(完整版)中国书法英文版

ChineseCalligraphy李丹丹IntroductionToolsThescriptsIntroduction

ChinesecalligraphyisaformofcalligraphywidelypracticedinChinaandreveredintheChineseculturalsphere,whichoftenincludesJapan,Taiwan,KoreaandVietnam.ThecalligraphictraditionofEastAsiaoriginatedanddevelopedfromChina.Chinesecalligraphyandinkandwashpaintingarecloselyrelated,sincetheyareaccomplishedusingsimilartoolsandtechniques.stylesofcalligraphy

ChineseEnglish

甲骨文oraclebonescript

金文bronzescript

篆书sealscript

隶书

clericalorofficalscript

草书cursiveorgrassscript

楷书regularorstandardscript

行书runningorsemi-cursivescript

oraclebonescriptOraclebonescriptBecauseturtleshellsaswellasboneswereused,theoraclebonescriptisalsosometimescalledshellandbonescript.AsthemajorityoforaclebonesbearingwritingdatetothelateShangdynasty,oraclebonescriptessentiallyreferstoaShangscript.Peoplebelievedthattheshellstoldpowersoftheirgods,sothatiswhyitiscalled"OracleBoneScript".OraclebonescriptwastheformofChinesecharactersusedonoraclebones—animalbonesorturtleplastronsusedinpyromanticdivination—inthelate2ndmillenniumBCE,andistheearliestknownformofChinesewriting.bronzescriptbronzescriptChinesebronzeinscriptions,alsocommonlyreferredtoasBronzearewritinginavarietyofChinesescriptsonChineseritualbronzessuchaszhōngbellsanddǐngtripodalcauldronsfromtheShangdynastytotheZhoudynastyandevenlater.Earlybronzeinscriptionswerealmostalwayscast(thatis,thewritingwasdonewithastylusinthewetclayofthepiece-moldfromwhichthebronzewasthencast),whilelaterinscriptionswereoftenengravedafterthebronzewascast.sealscriptsealscriptThesealscriptistheformalscriptoftheQínsystemofwriting,whichevolvedduringtheEasternZhōudynastyinthestateofQínandwasimposedasthestandardinareasQíngraduallyconquered.Today,thisstyleofChinesewritingisusedpredominantlyinseals,hencetheEnglishnameissealscript.Mostpeopletodaycannotreadthesealscript,soitisconsideredan‘ancient’script,generallynotusedoutsidethefieldsofcalligraphyandcarvedseals.clericalorofficalscriptclericalorofficalscriptTheclericalscriptispopularlythoughttohavedevelopedintheHàndynastyandtohavecomedirectlyfromsealscript.ThearchaicclericalscriptoftheChineseWarringStatesperiodtoQínDynastyandearlyHànDynastycanoftenbedifficulttoreadforamodernEastAsianperson,butthematureclericalscriptofthemiddletolateHàndynastyisgenerallylegible.Clericalscriptcharactersareoften"flat"inappearance,beingwiderthantheprecedingsealscriptandthemodernstandardscript;someversionsofclericalaresquare,andothersarewider.cursiveorgrassscriptcursiveorgrassscriptThecursivescript(sometimescalled"grassscript")isafullycursivescript,withdrasticsimplificationsrequiringspecializedknowledge;evenapersonwhocanreadthesemi-cursivescriptcannotbeexpectedtoreadthecursivescriptwithouttraining.Entirecharactersmaybewrittenwithoutliftingthebrushfromthepaperatall,andcharactersfrequentlyflowintooneanother.Strokesaremodifiedoreliminatedcompletelytofacilitatesmoothwritingandtocreateabeautiful,abstractappearance.Charactersarehighlyroundedandsoftinappearance,withanoticeablelackofangularlines.Duetothedrasticsimplificationandligatureinvolved,thisscriptisnotconsideredparticularlylegibletotheaverageperson,andthushasneverachievedwidespreadusebeyondtherealmofliteraticalligraphers.regularorstandardscriptregularorstandardscriptTheregularscript(oftencalled"standard"script)isoneofthelastmajorcalligraphicstylestodevelop,emergingbetweentheChineseHàndynastyandThreeKingdomsperiod,gainingdominanceintheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,andmaturingintheTángDynasty.Asthenamesuggests,theregularscriptis"regular",witheachofthestrokesplacedslowlyandcarefully,thebrushliftedfromthepaperandallthestrokesdistinctfromeachother.Forlearnersofcalligraphy,theregularscriptisusuallystudiedfirsttogivestudentsafeelforcorrectplacementandbalance,aswellastoprovideaproperbasefortheother,moreflowingstyles.runningorsemi-cursivescriptrunningorsemi-cursivescriptThesemi-cursivescriptapproximatesnormalhandwritinginwhichstrokesand,morerarely,charactersareallowedtorunintooneanother.Inwritinginthesemi-cursivescript,thebrushleavesthepaperlessoftenthanintheregularscript.Charactersappearlessangularandrounder.Ingeneral,aneducatedpersoninChinaorJapancanreadcharacterswritteninthesemi-cursivescriptwithrelativeease,butmayhaveoccasionaldifficultieswithcertainidiosyncraticshapes.toolsTheinkbrush,ink,paper,andinkstoneareessentialimplementsofChinesecalligraphy.TheyareknowntogetherastheFourTreasuresoftheStudy.Inadditiontothesefourtools,awater-dropper,deskpadsandpaperweightsarealsousedbycalligraphers.brushThebrushistraditionalwritingimplementinChinesecalligraphy.Thebodyofthebrushcanbemadefromeitherbamboo,orrarermaterialssuchasredsandalwood,glass,ivory,silver,andgold.Theheadofthebrushcanbemadefromthehair(orfeathers)ofawidevarietyofanimals,includingtheweasel,rabbit,deer,chicken,duck,goat,pig,tiger,wolf,etc.Today,calligraphymayalsobedoneusingapen.paperSpecialtypesofpaperareusedinChinesecalligraphy.InChina,Xuanzhi,traditionallymadeinAnhuiprovince,isthepreferredtypeofpaper.ItismadefromtheTatarwingceltis,aswellasothermaterialsincludingrice,thepapermulberry,bamboo,hemp,etc.Paperweightsareusedtoholddownpaper.Apaperweightisoftenplacedatthetopofallbutthelargestpagestopreventslipping;forsmallerpiecesthelefthandisalsoplacedatthebottomofthepageforsupport.inkandinkstickTheinkismadefromlampblack(soot)andbinders,andcomesininkstickswhichmustberubbedwithwateronaninkstoneuntiltherightconsistencyisachieved.Muchcheaper,pre-mixedbottledinksarenowavailable,butth