高中英语语法-构词法

Where

there

is

a

will,

thereis

a

way.

有志者，事竟成。—Thomas

Edison第一页第一页，共26页。WordFormation构词法合成法派生法缩略法第二页第二页，共26页。

概念：合成法指由两个或两个以上的单词合成新词。Ⅰ.合成法(Compounding)1.合成名词(Nouncompounds)

⑴n.+n.=n.spaceshipclassroomgirlfriendmooncake

postmanchairmanhip-hop街舞⑵adj.+n.=n.

blackboardwhiteboard

greenhousesuperstar第三页第三页，共26页。

⑶v-ing+n.=n.runningwaterdiningroomdrinkingwaterreadingroom⑷n.+v-ing=n.handwritinghorseriding2.合成形容词(Adjectivecompounds)

warm-heartedcold-bloodedpart-timebroad-mindedman-madehandmadegood-looking第四页第四页，共26页。3.合成介词(Prepositioncompounds)

outsideinsidewithinwithout4.合成副词(Adverbcompounds)

sometimesoverheaddownstairsnearby5.合成动词(Verbcompounds)

underlinemoonwalkoverworkoverhearovercomechain-smokenicknamemass-produce第五页第五页，共26页。6.合成代词(Pronouncompounds)-one-body-thingsome-someonesomebodysomethingany-anyoneanybodyanythingevery-everyoneeverybodyeverythingno-nonenobodynothing第六页第六页，共26页。Ⅱ.派生法(Affixation)

概念：派生法又叫词缀法，是给一个单词加上前缀或后缀而构成新的单词。1.前缀法（Prefixation）

一般来说前缀不会改变一个词的词性。

⑴否定前缀

①un+adj.

unhappyunknownunusualuntrueunimportantunable

unkind第七页第七页，共26页。

②un+adv.

unusuallyunexpectedlyunhappilyundoubtedly③un+v.

uncoveruntieunlock

④im+adj.

impossibleimpoliteimpatient⑤in+adj.

incorrectincompleteinvisible⑥ir+adj.

irregularirreplaceable第八页第八页，共26页。⑦mis+v.

mistakemisunderstand

⑧dis+v.

dislikedisagreedisappear⑨dis+adj.

dishonestdiscouraged泄气的

⑵

表示空间位置关系的前缀

a-表示在……之上；处于……的状态ahead在头顶上abroadaside在外边第九页第九页，共26页。fore-在……前面foreheadforearmin-,il-,im,向……内，在……内insideincludeimportout-向外outsideoutdoorsoutlook观点，见解over-在上面的，在外的overheadovercoatovercomepre-在……之前prewarprepay第十页第十页，共26页。under-在……之下undergroundunderlineup-向上upwardupstairstele-远telephonetelevision(3)表示时间序列关系的前缀

fore-在前，预先forewordforetellforesight第十一页第十一页，共26页。mid-中间midnightmidautumnmidsummerpost-在……之后postwarpostliberationre-重复retellrebuildreplacerewriteover-超过overeatoverpasssuper-极，超supermarketsupermansuperstar第十二页第十二页，共26页。(4)一些表示特殊意义的前缀

auto-自动automobileautobicycle

micro-微小microscopemicrocomputer

bi-数量biweeklybimonthly

mini-小型minibusminiskirtminimarketen-使……enrichenlargeenable第十三页第十三页，共26页。2.后缀(Suffixation)

概念：在词的词尾加上一个词缀构成新的单词。后缀往往会改变一个词的词性。

⑴

表示“……的人”的后缀

①-er……的人

v.+erreaderworkerreporterleaderwaiterdesignerpaintern.+ervillagerprisonerfarmeradj.+er第十四页第十四页，共26页。westernereasternersouthernernortherner

②-or……的人

actorgovernorvisitor③-ress表示女性，雌性

actresswaitress

④-ese……人ChineseJapanese⑤-an……人AmericanAustralianCanadian第十五页第十五页，共26页。⑥-ist……家，者

artistnovelistviolinistpianist

(2)构成抽象名词＆集合名词的后缀①v.+mentmovementgovernmentjudgment②v.+ion/sion/tion/ationactionpronunciationinvitationdecisionvisionintention③n.+ship

friendshipmembershiprelationship第十六页第十六页，共26页。leadership

④adj.+nesskindnessillnesshappiness⑶形容词的后缀-able/ibleenjoyablehorribleterrible-alnaturalinternational

-fulcarefulhopefulhelpfulusefulsuccessful第十七页第十七页，共26页。

-less

carelesshopelessuselesshomeless

-lyfriendlymonthlylonely-y

cloudyluckyhillyhealthynoisy-ous/ious

dangerousserious-edexcitedshockedfrightenedinterested第十八页第十八页，共26页。

-ingsurprisingexcitinginterestingshocking

⑷副词的后缀-lysuddenlyquicklyslowlycertainlynearlysuccessfully

-ward/wardsbackwardsforwardsdownwardsupwardsnorthwardsouthwardeastwardwestward

⑸动词的后缀第十九页第十九页，共26页。adj./n.+en

deependarkensharpen

⑹数词的后缀-teen

thirteenfifteennineteenfourteen-tytwentythirtyfiftyninety

-theleventhtwelfthfourtheighthninthhundredththousandth第二十页第二十页，共26页。

概念：缩略法缩短原有词汇使读音和写法呈现新的形式。1.剪切法(Clipping)

剪切词头(Frontclipping)airplanetelephonetaxicab

剪切词尾(Backclipping)examinationphotographⅢ.缩略法(Acronymy)planephonecabexamphoto第二十一页第二十一页，共26页。advertisement

2.混成法(Blending)

breakfast+lunch=brunch早晨和中午之间的饭smoke+fog=smog烟雾work+welfare=workfare工作福利medical+care=medicare医疗保险