系统解剖学：肌学

Myology

第三章肌学第一节肌学总论

Introduction肌的形态学

TheMorphologyofSkeletalMuscle

肌的起点、止点与作用

TheOrigin,InsertionandActionofSkeletalMuscle

肌的命名法

TheNomenclatureofMuscle

肌的辅助结构

TheSupplementaryStructuresofMuscle

1.肌的形态肌纤维肌内膜肌外膜肌腱细胞核骨骼肌肌束膜肌浆球蛋白肌动蛋白肌原纤维细胞膜1.

肌的形态2.肌的起止和作用2.肌的起止和作用起点：肌在固定骨上的附着点。Thefixedattachmentistheorigin.止点：肌在移动骨上的附着点。Themovableattachmentistheinsertion.肌在关节周围的配布Thesynergist协同肌Theantagonist拮抗肌Theprimemover原动肌Thefixator固定肌

肌在关节周围的配布关节每个运动轴通常配备2组作用相反的肌群。单轴关节配备有2组肌，如肘关节有屈肌和伸肌；双轴关节配备有4组肌，如腕关节有屈肌和伸肌、收肌和展肌；三轴关节配备6组肌，如肩关节有屈肌和伸肌、收肌和展肌、内旋肌和外旋肌。形状如：斜方肌、三角肌大小如：大圆肌起止点如：胸锁乳突肌位置如：冈上、下肌

作用如：旋后肌、大收肌综合命名如：腹外斜肌、肱二头肌3.肌的命名法4.肌的辅助结构

TheSupplementaryStructuresofMuscle筋膜

Thefascia

滑膜囊

Thesynovialbursa

腱鞘

Thetendinoussheath

1.筋膜Superficialfascia浅筋膜Deepfascia深筋膜肌间隔Intermuscularsepta肌间隔Intermuscularsepta筋膜鞘Fascialsheath皮肤Skin支持带Retinaculum

支持带Retinaculum

2.腱鞘腱纤维鞘腱滑膜鞘腱鞘腱系膜肌腱滑膜腔壁层脏层中节指骨腱

鞘腱

鞘3.滑膜囊

synovialbursa肩峰下囊3.滑膜囊

synovialbursa第二节头肌

TheMusclesoftheHead

面肌TheFacialMuscles(面部表情肌

Themusclesoffacialexpression)咀嚼肌TheMasticatoryMuscles

一、面肌枕额肌的额腹枕额肌的枕腹帽状腱膜眼轮匝肌的睑部眼轮匝肌的眶部口轮匝肌降口角肌颧大肌颧小肌笑肌降下唇肌一、面肌枕额肌的额腹帽状腱膜眼轮匝肌的睑部眼轮匝肌的眶部口轮匝肌颊肌降眉间肌皱眉肌降口角肌颧大肌颧小肌提上唇肌提口角肌笑肌降下唇肌一、面肌FacialMuscles口轮匝肌颊肌眼轮匝肌枕额肌的额腹枕额肌的枕腹帽状腱膜提上唇肌提口角肌二、咀嚼肌

TheMasticatoryMuscles

二、咀嚼肌MasticatoryMuscles咬肌的深部咬肌的浅部颞肌颞肌temporalism.咬肌masseterm.二、咀嚼肌MasticatoryMuscles翼外肌、翼内肌翼外肌翼内肌Medialpterygoidm.Lateralpterygoidm.

咀嚼肌翼外肌翼内肌咀嚼肌的作用咬肌massetermuscle的作用：提下颌骨。颞肌temporalismuscle的作用：提下颌骨；后部纤维牵拉下颌骨向后。翼内肌Medialpterygoid

muscle的作用：收缩时上提下颌骨，并使其向前运动。翼外肌lateralpterygoidmuscle的作用：双侧收缩使下颌骨向前下运动；一侧收缩使下颌骨移向对侧。颞下颌关节的运动肌

张口的肌：为舌骨上肌群。闭口（上提下颌骨）的肌：有咬肌、颞肌、翼内肌。张大口的肌：为翼外肌。颞下颌关节的运动肌前伸使下颌骨向前的肌：两侧翼外肌和翼内肌。使下颌骨向后的肌：颞肌的后部肌纤维。后退颞下颌关节的运动肌使下颌骨侧向运动的肌：一侧翼外肌和翼内肌。颞下颌关节的运动肌第三节颈肌

TheMuscleoftheNeck颈浅肌和颈外侧肌

颈阔肌theplatysma

胸锁乳突肌

thesternocleidomastoidmuscle颈前肌

舌骨上肌群thesuprahyoidmuscles

舌骨下肌群theinfrahyoidmuscles颈深肌TheDeepCervicalMuscles

斜角肌thescalenusmuscles

头长肌和颈长肌（椎前肌）1.颈阔肌颈阔肌也属于面表情肌Theplatysmaisalsoamuscleoffacialexpression..platysma颈阔肌的作用Action:Tensesskinofneck（紧张颈部皮肤）,drawscornersofmouthdown（牵拉口角向下）,andassistsindepressingmandible（辅助下降下颌骨）.SternocleidomastoidM.2.胸锁乳突肌乳突锁骨胸骨•••胸锁乳突肌的作用作用Action：一侧收缩使向同侧倾斜，面转向对侧；两侧收缩头后仰Actingalone,theheadisinclinedlaterallyandthefaceisrotatedtotheoppositeside.Actingtogether,theyextendtheneck.Thesurfacelandmark体表标志表面标志

ThesurfacelandmarkLessersupraclavicular

fossa(Greater)supraclavicular

fossaSuprasternal

fossa3.舌骨肌群二腹肌(前腹)二腹肌(后腹)下颌舌骨肌茎突舌骨肌颏舌骨肌胸骨舌骨肌肩胛舌骨肌(下腹)胸骨甲状肌甲状舌骨肌肩胛舌骨肌(上腹)

3.舌骨上肌群Anteriorbellyofdigastricm.Mylohyoidm.Stylohyoidm.Posteriorbellyofdigastricm.二腹肌(前腹)二腹肌(后腹)下颌舌骨肌茎突舌骨肌3.舌骨上肌群二腹肌(前腹)二腹肌(后腹)下颌舌骨肌茎突舌骨肌3.舌骨上肌群下颌舌骨肌颏舌骨肌舌骨体舌骨上肌群的作用作用：在吞咽或说话时，牵拉舌骨向上、向后、向前；当舌骨固定时，辅助降下颌。

Action:pullthehyoidupward,backwardandforwardinswallowingandspeaking,helptodepressthemandiblewhilethehyoidisfixed.

4.舌骨下肌群Superiorbellyofomohyoidm.Thyrohyoidm.Sternothyroidm.Inferiorbellyofomohyoidm.Sternohyoidm.胸骨舌骨肌肩胛舌骨肌上腹胸骨甲状肌甲状舌骨肌肩胛舌骨肌下腹ScalenusanteriorScalenus

mediusScalenusposterior5.斜角肌斜角肌间隙前斜角肌后斜角肌中斜角肌第1肋1stribBrachialplexuesSubclavianartery臂丛锁骨下动脉6.椎前肌Longus

capitismuscleLongus

collimuscle头长肌颈长肌第四节躯干肌

TheMusclesoftheTrunk背肌

musclesofback胸肌

thoracicmuscles膈diaphragm腹肌

musclesofabdomen

一、背肌

musclesofbacktrapeziuslatissimus

dorsithoracolumbarfascia斜方肌背阔肌胸腰筋膜1.斜方肌

trapezius作用①使肩胛骨向脊柱靠拢；②上部肌束上提肩胛骨；③下部肌束下降肩胛骨；④如肩胛骨固定，一侧肌收缩使颈向同侧屈、脸转向对侧；两侧收缩使头后仰。临床意义：该肌瘫痪时，产生“塌肩”。Action:steadies,raises,descends.Retractsandrotatresthescapula.Eextendsthehead.theirweaknessresultindronppingshoulder.2.背阔肌

latissimus

dorsi

作用：伸、收和内旋肩关节。Action:extends,adducts,andmediallyrotateshumerusatshoulderjoint.

levatorscapulaem.

rhomboideusm.一、背肌

musclesofback肩胛提肌菱形肌3.肩胛提肌

levatorscapulaemuscle的作用：上提肩胛骨，并使肩胛骨下角转向内；如肩胛骨固定，使颈向同侧屈。4.菱形肌rhomboideusmuscle的作用：牵拉肩胛骨向内上并向脊柱靠拢。erectorspinaem.Sacrospinalism.一、背肌

musclesofback竖脊肌骶棘肌5.竖脊肌

erectorspinaemuscle又称骶棘肌sacrospinalismuscle作用：一侧收缩使脊柱侧屈，两侧收缩使脊柱后伸和仰头。

whenactingononesideitbendandrotatethespinalcolumntowardtheopposite.Whenactingonbothsidestoextendthespinalcolumn.二、胸肌ThoracicMuscles胸上肢肌

Theextrinsicmuscles胸大肌

pectoralismajor胸小肌

pectoralisminor前锯肌

serratusanterior胸固有肌

Theintrinsicmuscles肋间外肌

externalintercostalmuscles肋间内肌

internalintercostalmuscles肋间最内肌

innermostintercostalmusclespectoralismajor

（一）胸上肢肌Theextrinsicmuscles胸大肌1.胸大肌pectoralismajor作用：使肩关节内收、内旋和前屈；如上肢固定可上提躯干；可提肋助吸气。Action:flexes,adducts,androtatesthearmmedially.pectoralisminor胸上肢肌Theextrinsicmuscles胸小肌2.胸小肌pectoralisminor作用：拉肩胛骨向前下；当肩胛骨固定时，可提肋助吸气。Action:Stabilizesscapulabydrawingitforwardanddownward.

Serratusanterior（一）胸上肢肌Theextrinsicmuscles前锯肌翼状肩胛3.前锯肌

Serratusanterior作用：①拉肩胛骨向前和紧贴胸廓；②下部肌束使肩胛骨下角旋外，助臂上举；③当肩胛骨固定时，可上提肋骨助深吸气。临床意义：该肌瘫痪时，出现“翼状肩”；不能完全上举臂过头或作向前推的动作。肋间内肌肋间外肌肋间最内肌（二）胸固有肌Theintrinsicthoracicmuscles肋间外膜肋间内肌肋间外肌肋间最内肌（二）胸固有肌Theintrinsicmuscles

肋间肌的作用：①提肋助吸气；②降肋助呼气。肋间外肌胸横肌transversesthoracis（二）胸固有肌

Theintrinsicmuscles胸横肌3.膈Thediphragm食管下腔静脉主动脉胸部肋部腰部中心腱肋间外肌肋间内肌三、膈

ThediphragmLumbarfibers腔静脉孔主动脉食管裂孔中心腱肋部胸部腰部三、膈

Thediphragm腔静脉孔主动脉裂孔食管裂孔中心腱肋部胸部外侧弓状韧带内侧弓状韧带正中弓状韧带左脚右脚三、膈食管下腔静脉主动脉膈

Thediphragm组成Compostion：分为中央的中心腱和周围的肌性部。acentralaponeuroticportioncalledthecentraltendonandaperipheralmuscularportion.分部Threepart：分为胸部sternalpart、肋部costalpart和腰部lumbarpart.裂孔Threeopenings：腔静脉孔venacavalforamen（向后平对第8胸椎,有下腔静脉和右膈神经通过）、食管裂孔esophagealhiatus（向后平对第10胸椎，有食管、迷走神经、胃左动静脉的食管支和淋巴管等通过）和主动脉裂孔aortichiatus（向后平对第12胸椎，有主动脉、胸导管和奇静脉等通过）。薄弱区：有胸肋三角和腰肋三角。作用：①为主要的呼吸肌；

②与腹肌同时收缩，可增加腹压，协助排便、呕吐、咳嗽、喷嚏和分娩等。四、腹肌

TheMusclesoftheAbdomen前外侧群TheAnterolateralGroup腹外斜肌externalobliquemuscle腹内斜肌

internalobliquemuscle腹横肌

transversus

abdominis腹直肌

rectus

abdominis腹直鞘rectussheath白线lineaalba后群

PosteriorGroup腰大肌

psoasmajor腰方肌

quadratus

lumborum（一）前外侧群Externalobliquem.Externaloblique，aponeurosis腹外斜肌腹外斜肌腱膜（一）前外侧群腹股沟管皮下环

superficialinguinalring腹股沟韧带

inguinalligament反转韧带Reflectedinguinialligament腔隙韧带

lacunarligament耻骨梳韧带PectinealligamentInternalobliquem.Internalobliquem.aponeurosis（一）前外侧群腹内斜肌腹内斜肌腱膜Transversus

abdominis,aponeurosis

Transversus

abdominis（一）前外侧群腹横肌腹横肌腱膜

Cremasterm.Inquinal

falx

（一）前外侧群提睾肌腹股沟镰联合腱Conjoinedtendontendinousintersections

Rectus

abdominis（一）前外侧群

tendinousintersections腹直肌腱划腱划Rectussheath,posteriorlayer

Rectus

abdominisArcuateline☆腹直肌鞘Rectussheath,anteriorlayer腹直肌鞘后层腹直肌鞘前层腹直肌弓状线☆腹直肌鞘

腹直肌鞘Therectussheath

包绕腹直肌，由腹外侧壁三块扁肌的腱膜构成，分为前、后两层。在弓状线以上：腹直肌鞘前层由腹外斜肌腱膜和腹内斜肌腱膜前层构成；腹直肌鞘后层由腹内斜肌腱膜的后层和腹横肌腱膜构成。在弓状线以下：腹直肌鞘前层由三块扁肌的腱膜构成；腹直肌鞘后层缺如。（一）前外侧群白线

lineaalba白线

lineaalbailiacsquadratus

lumborumpsoasmajor（二）后群腰方肌腰大肌髂肌（三）腹股沟管inguinalcanal（四）腹股沟三角inguinaltriangle腹股沟斜疝indirectinguinalhernia腹股沟直疝directinguinalhernia腹股沟管：位于腹前壁的下部，在腹股沟韧带内侧半上方的的肌肉与肌腱之间的裂隙。其内有男性精索或女性子宫圆韧带通过。若腹腔内容物经腹股沟管疝出而降入阴囊，则构成腹股沟管斜疝。腹股沟三角：位于腹前壁的下部，由腹直肌外侧缘、腹股沟韧带和腹壁下动脉围成的三角区。若腹腔内容物经腹股沟三角处膨出，则形成腹股沟管直疝。体表标志Thesurfacelandmark第五节上肢肌

TheMusclesoftheUpperLimb上肢带肌

Themusclesoftheshoulder臂肌

Themusclesofthearm前臂肌

Themusclesoftheforearm手肌

Themusclesofthehand一、上肢带肌

Themusclesoftheshoulder三角肌

deltoidmuscle冈上肌

supraspinousmuscle冈下肌

infraspinousmuscle小圆肌

teresminor大圆肌

teresmajor肩胛下肌

subscapularmuscle三角肌一、上肢带肌1.三角肌

DeltoidMuscle三角肌前部中部后部1.三角肌

DeltoidMuscle起点Origin：起自锁骨外1/3lateralthirdofclavicle，肩胛骨的肩峰acromion和肩胛冈spineofscapula。止点Insertion：止于肱骨的三角肌粗隆deltoidtuberosityofhumerus

。作用Action：前部肌束使臂（肩关节）屈和内旋flexesandmediallyrotatesarm;中部肌束使臂（肩关节）外展abductsarm;后部肌束使臂（肩关节）伸和外旋extendsandlaterallyrotatesarm。

冈上肌冈下肌小圆肌大圆肌一、上肢带肌一、上肢带肌大圆肌肩胛下肌上肢带肌的作用冈上肌：始动并辅助三角肌外展肩关节。Thesuprapinatusinitiatesandhelpsdeltoidtoabductarmattheshoulderjoint.冈下肌：使肱骨（肩关节）外旋。Theinfraspinatuslaterallyrotatesthehumerus.小圆肌：使肱骨（肩关节）外旋。Theteresminorlaterallyrotatesthehumerus.大圆肌：使臂（肩关节）内收和内旋。Theteresmajoradductsandmediallyrotatesarm.肩胛下肌：使臂（肩关节）内收和内旋。Thesubscapularisadductsandmediallyrotatesarm.肩

袖肩胛下肌肌腱冈上肌肌腱冈下肌肌腱小圆肌肌腱冈上肌腱撕裂伤肌腱袖

ThemusclotendinousCuff

肩胛下肌、冈上肌、冈下肌和小圆肌的肌腱分别止于肩关节的前方、上方、后方，腱纤维与关节囊纤维相交织，形成“肌腱袖”，可保持肱骨头与关节盂相接触，从而加强肩关节的稳定性。Thetendonsoffourmuscles—thesuprasipinous,infraspinous,teresminor,andsubscapularmuscles,blendtoformamusculotendinoussheatharoundtheglenohumeraljoint,calledtherotatorcuff,whichisattachedtotheunderlyingfIbrouscapsuleoftheshoulderjoint.Itprotectstheshoulderjointandgivesitstabilitybyhoidingtheheadofthehumerusintheglenoidcavity.二、臂肌

Themusclesofthearm前群

Theanteriorgroup肱二头肌bicepsbrachii喙肱肌

coracobrachialis肱肌brachialis后群

Theposteriorgroup肱三头肌

tricepsbrachii（一）臂肌前群肱二头肌喙肱肌肱肌肱肌肱二头肌腱肱二头肌腱膜(二)臂肌后群肱三头肌肱三头肌内侧头外侧头长头臂肌的作用肱二头肌：使肘关节屈，当前臂在旋前位时使前臂旋后；其长头协助屈肩关节。

Thebicepsbrachiiflexeselbowjointandsupinatesforearmwhentheforearmispronation.Itslongheadalsohelpstoflextheshoulderjoint.肱肌：使肘关节屈。Thebrachialisflexesforearminallpositions.喙肱肌：使肩关节屈和内收。Thecoracobrachialishelpstoflexandadductarmattheshoulderjoint.肱三头肌：使肘关节伸，长头可使肩关节伸和内收。Thetricepsbrachiiextendsforearm.Itslongheadcanalsoextendsandadductstheshoulderjoint.臂肌的作用

屈肩关节：肱二头肌长头、喙肱肌。伸肩关节：肱三头肌长头。内收肩关节：喙肱肌、肱三头肌长头。屈肘关节：肱二头肌、肱肌。伸肘关节：肱三头肌。前臂旋后：肱二头肌。三、前臂肌

Themusclesoftheforearm前群Theanteriorgroup分为四层共有9块肌后群Theposteriorgroup分为二层共有10块肌第一层ThefirstlayerThebrachioradialis

肱桡肌Thepronator

teres

旋前圆肌Theflexorcarpi

radialis

桡侧腕屈肌Thepalmaris

longus

掌长肌Theflexorcarpi

lnaris

尺侧腕屈肌（一）前臂肌前群①②③④⑤指浅屈肌Theflexordigitorum

superficialis第二层

Thesecondlayer（一）前臂肌前群第三层Thethirdlayer第四层Thefourthlayer

Thepronator

quaduratus

旋前方肌

Theflexorpollicis

longus

拇长屈肌

Theflexordigitorum

profunds

指深屈肌

（一）前臂肌前群（一）前臂肌前群前臂肌前群的作用屈肘关节：肱桡肌、旋前圆肌、桡侧腕屈肌和指浅屈肌。屈腕关节：桡侧腕屈肌、掌长肌、尺侧腕屈肌、指浅屈肌、拇长屈肌和指深屈肌。外展腕关节：桡侧腕屈肌。内收腕关节：尺侧腕屈肌。前臂旋前：旋前圆肌、旋前方肌。屈拇指腕掌关节和指骨间关节：拇长屈肌。屈第2~5指腕掌关节及近侧指骨间关节：指浅屈肌和指深屈肌。屈远侧指骨间关节：指深屈肌。1.浅层

Thesuperficiallayer①Extensorcarpi

radialis

longus

桡侧腕长伸肌②Extensorcarpi

radialis

brevis

桡侧腕长短肌③Extensordigitorum

指伸肌④Extensordigiti

minimi

小指伸肌⑤Extensorcarpi

ulnaris

尺侧腕伸肌（二）前臂肌后群①②③④⑤肘肌2.深层Thedeeplayer①Supinator

旋后肌②Abductorpollicis

longus

拇长展肌③Extensorpollicis

brevis

拇短伸肌④Extensorpollicis

longus

拇长伸肌⑤

Extensorindicis

示指伸肌①②③④⑤（二）前臂肌后群肘肌体表标志Thesurfacelandmark拇长伸肌腱拇短伸肌腱拇长展肌腱指伸肌腱解剖鼻烟壶前臂肌后群的作用伸肘关节：指伸肌、肘肌。伸腕关节：桡侧腕长伸肌、桡侧腕短伸肌、指伸肌、尺侧腕伸肌。外展腕关节：桡侧腕长、短伸肌。内收腕关节：尺侧腕伸肌。前臂旋后：旋后肌。伸拇指腕掌关节：拇长、短伸肌。外展拇指腕掌关节：拇长展肌。伸拇指指骨间关节：拇长伸肌。伸第2~5指腕掌关节及指骨间关节：指伸肌、食指伸肌和小指伸肌。四、手（固有）肌

Theintrinsicmuscleofthehand外侧群Thelateralgroup（鱼际肌群thenarmuscles）

拇短展肌abductorpollicis

brevis拇短屈肌flexorpollicis

brevis拇对掌肌opponens

pollicis拇收肌adductorpollicis内侧群Themedialgroup（小鱼际肌群hypothenarm.）

小指展肌abductordigiti

minimi小指短屈肌flexordigiti

minimi

brevis小指对掌肌opponens

digiti

minimi中间群Theintermediategroup蚓状肌

lumbricalmuscles骨间肌interosseousmuscles手固有肌的内、外侧群拇短展肌拇短屈肌拇对掌肌拇收肌小指展肌小指短屈肌小指对掌肌鱼际肌群的作用屈拇指腕掌关节：拇短屈肌内收拇指腕掌关节：拇收肌外展拇指腕掌关节：拇短展肌拇指对掌：拇对掌肌小鱼际肌群的作用屈小指：小指短屈肌外展小指：小指展肌小指对掌：小指对掌肌第1~4蚓状肌

lumbricalmuscles（三）中间群蚓状肌的起点、止点和作用

Origin，insertionandactionofthelumbricalmuscles蚓状肌的作用蚓状肌

lumbricales屈掌指关节伸指骨间关节Flexthemetacarpophalangealjointsandextendtheinterphalangealjoints.骨间肌Thepalmar

interossei第1~4骨间背侧肌第1~3骨间掌侧肌骨间肌止点和作用

Originandactionoftheinterossei骨间肌的作用骨间肌Theinterossei屈掌指关节伸指骨间关节。Flexthemetacarpophalangealjointsandextendtheinterphalangealjoints.骨间掌侧肌Thepalmar

interossei收第2、4、5指。Adductthesecond,fourthandfifthfinger.骨间背侧肌

Thedorsalinterossei

展第2、3、4指。Abductthesecond,thirdandfourthfinger.第六节下肢肌

Themusclesofthelowerlimb髋肌Themusclesofthehip大腿肌Themusclesofthethigh小腿肌Themusclesoftheleg足肌Themusclesofthefoot一、髋肌前群

Theanteriorgroup后群

Theposteriorgroup髂肌

iliacs腰小肌psoasminor腰大肌psoasmajor(一)髋肌前群tensorfascialatae

（一）髋肌前群阔筋膜张肌髋肌前群的作用髂腰肌iliopsoas屈大腿（髋关节）。Flexesthethighatthehipjoint.大腿外旋（髋关节外旋）。Laterallyrotatethethighatthehipjoint.使躯干前屈。Bendsthetrunkforward.阔筋膜张肌tensorfasciaelatae使阔筋膜紧张并屈髋。（二）髋肌后群gluteusmaximus

臀大肌gluteusmediuspiriformismuscleobturator

internus（二）髋肌后群quadratus

femoris臀中肌梨状肌股方肌闭孔内肌上孖肌下孖肌（二）髋肌后群臀小肌gluteusminimus闭孔外肌obturator

externus（二）髋肌后群piriformismuscleobturator

internus梨状肌闭孔内肌髋肌后群的作用伸髋关节：臀大肌内旋髋关节：臀中肌、臀小肌外旋髋关节：臀大肌、臀中肌、梨状肌、臀小肌、闭孔内肌、闭孔外肌、股方肌外展髋关节：臀中肌、臀小肌、梨状肌髋肌后群的作用臀大肌gluteusmaximus①Flexesandlaterallyrotatesthethighatthehipjoint（使髋关节伸和外旋）；

②下肢固定时，能伸直躯干，防止躯干前倾，是维持人体直立的重要肌肉。臀中肌

gluteusmedius：使大腿外展、内旋和外旋。梨状肌

piriformismuscle：使大腿外展和外旋。闭孔内肌

obturator

internus：使大腿外旋。臀小肌Gluteusminimus：使大腿外展、内旋和外旋。闭孔外肌obturator

externus：使大腿外旋。股方肌quadratus

femoris：使大腿外旋。二、大腿肌

Themusclesofthethigh前群（伸肌群）

Theanterior(extensor)group内侧群（收肌群）

Themedial(adductor)group后群（屈肌群或腘绳肌）

Theposterior(flexororhamstring)groupSartoriusm.

（一）大腿前肌群Vastus

mdialism.

Vastus

lateralism.

Rectus

femorism.

缝匠肌股内侧肌股直肌股外侧肌髌韧带Patellarligament

股内侧肌Vastus

mdialis股外侧肌Vastus

lateralis股直肌Rectus

femoris股直肌腱Rectus

femoris,tendon

股四头肌quadricepsfemorisPatellarligament

Vastus

mdialisVastus

intermediusVastus

lateralis股直肌腱Rectus

femoris,tendon

股四头肌Quadricepsfemoris股外侧肌股中间肌股内侧肌髌韧带股前肌群的作用股四头肌quadricepsfemoris

①伸膝关节。Extendsthekneejoint;②股直肌使髋关节屈。Therectus

femorisflexesthethighatthehipjoint.缝匠肌

sartorius①屈髋关节、屈膝关节。Flexesthehipjointandknee.②使半屈位膝关节内旋。Mediallyrotatestheflexedknee.(三)大腿内侧肌群pectinealmuscleadductorlongusgracilisadductormagnus耻骨肌长收肌大收肌股薄肌(三)大腿内侧肌群pectinealmuscleadductorbr