托福阅读推理题解题思路

11/6托福阅读推理题解题思路托福阅读中的推理题是很多同学可怕的题型，下面我就带你找一些〔方法〕去攻略它。托福阅读之推理题备考方法一、推理题的标志推理题的题干中一般含有infer,imply,mostlikely,leastlikely,probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。二、推理题的做法对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，建议考生可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。推理题主要有以下思路：一般对比推理ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否认掉就可以了。例如：Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans,whales,porpoises,anddolphinsaremammals.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofaflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithland-dwellingmammals.However,limbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters?Itisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlike.Thereweregreatnumbersofthem.Theylivedintheseaonly.Theydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.时间对比推理这种思路常被考到。在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否认掉就可以了。例：BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWaristhecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowth…ItappearedthatCanadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamiliesthathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforetheIndustrialRevolutionfamilieswerelarger.populationstatisticswereunreliable.thepopulationgrewsteadily.economicconditionswerebad.unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruseswhose文档文档WordWord6622集合概念推理集合概念推理也可以称之为百分比推断，它指的是在一个集合中，包含两个相对的方面，共同构成一个大的集合。一方所占的比例削减意味着另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味着另一方所占比例的削减。根据这一思路，可以由集合中一方的数量转变推断另一方的消减。例：Afolkcultureissmall,isolated,cohesive,conservative,nearlyself-sufficientgroupthatishomogeneousincustomandrace,withastrongfamilyorclanstructureandhighlydevelopedritualsUnalteredfolkculturesnolongerexistinindustrializedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandCanadaBycontrast,apopularcultureisalargeheterogeneousgroup,oftenhighlyindividualisticandconstantlychanging.WhatdoestheauthorimplyabouttheUnitedStatesandCanada?Theyvaluefolkcultures.Theyhavenosocialclasses.Theyhavepopularcultures.Theydonotvalueindividualism.以上就是托福阅读推理题的做法，大家可以根据题干标志圈定托福阅读推理题的范围，然后运用本文中的技巧，一举搞定推理题！托福阅读：浅谈推理题中的类比规律关系很多同学最近始终和我埋怨，托福阅读中的推理题好难啊，很多题目的正确选项在文中都找不到，说好的忠于原文，说好的不用多想，不用为分忧解难呢？这时候我会偷笑，因为你们碰到的是详情题的升级版本一-推理题!我们平常在阅读教学中始终和同学强调，阅读要忠于原文，不要大开脑洞，全部答案均出如今原文中。唯独有一种题目即推理题，需要学生不仅在文中找到相关依据，还要根据这个依据走一步推理的过程，才能得出答案。今日就想和大家共享一下阅读推理题中涉及到的一种规律推理关系一类比关系，此类规律关系一般出如今对比类的文段中。即〔文章〕中出现A,B两个比较对象，A与B有相同特征，于是我们可以根据A的特证来推断B也有相同的特征。举个例子：像小明一样，小红爱吃西瓜，于是乎我们可以从这句话里推断出不仅小红爱吃西瓜，小明也爱吃。接下去，我们就来看看这种规律关系在推理题中的应用。Paragraph1:Whenitcomestophysiology,theleatherbackturtleis,insomeways,morelikeareptilianwhalethanaturtle.Itswimsfartherintothecoldofthenorthernandsouthernoceansthananyotherseaturtle,anditdealswiththechillywatersinawayuniqueamongreptiles.Whatcanbeinferredaboutwhalesfromparagraph1?A.Theyareconsideredbysometobereptiles.Theirbodiesarebuiltinawaythathelpsthemmanageextremelycoldtemperatures.C.Theyaredistantlyrelatedtoleatherbackturtles.D.Theycanswimfartherthanleatherbackturtles.这道题目，题干问我们根据第二段的内容我们可以对鲸鱼作出何种推断，于是乎我们根据解题技巧快速回到文中搜寻定位词whales,找到以下这句话〃theWord文档Word文档#/6leatherbackturtleis,insomeways,morelikeareptilianwhalethanaturtle.”这句话告知我们leatherbackturtle更像爬行的whales,虽然此句没有直接提到whales的特征，但我们可以根据刚刚提到的类比关系做一步规律推断啊。既然leatherbackturtle很像whales,那么leatherbackturtle的特征也应当就是whales的特征，因此我们只要找到leatherbackturtle的描述信息即可觉察whales的特征。原文最终一句话提到，leatherbackturtle会游到寒冷的南北海洋并且有特殊的处理冰水的能力。于是乎我们可以得出whales也有相同特征。答案对应B选项。再来看一道稍难的题目吧Buckrubsalsohaveascent.Theseodorsmakebuckrubsanimportantmeansofolfactorycommunication.Foreheadrubbingbymaledeeronbuckrubspresumablysendsagreatdealofinformationtoothermembersofthesamespecies.Thepresenceofmanywell-markedrubsisindicativeofolder,higher-statusmalesbeinginthegeneralvicinityratherthansimplybeingacrudemeasureofrelativedeerabundanceinagivenarea.Theinformationconveyedbytheolfactorysignalsonabuckrubmakeitthesocialequivalentofsomeauditorysignalsinotherdeerspecies,suchastrumpetingbybullelk.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph4aboutthetrumpetingofbullelk?Trumpetingbyhigher-statusbullelksignalstheirpresencetoothermembersoftheirspecies.Bullelkneedtocombinetrumpetingwitholfactorysignalstocoveyinformationabouttheiridentity.Trumpetingalertswhite-taileddeertothepresenceofbullelkintheirvicinity.Trumpetingprovidesabettermeasureofdeerpresenceinagivenareathanbuckrubsdo.此题问我们，根据第四段我们可以对trumpetingofbullelk做出怎样的推断。根据关键词trumpetingofbullelk我们快速找到原文最终一个单词。既然是出如今文章的最终位置，那我们只好去往前推了。而前句又提到了一个我们特殊熟识的规律关系——类比关系。来看这句话Theinformationconveyedbytheolfactorysignalsonabuckrubmakeitthesocialequivalentofsomeauditorysignalsinotherdeerspecies,suchastrumpetingbybullelk.这句话告知我们buckrub发出的olfactorysignal和trumpetingofbullelk发出的auditorysignal有相同的社会作用。根据前文我们知道buckrub可以反映年长雄鹿在鹿群里的社会地位。于是乎我们便可以做进一步推理，即trumpetingofbullelk也应当有相像地功能。我想，只要我们的同学能够娴熟把握这种规律推理方法，将来确定可以避开在做这类推理题时常常出现的无从下手的逆境。托福阅读：推断题的解题方法你还在可怕做推断题吗?调查：你认为哪种题目最难托福阅读中的推断题始终是考生心理的阴影和恐惧，尤其是“推断”两个字，瞬间会让大家联想到柯南,福尔摩斯之类带有悬疑色彩的东西。据对所带的学生进行的调查，提到哪种阅读题型最难做，将近50%的学生把票投给了推断题。毋庸置疑，推断题确定有确定的难度所在，这点我们从托福考试官方指南(og)的转变上就可觉察一些端倪。第三版og上，推断题的考查数量为0-2题，第四版og已经增加到1-3题，ets的用(yin)意(mou)所在可见一斑。那么，我们改如何应对推断题呢?推断题真的像我们想象的这么难么?今日我们一起来从考查形式上来解刨一下推断题。题干特征：推断题的题干经常会出现infer,suggest,imply,indicate这类单词考查形式主要分为两大类：对比推断和详情推断，而后者出现的几率更大。考查形式一：对比推断A时间对比：一般有两个形成对比的时间点，它们所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文会出现before1990的信息，而题目会问after1990的信息？解决方案：收集问题对应的时间点的信息，然后取反。留意原文中出现的表示时间节点的词before,after,not...until...例题ThestoryofthewestwardmovementofpopulationintheUnitedStatesis,inthemain,thestoryoftheexpansionofAmericanagriculture-ofthedevelopmentofnewareasfortheraisingoflivestockandthecultivationofwheat,corn,tobacco,andcotton.After1815improvedtransportationenabledmoreandmorewesternfarmerstoescapeaself-sufficientwayoflifeandenteranationalmarketeconomyduringperiodswhencommoditypriceswerehigh,therateofwestwardmigrationincreasedspectacularly.“OldAmericaseemedtobebreakingupandmovingwestward,”observedanEnglishvisitorin1817,duringthefirstgreatwaveofmigration.Emigrationtothewestreachedapeakinthe1830's,whereasin1810onlyaseventyoftheAmericanpeoplelivedwestoftheAppalachianmountains,by1840morethanathirdlivedthere.oTheyhadlimitedtheircropproductiontowheat,corn,tobacco,andcotton.oTheywereabletoselltheirproduceathighprices.oTheyhadnotbeensuccessfulinraisingcattle.oTheydidnotoperateinanationalmarketeconomy.答案D对应关键句：After1815improvedtransportationenabledmoreandmorewesternfarmerstoescapeaself-sufficientwayoflifeandenteranationalmarketeconomyduringperiodswhencommoditypriceswerehigh,therateofwestwardmigrationincreasedspectacularly.B直接对比：两个或多个事物的特征一一如原文会出现A的特点，然后会有B和A相比较的信息，然后题目问B的特点？解决方案：收集题干所问的推断对象（about后面的信息一般为推断对象）的全部信息（一般为上述的B），然后在原文所描述的与之相关的信息（一般为上述的A）的基础之上取反。留意原文中出现的表示对比的关系词：bycontrast,unlike,while,whereas,onthecontrary,incomparisonto,distinctfrom,differentfrom等词。例题Paragraph1:Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans-whales,porpoises,anddolphins-aremammals.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofaflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithland-dwellingmammals.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutwesternfarmerspriorto1815？However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds（seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Extinctbut,alreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters?oltisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlikeoThereweregreatnumbersofthem.oTheylivedintheseaonly.oTheydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.答案A对应关键句：However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.考查形式二：详情推断考查详情推断，事物的特点，属性等。解决方案：收集题干所提问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的全部信息。假如推断对象所涉及的信息比较多，难以抓到重点，则逐个选项进行定位筛选。例题Paragraph1:Groundwateristhewordusedtodescribewaterthatsaturatestheground,fillingalltheavailablespaces.Byfarthemostabundanttypeofgroundwaterismeteoricwater;thisisthegroundwaterthatcirculatesaspartofthewatercycle.Ordinarymeteoricwateriswaterthathassoakedintothegroundfromthesurface,fromprecipitation(rainandsnow)andfromlakesandstreams.Thereitremains,sometimesforlongperiods,beforeemergingatthesurfaceagain.At