国际粮食政策研究所-使农民田间学校制度化：卢旺达Twigire Muhinzi国家推广系统（英）-2021.10-58正式版

INSTITUTIONALIZINGFARMERFIELDSCHOOLS

TWIGIREMUHINZINATIONALEXTENSIONSYSTEMINRWANDA

FAO

INVESTMENT

CENTRE

COUNTRYCOUNTRY

HIGHLIGHTSINVESTMENT

HIGHLIGHTS

CountryInvestmentHighlights

Number8

INSTITUTIONALIZINGFARMERFIELDSCHOOLS

TWIGIREMUHINZINATIONALEXTENSIONSYSTEMINRWANDA

BrianNicholasNeza

PEACEANDDEVELOPMENTNETWORK,RWANDA

JosephHigiro

RWANDAAGRICULTUREANDANIMALRESOURCESDEVELOPMENTBOARD

LucyWangariMwangi

HIGHLANDSCENTREOFLEADERSHIPFORDEVELOPMENT,RWANDA

NathanOchatum

INTERNATIONALINSTITUTEOFTROPICALAGRICULTURE,UGANDA

Publishedby

theFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsand

theInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstituteRome,2021

Requiredcitation:

Neza,B.N.,Higiro,J.,Mwangi,L.W.andOchatum,N.2021.Institutionalizingfarmerfieldschools

–TwigireMuhinziNationalExtensionSysteminRwanda.Rome,FAOandIFPRI.https://doi.org/10.4060/cb7131en

ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthisinformationproductdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ortheInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute(IFPRI)concerningthelegalordevelopmentstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Thementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturers,whetherornotthesehavebeenpatented,doesnotimplythatthesehavebeenendorsedorrecommendedbyFAOorIFPRIinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.

Theviewsexpressedinthisinformationproductarethoseoftheauthor(s)anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsorpoliciesofFAOorIFPRI.ThispublicationhasnotundergoneIFPRI’sstandardpeer-reviewprocess.

ISBN978-92-5-135094-2[FAO]

©FAO,2021

Somerightsreserved.ThisworkismadeavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike3.0IGOlicence(CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO;

/

licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode)

.

Underthetermsofthislicence,thisworkmaybecopied,redistributedandadaptedfornon-commercialpurposes,providedthattheworkisappropriatelycited.Inanyuseofthiswork,thereshouldbenosuggestionthatFAOendorsesanyspecificorganization,productsorservices.TheuseoftheFAOlogoisnotpermitted.Iftheworkisadapted,thenitmustbelicensedunderthesameorequivalentCreativeCommonslicence.Ifatranslationofthisworkiscreated,itmustincludethefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththerequiredcitation:“ThistranslationwasnotcreatedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO).FAOisnotresponsibleforthecontentoraccuracyofthistranslation.TheoriginalEnglisheditionshallbetheauthoritativeedition.”

DisputesarisingunderthelicencethatcannotbesettledamicablywillberesolvedbymediationandarbitrationasdescribedinArticle8ofthelicenceexceptasotherwiseprovidedherein.TheapplicablemediationruleswillbethemediationrulesoftheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization/amc/en/mediation/rulesandanyarbitrationwillbeconductedinaccordancewiththeArbitrationRulesoftheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL).

Third-partymaterials.Userswishingtoreusematerialfromthisworkthatisattributedtoathirdparty,suchastables,figuresorimages,areresponsiblefordeterminingwhetherpermissionisneededforthatreuseandforobtainingpermissionfromthecopyrightholder.Theriskofclaimsresultingfrominfringementofanythird-party-ownedcomponentintheworkrestssolelywiththeuser.

Sales,rightsandlicensing.FAOinformationproductsareavailableontheFAOwebsite(www./publications)andcanbepurchasedthrough

publications-sales@.

Requestsforcommercialuseshouldbesubmittedvia:

/contact-us/licence-request.

Queriesregardingrightsandlicensingshouldbesubmittedto:

copyright@.

Coverphotograph:

©FAO/PetterikWiggers

ArtDirectionanddesign:

KarenMataLunaandNazNaddaf

Abstract

ThisreportispartofaglobalstudyonpromisingAgricultureHumanCapitalInvestment(AHCI)initiativesandpresentsevidencefromacasestudyonInstitutionalizingFarmerFieldSchool(FFS)Investment:theTwigireMuhinziNationalExtensionSysteminRwanda.

Thisstudyadoptedaqualitativeapproachincollectinganddocumentingthedata.Secondarydatawerecollectedthroughaliteraturereviewofrelevantdocumentstothecasestudyandthroughconsultingwithkeyinformants,includingprojectmanagersfromboththepublicandtheprivatesectorsdirectlyinvolvedwiththeimplementationofTwigireMuhinzi.Primarydatawerecollectedthroughinterviewswithprojectmanagers,FFSfacilitatorsandfarmersparticipatinginFFSsundertheTwigireMuhinziExtensionsystem.Asamplewastakenrepresentingdistrictsinthefourprovinces,withfourdistrictswiththehighestshareofFFSgroupsselectedineachprovince.TheinterviewswereconductedbyphoneinAugust2020,audio-recorded,transcribedmanuallyandusingNVIVO-QSR(Version11)softwareandsupplementedbyhandwrittennotes.

ThekeyfindingsindicatethatthetypesofhumancapitalgeneratedthroughtheFFSapproachunderTwigireMuhinziarethefollowing:(i)technicalskills(livestocknutritionandmanagementandcroppingsystems);(ii)socialskills(gender,womenempowerment,marketandvaluechainsandcollectiveaction);(iii)functionalskills(savingsandcreditandmarketanalysis);and(iv)empowerment(criticalthinking,experimentation,innovation,grouporcommunityempowermentandmindsetchange).Theacquiredtechnicalskillsincludecompetenciesingoodagriculturalpractices(GAP),whichenablefarmerstoimprovetheirproductionandproductivityaswellastheirgeneralwellbeingandlivelihood.Withenhancedfunctionalskills,farmersareinabetternegotiatingpositionforobtainingthedesiredsellingpricefortheirproduce.

Inconclusion,theFFSapproachshowcasesasituationwhereanextensionapproachcanimprovefarmerskills,knowledgeandempowermentandthusleadtoenhancedadoptionofrelevanttechnologiesandpractices.InRwanda,mainstreamingtheFFSapproachintothenationalextensionsystemalongwithfinancialsupportfrompublic–privatepartnershipscontributedtoitsscalingup.Otherkeyenablingfactorsincludedcoordinatedsupportandplanningatbothcentralanddecentralizedlevelsaswellassupportfromdevelopmentpartners,non-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)andcivilsociety.

UndertheFFSapproachinTwigireMuhinzi,thenumberoffarmerstrainedcountrywideeachseasonisconstrainedbyavailablefinancingandisusuallyasmallnumberascomparedtotheplannednumber.ForanycountryororganizationimplementingtheFFSapproach,thereisaneedtoconsiderputtinginplacestrategiessuchascost-sharingtoensurefinancialsustainability.

III

IV

Contents

Abstract

III

Acknowledgements

VII

Abbreviationsandacronyms

VIII

Introduction

1

CHAPTER1

Background

5

CHAPTER2

Overviewofcase

9

TwigireMuhinziextensionsystem

9

Theoryofchange

10

ScaleuptheFFSapproach

10

OrganizationsimplementingTwigireMuhinzi

11

TypeofhumancapitalusingAHCItypology

11

Theoryofchangeanddescriptionofhumancapitalandcapacity-building

componentprocess

13

InnovationthatstandsoutintheFFSapproachunderTwigireMuhinzi

13

CHAPTER3

Detailsofcase

17

Fundingmodel

17

CHAPTER4

Methodology

21

Datacollectionapproach

21

Dataanalysis

23

CHAPTER5

Evidencebaseforsuccessinhumancapitaldevelopment

27

Humancapitaldevelopedamongthetargetpopulation

27

CHAPTER6

Analysisofcaseandrecommendations

35

TypesofproducersforwhichtheFFSapproachworksbest

37

Commodities,valuechainsorenterprisesforwhichtheFFSapproach

worksbest

37

ConditionsnecessaryforimplementingtheFFSapproachelsewhere

37

References

41

V

Tablesandfigures

Tables

1

Keyagricultural,humancapitalandenablingenvironmentindicators

6

inRwanda

Figures

1

TheoryofchangeofFFSapproachunderTwigireMuhinzi

10

2

FFSapproachscalingupandinstitutionalizationintoTwigireMuhinzi

11

3

TwigireMuhinziextensionsystem

12

4

TwigireMuhinzicapacitybuildingprocess

13

5

TypesofhumancapitalgeneratedthroughtheFFSapproachunder

28

TwigireMuhinzi

VI

Acknowledgements

ThiscasestudyreportwaswrittenaspartoftheAgricultureHumanCapitalInvestmentStudy,fundedbyFAOInvestmentCentreandwiththesupportoftheInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute(IFPRI)andtheCGIARResearchProgrammeonPolicies,InstitutionsandMarkets(PIM)andtheFAOResearchandExtensionUnit.ThecasestudywascompiledbyateamofconsultantsledbyLucyWangariMwangi.TheteamconsistsofJosephHigiro,NathanOchatum,andBrianNicholasNeza,whoprovidedsupportinthedatacollection,analysisandreportwriting.Pleasecontactthecorrespondingauthorsforquestionnaires,data,oranyotherquestions.ThereportwasdevelopedwithguidanceandeditorialsupportofKristinDavis,RachelGilbert,JohannaGammelgaard,HlamalaniNgwenyaandJohnPreissing.

VII

Abbreviationsandacronyms

AHCI AgricultureHumanCapitalInvestment

AICP AgricultureInformationandCommunicationProgramme

ASTI AgriculturalScienceandTechnologyIndicators

BTC BelgianTechnicalCooperation

FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

FFS farmerfieldschool

FP farmerpromoter

GAP goodagriculturepractice

GDP grossdomesticproduct

GoR GovernmentofRwanda

HCI HumanCapitalIndex

ICT informationandcommunicationtechnology

IFPRI InternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute

IPM integratedpestmanagement

IRB InstitutionalReviewBoard

M&E monitoringandevaluation

MINAGRI MinistryofAgricultureandAnimalResources

MINALOC MinistryofLocalGovernment

MINECOFIN MinistryofFinanceandEconomicPlanning

MT MasterTrainer

NAEB NationalAgriculturalExportDevelopmentBoard

NGO non-governmentalorganization

NISR NationalInstituteofStatisticsRwanda

PIM CGIARResearchProgramonPolicies,Institutions,andMarkets

purchasingpowerparity

PSTA PlanStratégiquepourlaTransformationdel’Agriculture

(StrategicPlanfortheTransformationofAgriculture)

RAB RwandaAgricultureandAnimalResourcesDevelopmentBoard

SPAT StrategicPlanforAgriculturalTransformation

SRL SustainableRuralLivelihood

VIII

©FAO/MarcoLongari

Introduction

Sustainableagriculturalproductivity,foodsecurityandpovertyreductionremaintopgoalsofgovernmentsanddevelopmentinstitutionsaroundtheworld.Progressisunderthreatfromavarietyofcrises,includingclimatechangeandpublichealthemergenciesandtheirassociatedeconomicshocks.Alongwithagrowingpopulationandincreaseddemandforagriculturalgoodsforfood,fuelandfibre,theseconcernsnecessitateinvestmentsinagriculture,ruralinfrastructure,naturalresourcemanagementandclimateresilience.

Agriculturalinvestmentsoftenemphasizethephysicalandfinancialcapitaloffarminghouseholds,suchasland,fertilisersorcredit.However,AHCIiscrucialforspurringinnovation,farmmanagementdecisionsandempoweringsmallholders.Humancapitalisaneconomictermencompassingassetsthatincreaseindividualproductivity,suchaseducationandhealth.Forthepurposeofthisstudy,humancapitalisdefinedasthestockofhabits,knowledge,socialandpersonalityattributes(includingcreativity)embodiedintheabilitytoperformlaboursoastoproduceeconomicvalue(Goldin,2016).Humancapitalallowspeopletoeffectivelyutiliseothertypesofcapital.Forexample,farmers’educationandknowledgeinfluencestheirabilitytomakedecisions,adoptnewtechnologies,evaluaterisksandmanagefarmresources.

AspartofaglobalstudyonpromisingAHCIinitiatives,thiscasestudypresentsevidencefromtheInstitutionalizingFFSInvestment:TheTwigireMuhinziNationalExtensionSysteminRwandaproject.Theglobalstudy,commissionedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)andledbyIFPRIwithsupportfromPIM,examinesopportunitiesforbothpublicandprivateinvestmentinhumancapitalinagriculture.Thestudyaimstofillknowledgegapsaboutpromisinginvestmentsinprogrammesthatdevelopagriculturehumancapital,particularlyacrossdifferenttargetgroupssuchassmallholders,womenandyouth.

Casestudieswereselectedaccordingtoasetofcriteriafollowingabroadassessmentusingliteraturereviewsandexpertinputs.Criteriaincluded

1

documentationofimpact,scalability,replicabilityandinstitutionalisation,inclusionandempowerment,holisticintegrationandsustainability.Ninecasestudieswereselectedacrossgeographiesfromatypologyofagriculturehumancapital.Theselectionprocessinvolvedaseriesofworkshopsduringwhichtechnicalexpertsdiscussedpotentialcases,casestudyselectionandcasestudyteams.ThiscasestudyaddsperspectivesoninvestingintheFFSapproachaspartofTwigireMuhinziinRwanda.

INSTITUTIONALIZINGFARMERFIELDSCHOOLS

©FAO/PetterikWiggers

Chapter1

Background

Rwandaisasmallcountry,witharablelandestimatedtobe48percentofthetotalareaof26338km²andwithanaveragefarmsizeof0.6ha(FAO,2016).Thisisrelativelysmallcomparedwithneighbouringcountries.Forinstance,Kenya’sarablelandis10.19percentof580367km²,withtheaveragefarmsizebeingabout2.5ha,whileUganda’sarablelandis37.8percentofthetotalareaof241550km²,withaveragefarmsizeof2.5ha(FAO,2015).

AgricultureisthebackboneofeconomicgrowthinRwanda,andthemajorityofruralhouseholds(96percent)aredirectlyreliantonagricultureastheirmainoronlysourceofincome(MINAGRI,2017).TheGovernmentofRwanda(GoR)updateditsNationalAgriculturalpolicyin2017,whichputemphasisonagriculturaltransformationforimprovedproductivity,especiallyintensification,whiletakingintoconsiderationthefosteringofskillsdevelopmentthroughstrengthenedagricultureknowledgeandinformationsystems.Thenationalagriculturepolicyemphasizesthattheinterfacewithfarmers,mainlythroughtheagriculturalextensionservice,isakeyprioritytobeaddressed(MINAGRI,2017).

In2008,thegovernmentintroducedtheFFSapproachinitiallytopromoteintegratedpestmanagement(IPM)andlatertoassistfarmerswithgeneralcropmanagement.In2014,GoRadoptedadecentralizedfarmer-to-farmerextensionsystemreferredtoasTwigireMuhinzi,whichmeans“self-relianceinfarming”.TwigireMuhinzihastwomainapproaches:thefarmerpromoter(FP)approachandtheFFSapproach.

5

Table1

Keyagricultural,humancapitalandenablingenvironmentindicatorsinRwanda

Latestdata

Indicatorcategory

Indicatorname

available

Indicatorvalue

General

Totalpopulation

2019

12626950

Ruralpopulation(%oftotalpopulation)

2019

82.7%

Number(%)ofsmallholderorfamilyfarmers

2017

53.3%

PovertyheadcountratioatUSD1.90(%)

2016

55.5%

Ruralpovertyheadcountratio(%)

2010

48.7%

Prevalenceofundernourishment(%)

2017

36.8%

HumanCapitalIndex(HCI)score

2017

37.0%

Enabling

Expectedyearsofschool,maleandfemale

2018

Male:6.3Female:6.8

environment:

Primarycompletionrate,total

2018

86.5%

educational

attainment

Literacyrate,adulttotal(%ofpeopleaged15andabove)

2018

73.2%

Enabling

Nationalagriculturalresearchexpendituredataasshareof

2016

27.3%

environment:

agriculturalgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)(ASTI)

funding

Agricultureexpenditure(%oftotalspending)

2019

5.0%

Enabling

Mobilesubscriptions(per100people)

2018

78.8%

environment:

Secureinternetservers(per100people)

2019

90.0%

ICT-related

Accesstoelectricity(%ofpopulation)

2018

34.7%

indicators

Enabling

NationalAgriculturePolicy

2017

Yes

environment:

FourthStrategicplanforTransformationofAgriculture(PSTA4)

2018

policies

SOURCES:WorldBank(2020),ASTI(2020),FAO(2020),MINECOFIN(2013),NISR(2018)

NOTE:Thepovertyheadcountratioindicatesthepercentageofthepopulationlivingonlessthan

USD1.90perpersonperdayin2016purchasingpowerparity(PPP).TheagricultureexpenditureindicatorcomesfromFAOSTAT’sGovernmentExpendituredata(shareoftotaloutlays).NationalagriculturalresearchexpendituredataasshareofagriculturalGDP(ASTI)isindicatedasspendingtotal(inmilliondollarsatconstant2011PPP).

AsshowninTable1,Rwandahasrelativelygoodinformationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT)infrastructure,includinginternetconnectionsandmobilephonepenetration.ICTopensnewopportunitiesforagricultureextensionandplaysasignificantroleinimprovingaccesstoextensionandadvisoryservicesbyfarmersthroughmobilephonesandotherelectronicmediasuchasradioandtelevision.

INSTITUTIONALIZINGFARMERFIELDSCHOOLS

©FAO/TeopistaMutesi

Chapter2

Overviewofcase

TWIGIREMUHINZIEXTENSIONSYSTEM

TwigireMuhinziisGoR’shomegrowndecentralizedfarmer-orientednationalsystemfordeliveringagriculturalextensionandadvisoryservices(RwandaAgricultureBoard,2015).Itwasdesignedwiththespecificgoalsofmaintainingnationalfoodsecurity,improvingcropproductivity,increasingfarmers’incomeandimprovinglivelihoods.Thepillarsenvisagedtomakethisextensionsystemsuccessfulare:

demand-driventechnologydevelopmentanddissemination;

goodtrainingandfacilitationofextensionagentstoenablethemtocarryouttheirduties;

creationofidealconditionsfortechnologytransferandexchangeofinformationbetweenproducers,farmerorganizationsanddifferentpartners;and

improvedaccesstoagriculturaltechnologiesandknowledgebyfarmers.

ThethematicareasforTwigireMuhinziarethecapacitydevelopmentofacriticalmassoffrontlineextensionagents(ensuringthattheyallremainmotivatedtocontinueservingthefarmingcommunity)andtheempowermentoffarmerstomakesmartdecisionsbasedonobservationandanalysis,therebyapplyingimproved,appropriateandsustainableagriculturaltechnologiesandpractices.Theextensionsystemisbasedontwocomplementarytypesoffarmer-to-farmerextensionapproaches:thefarmerpromoterapproachandtheFFSapproach.

9

Thefirst(farmerpromoter)approachhasfarmersorganizedinTwigiregroupssupervisedbyfarmerpromoters.Inthesegroups,farmershaveaccesstobasicextensionmessagesthroughdemonstrationplotsineachvillage.Thegroupsmeetthreetimesperseason,duringwhichtheyaretrainedonGAPs.TherearetwoagriculturalseasonsinRwanda:seasonA(SeptembertoFebruary)andseasonB(MarchtoJuly).

TheFFSapproachaimsinparttograduallyreachallfarmerswithin-depthknowledgebyofferinganexperimentallearningexperienceinFFSplots.FarmersareorganizedinFFSgroupsfacilitatedbyatrainedFFSfacilitator,andtheymeeteveryweek.Theaimistobuildthedecision-makingskillsoffarmerstoenablethemtoadoptGAPs.

THEORYOFCHANGE

ThetheoryofchangeforthelinearmodeloftheFFSapproachidentifiedcapacitybuildingofFFSfacilitators,trainingoffarmersbyFFSfacilitatorsthroughseason-longtraining,fielddaysandexperimentationthroughdemoplotsandtraininginthecross-cuttingthemesofgender,nutritionandtheenvironmentasthemostimportantoutputsforchange.ThetheorysuggeststhattheFFSapproachshoulddeveloptheknowledge,skillsandcapacityoffarmersinvariousaspectssoastoachieveimpacts,includingincreasedproductivityandhigherincomes.

ThekeyassumptionofthetheoryisthatiftheFFSapproachiseffectivelyimplemented,knowledge,skillsandabilitieswillbeimpartedtofarmers,resultingintheadoptionoftechnologiesandgoodagriculturalpractices,asillustratedinFigure1.

SCALINGUPTHEFFSAPPROACH

TheFFSapproachwasintroducedinRwandain2008asatoolforIPM.TwigireMuhinziwasintroducedinRwandain2014,withtheFFSapproachintegratedintoTwigireMuhinziin2016togetherwiththefarmerpromoterapproach,withthetargetofreachingallfarmersinRwanda.

Outputs

CapacitybuildingofFFSFacilitators.

TrainingoffarmersbyFFSfacilitators.

Season-longtrainings.

Fielddays.

Experimentationthroughdemoplots.

Discovery-basedtrainingsthroughFFS.

Trainingincross-cuttingthemesofgender,nutritionandenvironment.

Outcome

Knowledgeofbuildingskillsandcapacityoffarmerstoidentifyandanalyzeproblems.

Knowledgeforconductingexperimentsaimingatdevelopinglocalsolutionsappropriatetospecificchallenges.

Criticalthinking.

Groupbuildingskills.

SkillsinIPM.

Empowerment.

Decisionmakingskills.

Awarenessofmarketprices.

Impact

Increasedproductivity.

Higherincomes.

Adoptionofgoodagriculturalpractices.

Adoptionoftechnology.

Farmerempowermentincriticalthinking.

Communityempowerment.

Figure1

TheoryofchangeofFFSapproachunderTwigireMuhinzi

SOURCE:Authors’representation.

INSTITUTIONALIZINGFARMERFIELDSCHOOLS

SPATIIProject:

Start(2008)

2011–2016

200000Farmers

IPMProject:

TwigireMuhinzi:

2008–2011

2016–2020

25000Farmers

1800000Farmers

Figure2

FFSapproachscalingupandinstitutionalizationintoTwigireMuhinzi

SOURCE:Authors’representation.

TheFFSgroupsaregenerallycommodityspecific.Hence,theFFSapproachisimplementedintermsofprovidingadvisoryservicestogroupsoffarmerswhoareinvolvedintheproductionofspecificcropsorlivestock.TheFFSapproachwasscaleduptothenationallevelwhenitwasintegratedintoTwigireMuhinzi(Figure2).

InstitutionalizationinthecontextofthiscasestudyreferstothepermanentintegrationofFFSintothenationalagriculturalresearchandextensionsystemasameansfortechnologydissemination,empowermentandcapacitybuildingamongruralcommunities.AtitsinceptioninRwanda,theFFSapproachremainedaseparateactivityfromthenationalextensionsystemandwasimplementedasaprojecttocomplementregularagriculturalextensionactivities.However,itwaslaterintegratedintoTwigireMuhinziaspartofthenationalextensionsystem,henceinstitutionalization.TwigireMuhinziisalignedwithoneofthepillarsofthenationalagriculturalpolicythatisdedicatedtocapacitybuildinginfarmers.

ORGANIZATIONSIMPLEMENTINGTWIGIREMUHINZI

TheMinistryofAgriculture(MINAGRI)isresponsibleforprovidingstrategicguidanceandoversightofTwigireMuhinzi.Thisisinlinewiththedecentralizednatureoftheagricultureservicesandensuresmoreefficientextensiondelivery.TwigireMuhinziisjointlyimplementedbytheRwandaAgricultureandAnimalResourcesDevelopmentBoard(RAB)andtheNationalAgriculturalExportDevelopmentBoard(NAEB).RABisresponsiblefortechnicalsupporttotheprogramme,whiledailycoordinationistheresponsibilityofdistricts.TheextensionsystemismanagedbytheRABDepartmentofCropResearchandTechnologyTransferandissupportedbyvariousNGOsandprojectsforitsimplementation.Institutionsofhigherlearninganduniversitiessupporttheproductionofextensionmaterials,whiletheAgricultureInformationandCommunicationProgramme(AICP)supportsthecollection,packaging,managementanddisseminationandsharingofagriculturalinformationwithagriculturesectoractors.Atdistrictlevel,extensionservicesareimplementedbytheMinistryofLocalGovernment(MINALOC)closertofieldlevel,thusallowingforbettertargeting,wideroutreachandgreaterimpact(Figure3).Currently,thereare14200farmerpromotersand2500FFSfacilitatorswhotrainfarmersgroups(FG)throughdemonstrationplots,fielddaysandvillagemeetings.ThroughTwigireMuhinzi,59453farmergroupscomposedof1013782farmerscountrywidehavebeenestablished,with69percentofRwandanfarmersaccessingextensionandadvisoryservicesthroughTwigireMuhinzi(MINAGRIetal.,2016).

OVERVIEWOFCASE 11

TYPEOFHUMANCAPITALUSINGAHCITYPOLOGY

TrainingofFarmers

TheFFSapproachisaformofnon-formaleducationwithexperimentalplotsandafacilitator.Itaimsatbuildingfarmers’analyticalandexperimentationcapacityandtechnicalskills.Itspopularmottois‘‘Theplantistheteacher.’’TheFPapproachworkswithgroupsof15–20farmers(Twigiregroups)andhasademonstrationplotandafarmerpromoter.Itsmottois‘‘Seeingisbelieving.’’BothFFSfacilitatorsandFPsarefarmersselectedfromamongthecommunity,basedonthefollowingcriteria:(i)beinghonestandaccountablefarmersinthecommunity,withreadingandwritingskills;(ii)beingwillingandabletoattendaseason-longtrainingawayfromtheirhome(inthecaseofFFSfacilitators);and(iii)beingwillingtospendtimetrainingotherfarmersintheircommunity.FFSgroupmembersmeetonceaweekattheexperimentalplots.Thediscovery-basedtrainingfocusesonGAPsforasinglecropperseasonandincludesagro-ecosystemanalysis,whichisathoroughstudyoftheagriculturalenvironmentthatconsidersaspectsofecologyandsocioeconomics(RwandaAgricultureBoard,2017).

GenderbalanceisalsoconsideredintheidentificationandtrainingofFFSfacilitators.Toqualifyasafacilitator,selectedfarmersgothroughaseason-longtraining.Theholisticcurriculumincludesfacilitationskills,management,planning,howtoconducttraining,mobilization,generalagronomicskills,harvestingandpost-harvestpractices,andgroupdevelopmenttopicssuchasconflictresolution,managementofgroupresources,collectivemarketing,managingandmaintaininggroups,andlegalandinstitutionalmechanismsforgroupself-regulation.MINAGRIissuescertificates,andfacilitatorsareexpectedtoscaleupandscaleouttheskillsacquiredbytrainingfarmergroups(FG)intheirlocalityandprovidingtechnicalbackstoppingforthefarmerpromoters.

TwigireMuhinzi

MINAGRI

(RAB,NAEB)

Technicalsupportand

Planning,

evaluation

MINALOC

AICP

implementing,and

monitoring

Productionof

Government

RABResearch

agronomists

extension/technical

Stations

materials

TechnicalSupport

TrainingofFFSandFP

FFSPlot

10-12

FFS

Universities

members

Facilitator

Supportfor

DemoPlot

FP

pr