华南师范大学考博英语试题

华南师范大学2012年考博英语试题SectionIVocabulary(20points)Directions:Thereare40sentencesinthissection.Eachsentencehassomethingomitted.Choosethewordorwordsfromthefourchoicesgiventobestcompleteeachsentence.1.Conscience__himdayandnightafterhesawthemiseriesotherchildwhichwascausedbyhismisdoingswithhisowneyes.A.racksB.persecutesC.maltreatsD.abuses2.Herprofessionalethicsisnowbeingquestionedsincesheoften__herreportstosuitthepeoplesheisspeakingto.A.disfiguresB.deformsC.misshapesD.distorts3.Thedevelopedcountriesareurgingthedevelopingcountriestoadoptastrategythatcan__thetwinneedsofdevelopmentandpreservationofnature.A.assimilateB.correspondC.coincideD.reconcile4."Venice__asthemajorseapoweroftheMediterraneanduringtheMiddleAges,whichwasernementionedbysomewriters,suchasShakespeare,Marlowe,etc..A.prevailedB.reignedC.presidedD.restrained5.Terrorists__tobombingcitycentersasameansofachievingtheirpoliticalaims.A.resortedB.tookC.sawD.looked6.ThedilemmaIwascaughtinseveralyearsagobearsaclose____totheoneyouareinvolvedintoday,soperhapsIcangiveyousomeadvice.A.likenessB.resemblanceC.analogyD.familiarity7.Ascivilization____inthedirectionoftechnology,itpassesthepointofsupplyingallthebasicessentialsoflife-food,shelterandclothes.A.processesB.precedesC.proceedsD.exceeds8.Inmostcasespoliticiansare__astheyseldomtellthetruth.A.skepticalB.pessimistic-C.incredulousD.incredible9.He__hischildrennothingandgavethemwhatevertheywantedA.rejectedB.deniedC.deprivedD.restrictedl0.He__ofhavingmissedagoodopportunitytostudyabroadbuthe"knewitwasnousecryingoverspiltmilk.A.weptB.mournedC.grievedD.repented11.Theworkisnotveryprofitable____cash,butIamgettingvaluableexperiencefromitA.inaccordancewithB.onthebasisofC.intermsofD.inthelightof12.Whenthehostessreceivedmycomplimentonhernewcar,sherespondedwithgreatpleasureabouthowthecarisa____buy.A.modestB.choiceC.superiorD.eloquent13.Afterhavingbeendismissedfromthefactory,Johnhadtoearnameagerlivingbythetelevisionsets.A.over~{usingB.patchingC.servicingD.remedying14.Infact,theU.SCongress____totheBritishParliamentastheybothhavetherighttomakelaws.A.agreesB.correspondsC.matchesD.coincides15.ThespeakerannouncedthatthePresidentwouldconvenehistopaidesfortheregularmeetingbuthedidn'tthetimeandplace..A.designateB.denote"C.manifestD.specify16.Theamountofheatproducedbythiselectricalapparatusis--atwillbyturningasmall.handle.A.variableB.variousC.differentD.diverse17.Allvisitorsarerequestedtowiththeregulations.A.abideB.complyC.consentD.conform18.IhimatOnceasanAmericanwhenhesteppedontothestagewiththreeotheractors.A.regardedB.deemedC.spottedD.discerned19.Byadaptingtoyourmentalcondition,youcanmoreinlesstime.A.complementB.implementC.complimentD.accomplish20.Hehadtobehereatteno'clock,butbecauseofatrafficaccident,hedidn'tshowupuntilmidnight.A.overtakenB.undertakenC.guaranteedD.warranted21.Whenthejurybroughtina.ofguilt,thedefendantwhowasoverwhelminglyarrogantseveralminutesagodroopedhishead.A.judgmentB.appraisalC.verdictD.conviction22.HeWas.fromthecompetitionbecausehehadnotcompliedwiththerules.A.forbidden.B.barred~C.disqualifiedD.excused23.Hemyauthory~,byallowingthechildrentodothingsthatIhave~'--'~~,byforbidden.A.impairedB..disabledC.underminedD.undid24.Aftercompletingthebigdictionarywhichwaspopularlyreceivedbyreaders,thisfamousscholarsetouttocompilea.toit.A.complementB.supplementC.accessory'D.helper25.AccordingtothegeologicaltheoryputforwardbyafamousgeologistatanacademicconferencenewlyheldinEngland,thesouthofIcelandistoearthquakesA.disposedB.likely:C.liableD.inclined26.Atthenews,thedemonstratorswhohadputtheforeigngoodsunderaboycottforseveralmonthsprotestedbutA.tonaughtB.tonothingC.tonoavailD.tovoid27.Thiscountry'sdevelopmentofsciencewasgreatlyunderminedforlargenumbersofscientificwereejectedfromtheirmotherlandsincethedictatorcameintopower.A.galaxyB.eliteC.personnelD.swarm28.Theuniversityanhonorarydoctor'sdegreeonthedistinguishedscholarwhowasgenerallyregardedasacredittohisowncountry.A.donatedB.conferredC.subscribedD.granted29.Thepeopleofthiscountryhaveentrenchedthemselvestoanyinvaderswhorefusetogiveuptheirevilintention.A.wardoffB.cutoffC.workoffD.layoff30.Themobwasbythefieryspeechandthentheymarcheddownthemainstreet,andsetmanyChinesestoresonfire.A.wakenedB.aroused,C.inspiredD.agitated31.Thepoliticianisshrewdanddeep;hewashim.seldomonwhatheexpectedotherstodoforA.transparentB.explicitC.prominentD.conspicuouswomen'swork.TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwaslargelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoung,singlewomenasdomestics.Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnology,butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork,previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanagers,fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880%createdanewclassof"deadened"jobs,thenceforthconsidered"women'swork."Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowithhe-mechaniZafi6nofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesew0men-thanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.Women'sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years,movingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactory,andlater5ecomingmostlywhite-collarinsteadofblue-coUarwork.Fundamentally,however,theconditionsunderwhichwomenworkhavechangedlittlesincebeforetheIndustrialRevolution:thesegregationofoccupationsbygender,lowerpayforwomenasagroup,jobsthatrequirerelativelylowlevelsofskillandofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersist,whilewomen'shouseholdlabor~remainsdemanding.Recenthistoricalinvestigationhasledtoamajorrevisionofthenotionthattechnologyisalwaysinherentlyrevolutionaryinitseffectsonsociety.Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.61.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?A.Theeffectsofthemechanizationofwomen'sworkhavenotborneoutthefrequentlyheldassumptionthatnewtechnologyisinherentlyrevolutionary.B.Recentstudieshaveshownthatmechanizationrevolutionizesasociety'straditionalvaluesandthecustomaryrolesofitsmembers~C.Mechanizationhascausedthenatureofwomen'sworkchangesincetheIndustrialRevolution.D.Themechanizationofworkcreateswholenewclassesofjobsthatdidnotpreviouslyexist.62.Theauthor,mentionsallofthefollowinginventionsasexamplesofdramatictechnologicalinnovationsEXCEPTtheA.sewingmachineB.vacuumcleanerC.typewriterD.telephone63.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,beforetheIndustrialRevolution,themajorityofwomen'sworkwasdoneinwhichofthefollowingsettings?A.Textilemills.B.Privatehouseholds.C.Offices.D.Factories.64.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldconsiderwhichofthefollowingtobeanindicationofafundamentalalterationintheconditionsofwomen'swork?A.Statisticsshowingthatthemajorityofwomennowoccupywhite-collarpositions.B.Interviewswithmarriedmenindicatingthattheyarenowdoingsomehouseholdtasks.C.Surveysofthelabormarketdocumentingtherecentcreationofanewclassofjobsinelectronicsinwhichwomenworkersoutnumbermenfourtoone.D.Censusresultsshowingthatworkingwomen'swagesandsalariesare,ontheaverage,ashighasthoseofworkingmen.65.Thepassagestatesthat,beforethetwentiethcentury,whichofthefollowingwastrueofmanyemployers?A.Theydidnotemploywomeninfactories.B.Theytendedtoemploysingleratherthanmarriedwomen.C.Theyemployedwomeninonlythosejobsthatwererelatedtowomen'straditionalhouseholdwork.D.Theyresistedtechnologicalinnovationsthatwouldradicallychangewomen'srolesinthefamily.TEXTBPhilosophyinthesecondhalfofthe19tbcenturywasbasedmoreonbiologyandhistorythanonmathematicsandphysics.Revolutionarythoughtdriftedawayfrommetaphysicsandepistemologyandshiftedmoretowardsideologiesinscience,politics,andsociology.PragmatismbecamethemostvigorousschoolofthoughtinAmericanphilosophyduringthistime,anditcontinuedtheempiricisttraditionofgroundingknowledgeonexperienceandstressingtheinductiveproceduresofexperimentalscience.ThethreemostimportantpragmatistsofthisperiodweretheAmericanphilosophersCharlesPeirce(1839-1914),consideredtobethefirstoftheAmericanpragmatists,WilliamJames(1842-1910),thefirstgreatAmericanpsychologist,andJohnDewey(1859~1952),whofurtherdevelopedthepragmaticprinciplesofPeirceandJamesintoacomprehensivesystemofthoughtthathecalled"'experimentalnaturalism",or"instrumentalism".Pragmatismwasgenerallycriticaloftraditionalwesternphilosophy,especiallythenotionthatthereareabsolutetruthsandabsolutevalues.Incontrast,JosiahRoyce(1855-1916),wasaleadingAmericanexponentofidealismatthistime,whobeli~.,vedinanabsolutetruthandheldthathumanthought,andtheexternalworldwereunified.Pragmatismcalledforideasandtheoriestobetestedinpractice,assessingwhetherthe),produceddesirableorundesirableresults.AlthoughpragmatismwaspopularforatimeinEurope,mostagreethatitepitomizedtheAmericanfaithinknow-howandpracticality,andtheequallyAmericandistrustofabstracttheoriesandideologies.Pragmatismisbestunderstoodinitshistoricalandculturalcontext.Itaroseduringaperiodofrapidscientificadvancement,industrialization,andmaterialprogress;atimewhenthetheoryofevolutionsuggestedtomanythinkersthathumanityandsocietyareinaperpetualstateofprogress.Thisperiodalsosawadeclineintraditionalreligiousbeliefsandvalues.Asaresult,itbecamenecessaryt6rethinkfundamentalideasaboutvalues,religion,science,community,andindividuality.Pragmatistsregardedalltheoriesandinstitutionsastentativehypothesesandsolutions.Accordingtotheircritics,thepragmatist'srefusaltoaffirmanyabsolutescarriednegativeimplicationsforsociety?challengingthefoundationsofsociety'sinstitutions.66.Whatisthispassageprimarilyabout?A.Theevolutionofphilosophyinthesecondhalfofthe19tucentury.B.ThethreemostimportantAmericanpragmatistsofthelate19acentury.C.Thedifferencesbetweenpragmatismandtraditionalwesternphilosophy.D.Americanpragmatism.67.Whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Idealismwasanimportantpartofthepragmaticapproach.B."Pragmatism"wasalsoknownas"traditionalwesternphilosophy".C.Pragmatismcontinuedtheempiricisttradition.D.Pragmatismisbestunderstoodindependentlyo~itshistoricalandculturalcontext.68.Accordingtothepassage,pragmatismwasmorepopularinAmericathanEurope,becauseA.Americanshad~eateracceptanceofthetheoryofevolutionB.itepitomizedtheAmericanfaithinknow-howandpracticalityC.EuropehadamoretraditionalsocietybasedonamuchlongerhistoryD.industrializationandmaterialprogresswasoccurringatafasterpaceinAmericaatthattime69.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT..A.revolutionarythoughtshiftedmoretowardsideologiesinscience,politicsandsociologyB.pragmatistsregardedalltheoriesandinstitutionsastentativehypothesesandsolutionsC.JosiahRoycewasnotapragmatistD.pragmatismwasbasedonthetheoryofevolution70.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.JosiahRoyceconsideredCharlesPeircetobechallengingthefoundationsofsociety'sinstitutions.B.CharlesPeirceconsideredJosiahRoycetobetooinfluencedbythetheoryofevolution.C.JohnDeweywouldnothavedevelopedhissystemofthoughtcalled"experimentalnaturalism"or"instrumentalism"withoutthepioneeringworkofCharlesPeirceandWilliamJames.D.JosiahRoycewasarevolutionarythinker.TEXTCMasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itcatalyzedphysicalexpansion,itsortedoutpeopleandlanduses,anditacceleratedtheinherentinstabilityofurbanlife.Byopeningvastareasofunoccupiedlandforresidentialexpansion,theomnibuses,horserailways,commutertrains,andelectrictrolleyspulledsettledregionsoutwardtwotofourtimesmoredistantfromcitycentersthantheywereinthepremodernera.In1850,forexample,thebordersofBostonlayscarcelytwomilesfromtheoldbusinessdistrict;bytheturnofthecenturytheradiusextendedtenmiles.Nowthosewhowouldafforditcouldlivefarremovedfromtheoldcitycenterandstillcommutethereforwork,shopping,andentertainment.Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenow"knowasurbansprawl.Between1890and1920,forexample,some250,000newresidentiallotswererecordedwithinthebordersofChicago,mostofthemlocatedinoutlyingareas.Overthesameperiod,another550,000wereplottedoutsidethecitylimitsbutwithinthemetropolitanarea,Anxioustotakeadvantageofthepossibilitiesofcommuting,realestatedevelopersadded800,000potentialbuildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustthirtyyears--lotsthatcouldhavehousedfivetosixmillionpeople.Ofcourse,manywereneveroccupied;therewasalwaysahugesurplusofsubdivided,butvacant,landaroundChicagoandothercities.Theseexcessesunderscoreafeatureofresidentialexpansionrelatedtothegrowthofmasstransportation:urbansprawlwasessentiallyunplanned.Itwascarriedoutbythousandsofsmallinvestorswhopaidlittleheedtocoordinatedlanduseortofuturelandusers.Thosewhopurchasedandpreparedlandforresidentialpurposes,particularlylandnearoroutsidecity,borderswheretransitlinesandmiddle-classinhabitantswereanticipated,didsotocreatedemandasmuchastorespondtoit.Chicagoisaprimeexampleofthisprocess.Realestatesubdivisionthereproceededmuchfasterthanpopulationgrowth.71.Withwhichofthefollowingsubjectsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?A.Typesofmasstransportation.B.Instabilityofurbanlife.C.Howsupplyanddemanddeterminelanduse.D.Theeffectsofmasstransportationonurbanexpansion.72.Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingaseffects,ofmasstransportationoncitiesEXCEPTA.growthincityareaB.separationofcommercialandresidentialdistrictsC.changesinlifeintheinnercityD.increasingstandardsofliving73.WhydoestheauthormentionbothBostonandChicago?A.Todemonstratepositiveandnegativeeffectsofgrowth.B.Toshowthatmasstransitchangedmanycities.C.Toexemplifycitieswithandwithoutmasstransportation.D.Tocontrasttheirratesofgrowth.74.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasonedisadvantageofresidentialexpansion?A.Itwasexpensive.B.IthappenedtooslowlyC.Itwasunplanned.D.Itcreatedademandforpublictransportation.75.TheauthormentionsChicagointhesecondparagraphasanexampleofacityA.thatislargeB.thatisusedasamodelforlanddevelopmentC.wherelanddevelopmentexceededpopulationgrowthD.withanexcellentmasstransportationsystemTEXTDAclassicseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasreportedinFebruaryof1962inanarticleinScieritificAmerican.Theexperimentswereconductedbyapsychologist,JohnB.Calhoun.andhisassociates.Ineachoftheseexperiments,anequalnumberofmaleandfemaleadultratswereplacedinanenclosureandgivenanadequatesupplyoffood,water,andothernecessities.Theratpopulationswereallowedtoincrease.Calhounknewfromexperienceapproximatelyhowmanyratscouldliveintheenclosureswithoutexperiencing.stressduetoovercrowding.Heallowedthepopulationtoincreasetoapproximatelytwicethisnumber.Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirtoo:hers.Heandhisassociatesthencarefullyobservedandrecordedbehaviorintheseoverpopulatedcommunities.Attheendoftheirexperiments,Calhounandhisassociateswereabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindof.socialdisease.Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratswouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding..Thefemalesintheratpopulationwerethemostseriouslyaffectedbythehighpopulationdensity:Theyshoweddeviantmaternalbehavior:theydidnotbehaveasmotherratsnormallydo.Infact,manyofthepups,asratbabiesarecalled,diedasaresultofpoormaternalcare.Forexample,motherssometimesabandonedtheirpups,and,withouttheirmothers’care,thepupsdied.Undernormalconditions,amotherratwouldnotleaveherpupsalonetodie.However,theexperimentsverifiedthatinoverpopulatedcommunities,motherratsdonotbehavenormally.Theirbehaviormaybeconsideredpathologicallydiseased.Thedominantmalesintheratpopulation"weretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.Therefore,theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.Thefactthatthedominantmaleshadadequatespaceinwhichtolivemayexplainwhytheywerenotasseriouslyaffectedbyoverpopulationastheotherrats.However,dominantmalesdidbehavepathologicallyattimes.Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermale,female,andimmaturerats.Thisdeviantbehaviorshowedthateventhoughthedominantmaleshadenoughlivingspace,theytoowereaffectedbythegeneralovercrowdingintheenclosure.Non-dominantmalesintheexperimentalratcommunitiesalsoexhibiteddeviantsocialbehavior.Somewithdrewcompletely;theymovedverylittleandateanddrankattimeswhentheotherratsweresleepinginordertoavoidcontactwiththem.Othernon-dominantmaleswerehyperactive;theyweremuchmoreactivethanisnormal,chasing~otherratsandfightingeachother.Thissegmentoftheratpopulation,tikealltheotherparts,wasaffectedbytheoverpopulation.Thebehaviorofthenon-dominantmalesandoftheothercomponentsoftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhour,)sexperiments.InlargeurbanareassuchasNewYork,London,MexicanCity,andCairo,thereareabandonedchildren.Therearecruel,powerfulindividuals,bothmenandwomen.Therearealsopeoplewhowithdrawandpeoplewhobecomehyperactive.Thequantityofotherformsofsocialpathologysuchasmurder,rape,androbberyalsofrequentlyoccurindenselypopulatedhumancommunities.Istheprincipalcauseofthesedisordersoverpopulation?Calhoun'sexperimentssuggestthatitmightbe.Inanycase,socialscientistsandcityplannershavebeeninfluencedbytheresultsofthisseriesofexperiments.76.Paragraph1isorganizedaccordingtoA.reasonsBexamplesC.examplesD.definition77.CalhounstabilizedtheratpopulationA.whenitwasdoublethenumberthatcouldliveintheenclosurewithoutstressB.byremovingyoungratsC.ataconstantnumberofadultratsintheenclosureD.alloftheabovearecorrect78.WhichofthefollowinginferencesCANNOTbemadefromtheinformationinPara.1A.Calhoun'sexperimentisstillconsideredimportanttoday.B.Overpopulationcausespathologicalbehaviorinratpopulations.C.StressdoesnotoccurinratcommunitiesunlessthereisovercrowdingD.Calhounhadexperimentedwithratsbefore.79.Whichofthefollowingbehaviordidn'thappeninthisexperiment?A.Allthemaleratsexhibitedpathologicalbehavior.B.Motherratsabandonedtheirpups.C.FemaleratsshoweddeviantmaternalbehaviorD.Motherratslefttheirratbabiesalone.80.ThemainideaoftheparagraphthreeisthatA.dominantmaleshadadequatelivingspaceB.dominantmaleswerenotasseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowdingastheotherratsC.dominantmalesattackedweakerratsD.thestrongestmalesarealwaysabletoadapttobadconditionsTEXTEMurovyovkaNaturePark,aprivatenatureresize,istheresultofthevisionanddeterminationofoneman,SergeiSmirenski.TheMoscowUniversityProfessorhasgainedthesupportofinternationalfundsaswellaslocalofficials,businessmenandCollectivefarms.Thankstohisefforts,theagriculturalprojectisalsounderwaytocreateanexperimentalfarmtoteachlocalfarmershowtofarmwithoutthetraditionallyheavyuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizers.TwoWisconsinfarmers,DonandEllenPadley,spentlastsummerpreparinglandinTanbovkadistrict,wheretheparkislocated,andtheywillreturnthissummertoplantitSpecialistsfromtheUniversityofUtahalsocametostudythelocalcattleindustry,lookingtodeveloppossibilitiesforbeefexportstoJapan.Separately,10NewJerseyschoolteacherswillspendthesummerinthedistrictrunningsummercampsforthelocalchildrenthatwillstressfieldtripsandlecturesonthenaturearoundthem.Theseprograms,particularlytheagriculturalproject,aregettingsomesupportfromtheUnitedStates,includingfundingfromtheMacArthurFoundation,theRockefellerBrothersFund,andtheUSAgencyforInternationalDevelopment.TheTrustforMutualUnderstandingandtheWeedierFoundationarealsosupportingtheInternationalCraneFoundation'sworkincreatingthepark.TheWorldBankisfundingasmallprojecttostudythepossibilitiesforecotourismintheAinu:basinregion.DeltaDreamVacations,aDeltaAirlinessubsidiary,islookingintoflightstoKhabarovskandVladivostokforecologytours,withsomeofthemoneygoingtosupportthezapovedniks(totallywildpreservesusedonlyforscientificresearch)intheregion.Butthismoneyhasalsogeneratedajealousattemptbythelocalwildlifeservicetoblockthe~Murovyovkaproject.Theysaid,"Giveustheirmoney,andwe'lldoitbetter,"Smirenskisays.Theywenttothelocalcourttogetacourtordertohaltthecontract.Althoughtheyweresuccessfulatthatlevel,theAtomregionalgovernment,withencouragementfromMoscow,hasalreadymovedtoreversethe"decisionasillegal."Idon'tpayattentiontothisnegativeside."Smirenskisayscharacteristicoptimisticfashion."ldecidedweshouldcontinuetocreate."'BeyondMurovyovka,thereareevenvastergrasslandsandwetlandsintheAmurbasinthatarevitalnestingareasforrarebirdssuchastheeasternwhitestork,andthered-crowned,white-napped;andhoodedcranes.Acomplexof100,000hectares,forexample,lieslargelyunprotectedinZhuravalini[literally"aplaceforcranes"]downstreamfromMurovyovka.Creationofanationalpark,alongfortouristuse,hasbeenproposedforthisarea.Akeypartoftheconservationstrategyistogainthesupportofregionalgovernmentsbygettingthemtoseethatsuchinternationallybackednatureprojectscanleadto.businessandotherties,particularlytocountrieslikeJapanandChina.Forexample,thecranesthatnestinRussiahavebeentrackedbysatellitetowinteringgroundsinIzumi,onJapan'ssouthernKyushuIsland.Thislinkagehasprovedusefulbringingregionalofficialsfrombothcountriestogether.Lastsummer,100JapaneseschoolchildrenfromtheTamaregionoutsideof~'okaycametoKhabarovskontheAmentoexperiencethekindofuntouchednaturethathasdisappearedfromJapan.Aspartoftheexchange,theMayorofTamadonated26secondhandfiretruckstohiscounterpart."AfterthisthemayorofKhabarovsksaid,NowIwilllistentoyou,aboutyourbirdsandallyourproblems.'"RecountsSmirenski.,Nowtheofficialsunderstandwhatcranesmeantothem."81.AprobablegoaloftheagriculturalprojectistoA.reducepollutioninreservefarmlandsB.induceUnitedNationscooperationC.learnhowlocalfarmsareoperatedD.importnewbreedsoffarmanimals82.SummercampsintheareawiU__A.bedesignedforforeignvisitorsB.beeducationalC.attractscientistsandecologistsD.housefieldlaborersandtheirfamilies83.ProjectsconnectedwiththedevelopmentofthenatureparkareA..o,~o-~+,~-E,~~+"+'"