张道真实用英语语法Chapter 5

Chapter5PronounsIntroduction

A.Definition

Whatispronoun?

A

Pronounisawordusedinplaceofanoun.

Usuallypronounsrefertosomethingthatwasalreadymentionedinprevioussentenceorunderstoodbythelistenerorreader.Theyareveryusefulwordsbecausewhenyouusethem,youdonotneedtorepeatnounsallthetime.Introduction

B.Classification

Personalpronouns人称代词Possessivepronouns物主代词Selfpronouns自身代词Reciprocalpronouns相互代词Demonstrativepronouns指示代词Interrogativepronouns疑问代词Conjunctivepronouns连接代词

Relativepronouns关系代词

Indefinitepronouns不定代词IntroductionC.TheFunctionsofPronouns

a.Subjecte.g.Who

isonthephone?

b.Objecte.g.Ihavereadneitherofthebooks.

c.Predicativee.g.That’snotmine.

d.Appositivee.g.Youyourselfaretobeblame.IntroductionC.TheFunctionsofPronouns

e.Directaddresse.g.Bepatient,everybody.Introduction

D.Determiner

a.Definition

Adeterminerisawordoraffixthatbelongstoaclassofnounmodifiersthatexpressesthereference,includingquantity,ofanoun.IntroductionD.Determiner

b.Types

①Articlee.g.Anneisinthe

garden.

②DemonstrativeAdjectivese.g.

ThistimelastyearwewereinCanada.

IntroductionD.Determiner

③PossessiveDeterminerse.g.Thegirlsarewiththeirmother.

④IndefiniteDeterminerse.g.Didyoucatchanyfish?

⑤Otherse.g.all,another,several,both,each,etc.PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronouns

A.PersonalPronouns

a.PersonalpronounsinEnglish

thefirstperson

thesecondperson

thethirdperson

Iyouhe,she,itmeyouhim,her,itweyoutheyusyouthem

PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronounsA.PersonalPronouns

b.Functions

①Subjecte.g.

I’msorry

I’mlate.

②Objecte.g.Shehasgreatconcernforus(me

/

him).

③Predicativee.g.Isawatonceitwasher.PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronounsA.PersonalPronounsc.Theuseofpronoun“she〞①Personalpronoune.g.Sheismysister.②Femaleanimalse.g.Themarewhinedwhenshesawhermaster.③boat,vehiclee.g.Sheisafineship.④Natione.g.Englishhasdonewhatshepromisedtodo.PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronounsA.PersonalPronouns

d.Theuseofit

1)athingorobjecte.g.Lookatthebird.Italwayscomestomywindow.

2)abstractthingse.g.You’vesavedmylife.Ishallneverforgetit.

3)babieswithoutknowingthesexe.g.Whatabeautifulbaby—isitaboy?

4)certainfeelingorsituatione.g.Doesititchmuch?PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronounsA.PersonalPronouns

d.Theuseofit

5)whoe.g.Whoisthat(it)?—It’sme.

6)time,date,etc.e.g.Whattimeisit?—Itiseighto’clock.

7)weather,environment,etc.e.g.Inwinterit’sdarkatsixo’clock.

8)distance,etc.e.g.It’s112milesfromLondontoBirmingham.

PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronouns

B.Possessivepronouns

a.Classification

Possessivepronounasadjective

形容词性物主代词

Possessivepronounasnoun

名词性物主代词PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronounsB.Possessivepronounsb.Thefunctionofpossessivepronounasadjective①Attributee.g.Hearrangedformetostudywithhisownchildren.②Predicative,object,etc.e.g.Mytimeisn’tmyown.③Addedwith“of〞e.g.Wehavenochildrenofourown.

PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronounsB.Possessivepronounsc.Thefunctionsofpossessivepronounsasnoun①Predicativee.g.Isthisyourbookormine?②Subjecte.g.Oursistheonlygardeninthelane.③Objecte.g.Herdaughterisratherstupid,butbothofyoursareveryclever.④Addedwith“of〞e.g.Thatfoolofasisterofours.

SelfPronounsandReciprocalPronounsA.Selfpronouns/Reflexivepronouns

a.SelfpronounsinEnglish

myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves

b.Functions

①Objecte.g.Johndressedhimselfinthemostformedsuit.SelfPronounsandReciprocalPronouns②Prepositionalobject

e.g.Heoughttobeashamedofhimself.③Appositiveofsubjectorobjecte.g.Thepresidenthimselfgaveherthemedal.④Foremphasise.g.Shemadethedressherself.⑤

Predicativeorsubject(insomeconditions)e.g.IhopeMissGlennandyourselfarekeepingwell.⑥Someidiomsamongyourselves/themselvesbyoneselfbetweenourselves

foroneself

inoneselftooneself

SelfPronounsandReciprocalPronounsB.ReciprocalPronounsa.ReciprocalpronounsinEnglishoneanothereachotherb.Functions①Objecte.g.We’veknowneachotherformanyyears.②Prepositionalobjecte.g.Theystruckateachother.③Attributewith“’s〞e.g.Weoftenlistentooneanother’srecords.

DemonstrativepronounsA.DemonstrativepronounsinEnglish

this,that,these,those

B.Theuseofdemonstrativepronouns

a.Subjecte.g.Theseareourchildren,DavidandVicky.

b.Objectorprepositionalobjecte.g.Dadgavemethis.Ihavenodoubtaboutthat.

Demonstrativepronounsc.Predicative(insomeconditions)e.g.WhatIwanttostressisthis.C.TheuseofdemonstrativeadjectivesWhen“this,that,etc.〞areusedasattributes,theyarecalleddemonstrativeadjectivesordeterminers.a.Attributese.g.ThistimelastyearwewereinJapan.DemonstrativepronounsC.Theuseofdemonstrativeadjectivesb.Addedwith“ofphrases〞toshowaffectione.g.Ihatethatoldbikeofyours.c.“this〞canbeaddedtosomenounstoshow“today,thisyear,etc.〞e.g.Areyougoingourthisevening?DemonstrativepronounsD.Thespecialusageof“that〞&“those〞a.Use“that〞todemonstratethenounmentionedbeforetoavoidrepetitione.g.Lifetodayismuchbetterthanthatintheolddays.b.Use“those〞todemonstratethepluralnounse.g.Myquestionsaresimilartothoseyouraised.DemonstrativepronounsD.Thespecialusageof“that〞&“those〞c.Theuseof“that〞insomeidioms①likethat②thatis(tosay)③that’sall④that’s(about)it⑤that’sthat⑥what’sthatInterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronouns

A.InterrogativepronounsWho,whom,whose,what,whicha.Theuseof“who〞usuallyassubjectorpredicative,object(oralEnglish)e.g.Whodidthis?Whodidyougowith?(oralEnglish)b.Theuseof“whom〞objectorprepositionalobjectInterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounse.g.Whomdidyousee?TowhomshouldIwrite?c.Theuseof“whose〞①Attributee.g.Whoseumbrellaisthis?②Subjecte.g.Whoseisbetter,yoursorhers?③Predicativee.g.Whosearethese?④Objecte.g.Whoseareyougoingtoborrow?InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsA.Interrogativepronounsd.Theuseof“what〞and“which〞①Subjecte.g.What’syourplan,please?Whichisyourseat?②Objectorprepositionalobjecte.g.Whatcanwedoaboutit?Whichdoyouprefer,coffeeortea?InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsA.Interrogativepronounsd.Theuseof“what〞and“which〞③Attributee.g.Whatcolorarethecurtains?Whichwayshouldwego?④Predicative(what)e.g.What’syoursister?InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsA.Interrogativepronounse.“Whoever〞and“Whatever〞Botharetheemphaticformof“who〞and“what〞e.g.Whoeverheardofsuchathing?InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronouns

B.ConjunctivePronouns

Theyarethesameasinterrogativepronouns

a.Subject

e.g.Iaskedhimwhocameintotheroom.

b.Object

e.g.Idon’tcarewhathethink.

c.Prepositionalobject

e.g.Rememberwhatwe’reherefor.InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsB.ConjunctivePronouns

d.Predicative

e.g.Shedemandedtoknowwhosethechildwas.

e.Attribute

e.g.Letmeknowwhichtrainyou’llbearrivingon.C.TheRelativeWhat

a.Subject

e.g.Whatshesawgaveheralittlefright.InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsC.TheRelativeWhat

b.Object

e.g.Shebegantocriticizewhathehaddone.

c.Prepositionalobject

e.g.Hewasdepressedbywhathehadgonethrough.

d.Predicative

e.g.Timesaren’twhattheywere.

e.Parenthesis

e.g.ThenIdiscovered,whatwasnewstome,thathiswifewasyourcousin.

f.Attribute(sometimesintheclause)

e.g.Whatlittlehesaidonthesubjectwasfullofwisdom.InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsD.Conjunctivepronouns“+ever〞a.who(m),what,which+ever,toindicateadverbialclauseofconcessione.g.I’llfindthepersonwhodidthis,whoeverheis.Whateverhappens,I’mgoing.b.Introducenounclausestoindicate“anypersonorthing〞①Subjecte.g.Whoeverisresponsiblewillhavetopayforthedamage.WhateverIhaveisatyourservice.InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsD.Conjunctivepronouns“+ever〞b.Introducenounclausestoindicate“anypersonorthing〞②Objecte.g.I’lljustsaywhatevercomesintomyhead.③Prepositionalobjecte.g.Iwanttospeaktowhoeverisincharge.

RelativePronounsA.Therelativepronounswho,whom,whose,that,whiche.g.Imetsomeonewhosaidheknewyou.B.Theuseof“who,whom&whose〞a.“who〞indicatesperson,asasubjectintheclausee.g.Thegirlswhoservedintheshopweretheowner’sdaughters.RelativePronounsB.Theuseof“who,whom&whose〞b.“Whom〞alsoindicatesperson,usedasanobjectoraprepositionalobjectintheclausee.g.Thegirlswhomheemploysarealwayscomplainingabouttheirpay.c.“Whose〞indicatespossessive,usedasanattributee.g.Thefilmisaboutaspywhosewifebetrayshim.RelativePronounsC.Theuseof“that〞and“which〞a.“That〞canbothindicate“person〞and“thing〞.Itcanbeomittedwhenusedasanobjectintheclause.e.g.Canyouthinkofanyonethatcouldlookafterhim?Thatisthepicturethat(which)causedsuchasensation.

RelativePronounsb.“Which〞canonlyindicatethingsoranimals①Subjecte.g.Shewasnotinthetrainwhicharrivedjustnow.②Objecte.g.Thesearetheconditionswhichwehavetoaccept.③Prepositionalobjecte.g.ThedayonwhichIsawhimwasthegreatestofmylife.RelativePronouns

D.RestrictiveAttributiveClause&Non-restrictiveAttributiveClause

a.RestrictiveAttributiveClause

Therelationshipbetweenthemainclauseandthesubordinateclauseisclose.

e.g.That’sthemachinehedesigned.RelativePronounsD.RestrictiveAttributiveClause&Non-restrictiveAttributiveClause

b.Non-restrictiveattributiveclause

Usuallywithacomma,notverycloserelationsh