英美文学简史及名篇选读 英国文学课件 07 Lecture on English Literature、08 Lecture on English Literature since 1945

英国文学EnglishLiterature(intheearly20thCentury)ChapterVIII.TheRiseofModernism1.NewTheories1)ThetheoryofevolutionbyDarwinrevealsthathumanshadananimal,ratherthandivineorrational,nature2)ThetheoryofsocialismbyMarxshowsthathistorywasbasedonclassconflictandthatthevastmajorityofworkerswerecontrolledbyasmallgroupofpeoplewhoownedthemeansofproductionanddistribution3)TheoryofrelativitybyEinsteinprovidesnewideastoconceptsoftimeandspace4)Thetheoryofpsycho-analysisbyFreud(1)Levelsofmentallife(a)Conscious Speechlevel Pre-speechlevel(b)UnconsciousIndividualunconsciousCollectiveunconscious(2)StructuresofthemindEgoIdSuperegoII.GeneralViewofEnglishLiterature1.HistoryBackgroundForBritain,the20thcenturyhasbeengenerallyatimeofdecliningnationalfortuneandpower.Thecenturyhashadtofacetwowarsthathavecostmanylivesandthedestructionofmuchproperty.TheFirstWorldWartremendouslyweakenedtheBritishEmpire.TheSecondWorldWarmarkedthelaststageofthedisintegrationoftheBritishempire.Theoncesun-never-setEmpirefinallycollapsed.AllthesegaverisetoallkindsofphilosophicalideasinWesternEurope,suchasKarlMarxandEngels'theoryofscientificsocialism,Darwin'stheoryofevolution,Einstein'stheoryofrelativity,andFreud'sanalyticalpsychology.2.LiterarycharacteristicsTheEnglishnovelsofthe19thcenturywerewrittenatatimeofgreatconfidenceinBritishsociety,cultureandpoliticalorganization.Thewritersofthetwentiethcentury,however,couldnotsharethisconfidence.ThechangesinbeliefsandpoliticalideaswereinfluencedstronglybytheeventsoftheFirstWorldWarandbytheeventsacrosstheworldthatledtothedisappearanceoftheBritishEmpire.TheFrenchsymbolism,appearinginthelate19thcentury,proclaimedmodernism.AftertheFirstWorldWar,allkindsofliterarytrendsofmodernismappeared:DifferentschoolsofModernism(Therearedifferentopinions)-SymbolismExpressionismSurrealismFuturismDadaismImagismStreamsofConsciousnessTowards1920s,thesetrendsconvergedintoamightytorrentofmodernistmovement.ThemajorfiguresthatwereassociatedwiththismovementwereKafka,Pound,Eliot,JoyceandVirginiaWoolf.AftertheSecondWorldWar,avarietyofmodernism,orpost-modernism,likeexistentialistliteraturetheatreoftheabsurdnewnovelsandblackhumourrosewiththespuroftheexistentialistideathat"theworldwasabsurd,andthehumanlifewasanagony."Inpoetry,theshortlyricbecamepopular.ItflourishedinthepoetryofA.E.Housman,ThomasHardy,andYeats.Undertheinfluenceofimpressionism,writersdidnotseektointerpretlife,butfocusedonindividualmomentsofexperience.Thelanguagethattheyusediscommonspeech.LiterarysymbolismalsofounditsexpressioninEnglishpoetry.ModernismModernismisaculturalmovementwhichrebelledagainstthe19thcenturyideas.AlsotheprinciplesofaliteraryschoollastedfromroughlythebeginningofthetwentiethcenturyuntiltheendofWorldWarII.Modernismisdefinedbyitsrejectionoftheliteraryconventionsofthenineteenthcenturyandbyitsoppositiontoconventionalmorality,taste,traditions,andeconomicvalues.

Modernistliteratureischaracterizedchieflybyarejectionof19th-centurytraditionsandoftheirconsensusbetweenauthorandreader:conventionsofrealism...ortraditionalmeter.Modernistwriterstendedtoseethemselvesasanavant-gardedisengagedfrombourgeoisvalues,anddisturbedtheirreadersbyadoptingcomplexanddifficultnewformsandstyles.(M.H.Abrams)3)CharacteristicsofModernism(a)Theoreticalbase:Irrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysis(b)Commonthemes:thedistorted,alienatedandillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself(c)Astrongandconsciousbreakwiththepast,byrejectingthemoral,religiousandculturalvaluesofthepast.(d)Moveawayfromthepublictotheprivate,fromtheobjectivetothesubjective.(e)Emphasizethepsychictimeoverthechronologicalone,maintainingthatthepast,thepresentandthefutureareoneandexistatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofindividualasacontinuousflowratherthanaseriesofseparatemoments.(f)Apartialreactionagainstrealism.Majorworksofmodernistfictionsubvertthebasicconventionsofearlierprosefictionbybreakingupthenarrativecontinuity,departingfromthestandardwaysofrepresentingcharacters,andviolatingthetraditionalsyntaxandcoherenceofnarrativelanguagebytheuseofstreamofconsciousnessandotherinnovativemodesofnarration.TheyexperimentedwithautomaticwritingandothermodesthatachievedtheireffectsbyviolatingthenormsofstandardEnglishsyntaxandsentencestructure.2)MajormodernistBritishwritersD.H.LawrenceJamesJoyceVirginiaWoolfDramaoftheTwentiethCentury

1)Early20th-centurydramatistsGeorgeBernardShawJohnGalsworthyW.B.Yeats2)Mid-20thcenturydramatistsT.S.EliotChristopherFrySamuelBeckettJohnOsborneHaroldPinterGeorgeBernardShaw(1856-1950)

乔治·肖伯纳2.GeorgeBernardShaw

(1856-1950)

乔治·肖伯纳A.Hislife(seetextbook)B.HisworksHisfirstplayisWidowers'Houses.ThenhisfirstcycleofShaw'splays,"PlaysUnpleasant"madetheirappearance.Itcontains:

Widowers'Houses1892《鳏夫的房产》

Mrs.Warren'sProfession

1894《华伦夫人的职业》

ThePhilander1893《慈善家》G.B.Shaw--"PlaysPleasant"1894-1897,including:ArmsandMan,1894《武器与人》"ThreePlaysforPuritans"including：TheDevil'sDisciple，1897《魔鬼的门徒》During20thcentury:

ManandSuperman,1903《人与超人》

MajorBarbara,1905《巴巴拉上校》

Pygmalion,1912《皮克梅里恩》或译《卖花女》

HeartbreakHouse，1919《伤心之家》TheAppleCart,1929《苹果车》G.B.ShawHewrote51playsinall.SomeoftheLastplays:During1930s,hewrote10plays,and4playsin1940s.--IsGoodKingCharles’sGoldenDays?(1939)--FarfetchedFables(1948-1950)--WhySheWouldNot(1950)--unfinishedG.B.Shaw(1856-1950)--Animportantaimofhismanyplayswastofacehisaudiencewithcompletelynewpointsofviewandwaysoflookingatthemselvesandthesocietytheylivedin.--In1925,hereceivedtheNobelPrizeforliterature.--HevisitedChinain1932andwaswarmlyreceivedbytherevolutionarywritersrepresentedbyLuXun.In1950hediedattheageof95.G.B.ShawHisViewpoints

Shawcriticizesrelentlesslytheevilsofthebourgeoissociety,andtearstopiecesthemasksofgentlemenandladies.Withhisplaystheauthorexposesthehypocrisyanddegenerationinthecapitalistsociety.

Shawisthegreatestrealisticplaywrightinthe20th-centuryEngland.Hisradicalpoliticalattitudeplayedanimportantroleinforminghisartisticpointofview.G.B.Shaw--Shawwasstronglyagainst“artforart’ssake”anddeclared:“Iamnotanadherenttoartforart’ssake.Iwillnotevenliftafingertowriteartisticworksinwhichthereisnothingbutartisticquality.”Inhisopinion,theatreshouldtakeitselfseriously“asafactoryofthought,aprompterofconscience….”G.B.ShawShawontheEnglishlanguage--ShawmentionsthatspellingofEnglishlanguagedoesnothavemuchreasonablerelationshiptoitspronunciation.ThismakesEnglishpronunciationverydifficulttolearn.Thisdifficultyinturnhelpstoperpetuatethelowdialectswhichimmediatelyidentifythespeakersashumbleonesofpooreducation.Suchdialectsareanimportantfactorinthedivisionofpeopleintosocialclasses.G.B.ShawD.Characteristicsofhisplays

1)Problemsplays

Asarealisticdramatist,Shaw’sartisticpowerliesinhissearchfortruthinartandhismirrorofreality,byrevealingallsortsofconflictsinthecapitalistcountries.HestartedwritingplaysundertheinfluenceofIbsenandSamuelButler.Likethem,hetookthemodernsocialissuesashissubjectswiththeaimofdirectingsocialreforms.Mostofhisplaysareconcernedwithpolitical,economic,moral,orreligiousproblems,and,thus,canbetermedasproblemplays.

G.B.Shaw:problemsplaysAndhisplayshaveonlyonepassionagainstoppressionandexploitation,againsthypocrisyandlying,againstprostitutionandslavery,againstpoverty,dirtanddisorder.G.B.ShawShawattacksthewholecapitalistsystem—thesocialrootsofallevils,byexposingthecapitalists’ruthlesseconomicexploitationoftheworkingpeople,thegrosshypocrisyoftheexploitersandtheirshamelessactionstomakemoneyandgainpower.Pygmalion

《皮克梅里恩》/programs/view/Dqn9GG1qTJk//movie/642.htmlJohnGalsworthy(1867-1933)JohnGalsworthy

(1867-1933)

约翰·高尔斯华绥

1)

Hislifeandliteraryposition--JohnGalsworthywasoneofthemostprominentnovelistsandplaywrightsintheearly20thcenturyHestudiedlawatOxfordUniversity,butaftergraduationhebegantodevotehimselftoliterarywork.HisfirstfamousnovelisTheManofProperty.--HisnotableworksincludeTheForsyteSaga(1906–1921)anditssequels,AModernComedyandEndoftheChapter.HewontheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1932.

HisWorksHisthreetrilogies

1)TheForsyteSaga

(1906-22)《福赛特世家》TheManofProperty（1906）《有产业的人》

InChancery（1920）《骑虎》

Tolet（1921）《出租》2)

AModernComedy

(1929)《现代喜剧》

TheWhiteMonkey

（1924）《白猿》

TheSilverSpoon（1926）《银匙》

SwanSong（1928）《天鹅曲》

3)EndoftheChapter

(1934)《一章的结束》

MaidinWaiting

(1931)《姑娘在等待》

TheFloweringWilderness

(1932)《开花的荒野》

OvertheRiver

(1933)《最后一条河》

JamesJoyce

(1882-1941)詹姆斯·乔伊斯JamesJoyce:LifeandPosition--JamesJoycewasbornandeducatedinIrelandandspentmostofhisadultlifeinEurope,mainlyinFrance,ItalyandSwitzerland.--FromeleventosixteenatBelvedereCollege,Dublin.--HethenstudiedmodernlanguagesatUniversityCollege,Dublin.--JamesJoycewasanIrishnovelistandpoet,consideredtobeoneofthemostinfluentialwritersinthemodernismoftheearly20thcentury.JamesJoyce:LifeandPosition--JoycewenttothecontinentalEuropeaftergraduationtoteachEnglish,livinginTrieste(cityinItaly),ParisandZurich.--Proud,obstinate,absolutelyconvincedofhisgenius,Joycewasnotalwaysaneasypersontogetalongwith,yetheneverlackedfriends.--OntheContinenthewasalwaysthecentreofaliterarycircle.JamesJoyce:LifeandPosition--JoyceisbestknownforUlysses(1922),alandmarkworkinwhichtheepisodesofHomer'sOdysseyareparalleled,perhapsmostprominentamongthesethestreamofcounsciousnesstechniqueheperfected.JamesJoyce:MainWorksHisNovelsTheHolyOffice(1905)

ChamberMusic(1907)

GasfromaBurner(1912)APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan(1916)

Exiles(1918)Ulysses(1922)FinnegansWake(1939)

StephenHero(1944),posthumouslypublishedJamesJoyce:MainWorksDubliners(1914)《都柏林人》--acollectionof15shortstoriesAPortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan.(1916)《青年艺术家的肖像》--Hisfirstnovel,largelyautobiographical.FinnegansWake(1939)《为芬尼根守灵》

Itishislastnovel,evenmoredifficulttocomprehend.StreamofConsciousnessStreamofConsciousnessisaliterarystylethatisusedtorepresentacharacter’sfeelingsandthoughtsinlongcontinuouspiecesoftextthathavelittleobviousorganizationorstructure.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.JamesJoyce,VirginiaWoolf,andFaulknerarethreeofthemostdistinguishedexponentsofthestream-of-consciousness.StreamofConsciousnessStreamofconsciousnessisanarrativedevicethatattemptstogivethewrittenequivalentofthecharacter'sthoughtprocesses,eitherinalooseinteriormonologue,orinconnectiontohisorheractions.Stream-of-consciousnesswritingisusuallyregardedasaspecialformofinteriormonologueandischaracterizedbyassociativeleapsinthoughtandlackofsomeorallpunctuation.Thespeaker'sthoughtprocessesaremoreoftendepictedasoverheardinthemindoraddressedtooneself.(Wiki)StreamofConsciousness--Itisanarrativetechniquethatpresentsthoughtsasiftheywerecomingdirectlyfromacharacter’smind.Lackingchronologicalorder,theeventsinastreamofconsciousnessnarrativearepresentedfromthecharacter’spointofview,mixedwiththecharacter’songoingfeelingsandmemories.DevelopedbywriterssuchasJamesJoyce,VirginiaWoolf,streamofconsciousnesswritingisusedtorevealacharacter’scomplexpsychologyandtopresentitinrealisticdetail.

JamesJoyce:Ulysses

Ulysses

(1922)

《尤利西斯》--Itwaspublishedin1922.Thenoveltellsofwanderingsand“adventures”ofLeopoldBloom,amodernUlysses,duringthe24hoursofasingleday,July16,1904.--Threecharacters:LeopoldBloom,anordinaryJewishbusinessmaninDublin,hiswifeMolly,aconcertsinger,andStephenDedalusawriterlikeJoyce.JamesJoyce:Ulysses(1)Akidneyoozedbloodgoutsonthewillow-patterneddish:thelast.(2)Hestoodbythenext-doorgirlatthecounter.(3)Wouldshebuyittoo,callingtheitemsfromaslipinherhand.(4)Chapped:washingsoda.(5)AndapoundandahalfofDenny’ssausages.(6)Hiseyesrestedonhervigorouships.(7)Woodshisnameis.(8)Wonderwhathedoes.(9)Wifeisoldish.(10)NewBlood.(11)Nofollowersallowed.JamesJoyce:Ulysses（1）柳条盘内血淋淋的腰子：

这该是最后一个了。（2）主人公挨着柜台前的邻居姑娘。（3）她正在念手中购物单上的采购项目，她也会买腰子吗?（4）有些毛糙，肥皂。（5）还要一磅半的丹里斯香肠。（6）主人公的眼睛盯着姑娘丰满的臀部。（7）名字叫WOODS。（8）想想他会干的事。（9）老婆已岁数不小。（10）又是一个血淋淋的腰子。（11）不让别人追她。JamesJoyce:Ulysses(1)Akidneyoozedbloodgoutsonthewillow-patterneddish(observation):thelast(inneractivity).(2)Hestoodbythenextdoorgirlatthecounter(author’sobjectivedescription).(3)Wouldshebuyittoo(inneractivity),callingtheitemsfromaslipinherhand(observation).(4)Chapped(observation):washingsoda(inneractivity).(5)AndapoundandahalfofDenny’ssausages(observation).(6)Hiseyesrestedonhervigorouships(description).(7)Woodshisnameis(inneractivity).(8)Wonderwhathedoes(inneractivity,referringtoowningthegirl).(9)Wifeisoldish(inneractivity,soherbosswilllookforlover).(10)NewBlood(observation).(11)Nofollowersallowed(inneractivity:Thebosswillnotallowanybodytowoo(court)her).VirginiaWoolf

(1882-1941)VirginiaWoolf1882–1941.StampofRomania,2007

VirginiaWoolf

(1882-1941)

弗吉尼娅·伍尔芙---femalenovelist

HerLifeandLiteraryPosition-VirginiaWoolfwasborninLondon.-Shegrewupasamemberofalargeandtalentedfamily.-Afterherfather'sdeathin1904shesettledwithhersisterandtwobrothersinBloomsbury.-Theyentertainedtheirliteraryandartisticfriendsateveninggatherings,notablyonsexualtopics.-Virginiawasherselfbisexual.VirginiaWoolf:HerLife-ThenovelMrs.Dallowaymadeherreputationasanimportantpsychologicalwriter.-ShedrownedherselfinMarch1941,resultingfromherdreadofWorldWarIIandherfearthatshewasabouttolosehermindandbecomeaburdenonherhusband.（Woolf‘smentalillness）VirginiaWoolf:HerLiteraryPosition-VirginiaWoolfisoneoftheforemostmodernistsandoneofthegreatinnovativenovelistsofthetwentiethcentury.

-Sheattackedandrebelledagainstthetraditionalmethodofrealism.Shetriedherbesttoreducetheelementofplotinthenovel,toadoptthestream-of-consciousnessandtoexploreproblemsofhumanpersonalityandpersonalrelationships.

-Fromafeministstand,sheconstantlywrotearticleswhichappealedforwomen'srightsandshowedherconcernforthepositionofwomen,particularlycareerwomen,inEnglishsociety.

VirginiaWoolf:MainWorks

A.NovelsMrs.Dalloway(1925)《达洛威夫人》TotheLighthouse(1927)《到灯塔去》Orlando(1928)《奥兰多》TheWaves(1931)《海浪》--Herclimaxofexperimentsinnovelform.

Jacob’sRoom(1922)

BetweentheActs(1941)《幕与幕之间》VirginiaWoolf:MainWorksB.Essays

ARoomofOne'sOwn

(1929)《自己的房间》--withitsfamousdictum,"Awomanmusthavemoneyandaroomofherownifsheistowritefiction.“

C.Shortstories

TheMarkontheWall《墙上的斑点》1921TheBloomsburyGroupTheBloomsburyGroupwasaninfluentialgroupofassociatedEnglishwriters,intellectuals,philosophersandartists,thebestknownmembersofwhichincludedVirginiaWoolf,JohnMaynardKeynes,E.M.ForsterandLyttonStrachey.Thisloosecollectiveoffriendsandrelativeslived,workedorstudiedtogethernearBloomsbury,London,duringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.Theirworksandoutlookdeeplyinfluencedliterature,aesthetics,criticism,andeconomicsaswellasmodernattitudestowardsfeminism,pacifism,andsexuality.VirginiaWoolfVirginiaWoolfinDreadnoughtHoax,thebeardedfigureonthefarleft

TheBloomsburyGroupDavidHerbertLawrence

(1885-1930)D.H.LawrenceHisLifeandLiteraryPosition--bornintheMidlandminingvillageofEst-wood,Nottinghamshire

--In1906heenteredNottinghamUniversityCollegetostudytherequiredcoursesforateacher'scertificate.--D.H.LawrenceisoneofthegreatestEnglishnovelistsofthe20thcentury.--HewasalsoanEnglishpoet,playwright,essayist,literarycriticandpainter.

D.H.Lawrence:HisMainWorksTheWhitePeacock(1911)

《白孔雀》

SonsandLovers(1913)《儿子与情人》

Rainbow(1915)《虹》WomeninLove(1920)《恋爱中的女人》LadyChatterley'sLover(1928)《查特莱夫人的情人》--Lawrencewasacontroversialfigurebecauseofhisfranktreatmentofsexandhisoutspokeninsistenceuponaneedforareadjustmentintherelationshipbetweenthesexes.D.H.Lawrence:HisMainWorksTheWhitePeacock(1911)

---firstfamousnovelSonsandLovers(1913)--Hismostpopularnovel.Itisanautobiographicalnovelaboutamother'sstultifyingandpossessiveloveforhersons.Rainbow(1915)--hisbestprobablynovel.Ittellsaboutthreegenerationsoffarmers,theirmarriagesandtherelationshipsbetweenthevariouspeopleofdifferentages.D.H.Lawrence:HisMainWorksWomeninLove(1920)Itisabouttwocouples,throughwhoselivesLawrencetriestoexplaintheproperbasisformarriage.Thewomenaresisters,themenareconnectedbyclosefriendship--tryingtounderstandthetruemeaningofloveandtoworktowardsarealclosenessofsouls.LadyChatterley'sLover(1928)--hismostcontroversialnovelwhichwasfirstpublishedintheUnitedStatesin1928.ItisaboutanEnglishnoblewoman'sloveaffairwithaservant.ThebookwasbannedfromEnglandandAmericauntil1960.ThefullunexpurgatededitionwaspublishedbyPenguinBooksinBritainin1960.

D.H.

LawrenceSonsandLovers--autobiographicalbook--ThethemeofSonsandLoversisusuallysaidtoconcerntheeffectofmother-loveuponthedevelopmentofson.--Modernistfictionputemphasisonthedescriptionofthecharacters’psychologicalactivities,andsohassometimesbeencalledmodernpsychologicalfiction.Lawrenceiswell-knownforhisnovelswrittenundertheinfluenceofFreud’stheoryofpsychologicalanalysis.D.H.

LawrenceLawrencewasrecognizedasaprominentnovelistonlyafterhepublishedhisthirdnovel,SonsandLovers.However,TheRainbowandWomeninLovearegenerallyregardedashismasterpieces.D.H.Lawrence:HisContributions1)Lawrencewasoneofthefirstnoveliststointroducethemesofpsychologyintohisworks.2)HewasthefirstpersontorevolutionizethemodernEnglishattitudetowardsex.3)Hedrewtheattentiontothepersonalrelationships.WilliamButlerYeats

(1865-1939)威廉·巴特勒·叶芝

W.B.Yeats

(1865-1939)--WilliamButlerYeatswasborninDublin.--YeatswaseducatedinDublinandLondon.--In1923hegotNobelPrizeforLiterature.--YeatsisgenerallyconsideredoneofthefewwriterswhocompletedtheirgreatestworksafterbeingawardedtheNobelPrize;suchworksinclude

TheTower(1928)andTheWindingStairandOtherPoems(1929).--YeatswasanIrishandBritishpoet,oneoftheforemostfiguresof20thcenturyliterature.

W.B.Yeats:MajorWorks1)PoemsResponsibilities

(1914)

《责任》TheTower

(1928)《塔》TheWinding

Stair

(1933)《盘旋的楼梯》

AVision(1925)

《视角》2)Plays:TheLandofHeart'sDesire(1904)《理想的国土》TheHourGlass

(1901)《时漏》WhenYouAreOld/v_show/id_XOTUxMDMzMTY=.html--WhenYouAreOldwaswrittenbyW.B.YeatsMaudGonne,ayoungladyheloved.MaudGonne(1866–1953)wasanEnglish-born

Irish

revolutionary,feminist

andactress,bestrememberedforherrelationshipwithpoet

WilliamButlerYeats.WhenYouAreOldIn1891,hevisitedGonneinIrelandandproposedmarriage,butsherejectedhim.HelaterproposedtoGonnethreemoretimes:in1899,1900and1901.Sherefusedeachproposal,WhenYouAreOld当你年老时

(傅浩译)当你年老，鬓斑，睡意昏沉，在炉旁打盹时，取下这本书，慢慢诵读，梦忆从前你双眸神色柔和，眼波中倒影深深；多少人爱你风韵妩媚的时光，爱你的美丽出自假意或真情，但唯有一人爱你灵魂的至诚，爱你渐衰的脸上愁苦的风霜；弯下身子，在炽红的壁炉边，忧伤地低诉，爱神如何逃走，在头顶上的群山巅漫步闲游，把他的面孔隐没在繁星中间。WhenYouAreOld

当你老了(袁可嘉译)

当你老了，头白了，睡意昏沉，炉火旁打盹，请取下这部诗歌，慢慢读，回想你过去眼神的柔和，回想它们昔日浓重的阴影；多少人爱你青春欢畅的时辰，爱慕你的美丽，假意或真心，只有一个人爱你那朝圣者的灵魂，爱你衰老了的脸上痛苦的皱纹；垂下头来，在红光闪耀的炉子旁，凄然地轻轻诉说那爱情的消逝，在头顶的山上它缓缓踱着步子，在一群星星中间隐藏着脸庞。

WhenYouAreOld当你年老陈黎（台湾）译当你年老，花白，睡意正浓，在火炉边打盹，取下这本书，慢慢阅读，梦见你眼中一度发出之柔光，以及深深暗影；多少人爱你愉悦丰采的时光，爱你的美，以或真或假之情，只一个人爱你朝圣者的心灵，爱你变化的容颜蕴藏的忧伤；并且俯身红光闪闪的栏栅边，带点哀伤，喃喃低语，爱怎样逃逸，逡巡於头顶的高山上且将他的脸隐匿於群星之间。T.S.Eliot

(1888-1965)

T.S.艾略特

T.S.Eliot

(1888-1965)--T.S.Eliotwasanessayist,publisher,playwright,literaryandsocialcriticand"oneofthetwentiethcentury'smajorpoets."BornintheUnitedStates,hemovedtotheUnitedKingdomin1914(atage25).HestudiedatOxfordandHarvard.--EliotstartedwritingliteraryandphilosophicalreviewssoonaftersettlinginLondon.In1922,TheWasteLand

appeared.--Hewonvariousawards,includingtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1948.

T.S.Eliot:MainWorks

--Poems:

TheWasteLand

(1922)《荒原》

FourQuartets

(1944)《四个四重奏》

AshWednesday

(1930)《圣灰星期三》

TheHollowMen

(1925)《空心人》--

Plays:MurderintheCathedral

(1935)《大教堂里的谋杀案》TheFamilyReunion

(1939)《全家团聚》NovelistsJosephConrad(1857-1924)

RudyardKipling(1865-1936):ImperialspiritH.G.Wells(1866-1946):ScienceFictionwriterE.M.

Forster(1879-1970)JosephConrad(1857-1924)

--HewaswellestablishedintheliteraryworldasoneoftheleadingModernists.--Oneofhisguidingbeliefswasthatamanmustalwaysbefaithfultohisfriends,hisfellowsandhisemployers.Ifthereisnofaithfulnessbetweenmanandman,ruiniscertaintofollow.

Conrad’sliteraryachievements

andmajorworks--Hewrote13novelsandsomenovellasandshortstories

--TheNiggeroftheNarcissus(1897):Itwashisfirstnovelofimportance.

--LordJim(1900):Itisoneofhisgreatestnovels.

--HeartofDarkness(1902):oneofthebestnovelsofthe20th-century.

D:HisContributions--HebridgedthegapbetweenthegreatVictorianwritersandthemodernwritersthroughhispursuitoftheperfectionofstyleandinnovationofthenarrativeforms,psychologicalexaminationofthehumannatureandthesymbolicuseoftheimpressionism.

--HeartofDarknessprovidesabridgebetweenVictorianvaluesandtheidealsofmodernism.--HeartofDarknessisanarrativeaboutthedifficultyofunderstandingtheworldbeyondtheself,abouttheabilityofonemantojudgeanother.--thenovella’scentralthemeofhypocrisyandabsurdity.RudyardKipling(1865-1936)

拉迪亚德·吉卜林--AdvocatoroftheImperialSpirit

A.Hislifeandhisachievements--KiplingwasborninBombay,India.--HereturnedtoEnglandin1902,settlingatBateman’s,a17thcenturyhouseinSussex.--In1907,hebecamethefirstEnglishmantowintheNobelPrizeforLiterature.-HismostpopularworksremainTheJungleBookwhichwaswrittenforchildrenandthenovelKim.TheJungleBook(1894,1895)Genre:Novel

Category:Animalfable

Time:19th-century

Place:IndiaFirstedition:1894-5MajorCharacters:

Mowgli:IndianboyFatherwolfMotherwolfC.HisImperialistIdeology1.Heputtheblameonthenativesthemselves.2.“theWhiteMan’sBurden”3.tobringcivilizationtothenatives4.Englishmen’sprejudiceH.G.Wells(1866-1946)HerbertG.Wells

(1866--1946)

Ｈ.Ｇ.威尔斯--ModernistA.HismainworksTheTimeMachine(1895)《时间机器》TheIslandofDrMoreau

(1896)《莫洛博士岛》TheInvisibleMan

(1897)《隐形人》TheWaroftheWorlds

(1898)《世界之战》

WhentheSleeperWakes

(1899)《当睡眠者醒来的时候》H.G.WellsTheShapesofThingstoCome

(1933)《未来事物的面貌》

AnnVeronica

(1909)《安.维罗尼卡》

Kipps

(1905)《基普斯》H.G.WellsH.G.WellsH.G.WellsH.G.Wells:FlyingtoFutureIntheyear802701,asocietydividedintotwo