpressfeelingsindirectly.Forexample,drinktoomuch,wanderfromwindowtowindow,juststaringinfrontofhim.

metaphorisanotherwaytoexpressfeelingsindirectly.Forexample,icecoldinaswelteringnight;eyesbewildered,butdulllikethedead.Question:whataboutneutral?AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论AttitudesPositive

Weareecstatic.Wecelebrated.NegativeIwastorntopieces.Ican’texplainthepainandbitternessinmeDirectEmotionalstate:ecstatic,

wildconsumingfear

Physicalexpression:presshisfaceintohishands,shakeuncontrollablyImplicitunusualbehavior:wanderfromwindowtowindowmetaphor:dulllikethedead;AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论Judgingpeople’scharacter2.Judgingpeople’scharacter:wejudgepeople’scharacterfromtwoperspectives:personaljudgmentsofadmirationorcriticismandmoraljudgmentsofpraiseorcondemnation,bothcanbepositiveornegativeandexplicitlyorimplicitly.1)Personaljudgmentmeanstocommentonthebehaviorofpeople.Itcanalsobepositive(admiring)andnegative(criticizing);forexample,Helenadescribesherfirstlovewithwords:energetic,intelligent,populartoshowheradmirationtohimdirectlyandphraseasworkinginatopsecuritystructuretojudgehischaracterindirectly.AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论Judgingpeople’scharacter2)moraljudgmentscanbemadepositiveornegative:itcanalsobemadedirectlyandindirectly.a.Helenacondemnsherleadersfortheirdishonestyandinhumanity

Ourleadersaretooholyandinnocent.Andfaceless.Whatelsecanthisabnormallifebethanacruelhumanrightsviolation?.b.Helenapraisestheleadersoftheircourage:Atleasttheirleadershavethegutstostandbytheirvulture,torecognizetheirsacrifices.Withadmirationandcriticism,moraljudgmentscanalsobemadedirectlyorimplied.Metaphorplaysaroleinjudgingcharacter:

Andtodaytheyallwashtheirhandsininnocence.AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论AppreciatingthingsAppreciatingthings:thingscanbeappreciatedpositivelyornegatively.Appreciatingthingsincludesevaluationofdifferentkindsofthings,aswellasrelationships,qualityoflifeandevensemioticthings.ThefollowingaretheappreciationofthingsinHelena’snarrative.Positiveabeautifulrelationshipaveryseriousissuehealingofbreachesrestorationofbrokenrelationships

negativemyunsuccessfulmarriageafrivolousquestionbrokenrelationshipsthecommunityheorshehasinjuredAppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论Theborderlineofcharacterandvalue:thereareseveralinstancesofattitudeinourtextsthatcouldperhapsbeanalysedaseitherjudgmentofcharacterorappreciationofthings.Thesebringustotheborderofcharacterandvalue.Itisimportanttotakeco-textintoconsideration,ratherthananalysingsimplyitembyitem.AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论AmplificationAmplification:degreeoftheappraisalOnedistinctivefeatureofattitudeisthatattitudesaregradable.Thismeansthatwecanexpresshowstronglywefeelaboutsomeoneorsomething.Twokindsofamplification:1:force:turningthevolumeupanddownWordsthatintensifymeaning:somewhat/fairlly/quite/really/sharply/extremelyintelligentWordsthatincludedegreesofintensity:happy/delighted/ecstatic.2.focus:sharpeningorsofteningcategoriesofpeopleandthings:about/exactly;real/sortof/kindofAppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论AmplificationForceIntensifiersAttitudinallexisMetaphorsSwearingHestillplaysgreatThesecondpartisfantasticIcecoldinaswelteringnightDammit,theremustbeacliqueFocusSharpenSoftenWearerealpolicemennow.Apart-timebluefan.AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论AmplificationSum-up:amplifyingattitudeinvolvesasetofresourcesforadjustinghowstronglywefeelaboutpeopleandthings.Technicallywerefertotheseresourcesasforce.Weusethemtoturnthevolumeupordown.Gradingexperientialboundariesinvolvesresourcesthatthatsharpenorblurapparentlycategoricaldistinctions.Technicallytheseresourcesarereferredtoasfocus.Theymakecutanddrieddistinctionsnegotiable.Technicallytheseresourcesarereferredtoasgraduation.

AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论Sourceofattitudes:Sourceofattitudes:whoaretheevaluationcomingfrom?Onecanexpresstheirownopinion,thatmeansheisresponsibleforalloftheevaluation.However,hecanalsoexplicitlyintroduceotherpeople’svoicebyquotingorreportingwhatotherpeoplesaid.AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论SourceofattitudesThispotentialforsourcingwhatissaidwasoneofthefactorsthatgottheRussianlinguistBakhtinthinkingaboutthedialogicnatureofdiscourse,evenintextwetraditionallythinkofasmonologues.TwotermsHeterogloss:thesourceofattitudeisotherthanthewriterMonogloss(singlevoice):thesourceissimplytheauthorAppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论SourceofattitudesThreetypesofheterogloss:1.Projection:quoteorreportwhatpeoplesayorthink,throughprojectionthenwecanintroduceadditionalsourcesofevaluation.Wecanchoosefromprojectionoverandoveragaintoexplorethesourceofsources,andthesourceofthesourceofsources.AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论SourceofattitudesFourwaystoattributesources:asprojectingclauses,asnamesforspeechacts,asprojectingwithinclauses,asscarequotes.Iknowwhereeverythingbegan.Mystorybeginsinmylateteenageyearsasafarmgirl.ManyofthosewhohavecomeforwardhadpreviouslybeenregardedasrespectablemembersoftheircommunitiesAbruptlymutterthefearedword‘trip’anddriveoff.AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论SourceofattitudesModality:Alongsideprojection,anotherwayofintroducingadditionalvoicesintoatextisviamodality.Hallidalydescribesmodalityasaresourcewhichsetsupasemanticspacebetweenyesandno,aclinerunningbetweenpositiveandnegativepoles.Ateachpoleofscalesofmodalityisthechoiceofpositiveornegativepolarity.Modalitydoesn’ttakevoiceonanddenythem;itopensupaspacefornegotiationinwhichdifferentpointsofviewcancirculatearoundanissue,aspaceperhapsformediationandpossiblereconciliation.AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论SourceofattitudesFivetypesofmodalitytonegotiateinformationandservices:usuality,probability,obligation,inclinationandability.AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论SourceofattitudesConcession:knownascounterexpectancy,adjustandmonitorreader’sexpectation.Concessives:conjunctionsthatadjustandmonitorexpectation,eg:but,evenifetc.Ican’thandlethemananymore!But,Ican’tgetout.Continuatives:thesearelikeconjunctionsbuttheyoccurinsidetheclause,ratherthanatthebeginning.eg:already,finally,still,etc.AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论AppraisalTheory功能语言学评价理论Sum-up:Whatwehavearethreemainappraisalsystems:att