疫情期间及其后飞机的清洁和消毒 节录

疫情期间及其后飞机的清洁和消毒（节录）20200619第一次编辑AircraftcleaninganddisinfectionduringandpostpandemicEd.1–19June202011Wastemanagementduringpandemic疫情期间垃圾的管理TheCOVID-19pandemichassignificantlyincreasedthevolumesofhealthcarewastesfromhospitalsandclinicsrequiringspecializedhandlingandtreatment.Thereisanobligationonthesectoranditsregulatorstonotonlyensurethehealthofitspassengersandstaffbuttoalsoconfirmthatuncontaminatedcabinandcleaningwastesarenotcontributingtothisgrowingdisposalproblem.IATAencouragesairlinestomeetwithairportandlocalhealthauthoritiesandtheirserviceproviders(cateringandcleaningcompanies)todetermineappropriateCOVID-19wastemanagementprocedures.COVID-19疫情使得医院和诊所增加了大量需要专门处理的保健垃圾，所以，行业内及其管理者有责任既要确保其乘客和员工的健康，也要确实保证飞机客舱未被污染，且清除垃圾，而不给这类增长的垃圾处理问题增加负担。因此，IATA鼓励航空公司满足机场和当地卫健当局以及其服务提供者（配餐和清洁公司）的要求，确定适当的COVID-19垃圾管理程序。Thissectioncombinespubliclyavailablebestpractices,butitisrecognizedthatresearchonCOVID-19transmissionandmitigationmeasuresisadvancingrapidlyandsotheinformationinthisdocumentwillberegularlyupdated.该章节结合了已经发布并可用的最佳操作，但也该认识到COVID-19传播的方式及其减缓措施也在快速的更新，所以，本文中的信息也将定期更新。11.1Changesduringflightresumption航班恢复的改变Asflightsresume,cabinwastevolumesareexpectedtobelowerthannormalduetorestrictedinflightserviceofferings,butthefollowingwastecomponentsarelikelytoincrease:随着航班的恢复，由于航程中提供服务品的限制，客舱垃圾的体量会比正常时的预期要少，然而，下述品类的垃圾可能会增多：(a)Discardedpersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE)frommasksandgloveswornbycrew,passengersandcleaners机组、旅客和清洁人员的面具和手套等废弃的个人防护装备（PPE）(b)Emptyplastichandsanitizerbottles空塑料手掌消毒液的瓶子(c)Discardedsanitizerwipesandtheirpackaging废弃的消毒巾及其包装(d)Plasticpackagingfromsealedfoodanddrink保鲜食品和饮料的塑料包装(e)Cleaningwastesincludingusedpapertowels,disposablecloths,emptyplasticdisinfectantbottlesandmopheads清洁所产生的垃圾，包括：纸巾、抹布、空的塑料消毒液瓶子和拖把头11.2Cabinwasteregulations客舱垃圾的条例Cabinwasteisalreadysubjecttolegislationthatensuresitishandled,storedanddisposedofappropriatelytominimizepollutionanddiseaserisk.Infact,manycountriesincludingAustralia,Brazil,Canada,MembersStatesoftheEuropeanUnion,NewZealandandUSAalreadyrequirecabinwastefrominternationalflightstobesubjecttospecializedhandling,treatmentanddisposal.客舱的垃圾业已立法，确保其处理、储存，并进行适当地处置，以将其污染和染病的风险降到最小。事实上，许多国家，包括澳洲、巴西、加拿大、欧盟成员国、新西兰和美国都已经要求国际航班的客舱垃圾必须进行专门的处理、储存和处置。AccordingtotheInternationalHealthRegulations(2005),States(competentauthorities)mustensure,totheextentpracticable,thatpassengerfacilitiesatinternationalairportsandonaircraftarekeptfreeofsourcesofinfectionandcontamination.CompetentauthoritiesmayimposeadditionalrestrictionsoncabinwasteduringtheCOVID-19pandemicincludingtheneedtodisinfectwastebags;bansonreuse/recycling;needfordoublebagging;sealing;labellingandspecialisthandlingandtreatmentincludingsteamsterilization,incinerationandchemicaltreatment.根据保健规章（2005），各国（合格当局）必须，在现实的程度上，国际机场以及国内机场的旅客便利设施无有感染源和污染源。在COVID-19疫情期间，合格当局或许会对客舱垃圾施加一些附加的措施，包括：无菌垃圾袋、禁止再利用/再循环、必须双层打包、密封、挂签，并进行包含蒸汽消毒、焚化和化学处置的专业处理和处置。Thewasterestrictionsimposedbynationalhealthauthoritiesduringthepandemicshouldberespected,atalltimes.However,intheabsenceofsuchmeasuresorwhilstagreeingcabinwasteproceduresduringthepandemicwiththeauthoritiesandserviceproviders,thismayproveuseful.疫情期间本国卫健当局所提出的的垃圾限制应该始终遵守。当然，在缺乏相应措施时，疫情期间经当局和服务提供者确认的客舱垃圾处理程序，会证明其作用的。11.3Cabinwasterisk客舱垃圾的风险TheprimarymechanismoftheCOVID-19virusspreadisrespiratorydropletsand,althoughthereisthepossibilityofsurfacecontaminationoncabininteriors,inflightproductsandwaste,thiscanbeminimizedbyregularcabininteriorcleaningandhandhygiene.Researchindicatesthatthevirusismorestableonplasticandstainless-steelsurfacesthancopperandcardboardandthatviableviruswasdetectedupto72hoursafterapplicationtothesesurfaces.AUKregulatorhighlightsthatthis“researchinvolvedexposingthesurfacestohighviralloadingsinalaboratoryenvironmentandis,therefore,likelytorepresenta“worstcase”scenario.COVID-19病毒传播的主要机理是呼吸道飞沫，即使具有客舱内部、飞行供应品以及垃圾表面污染的可能性，这种表面的污染也可以通过定期的客舱内部清洁和手部卫生减低到最少。研究表明：这种病毒在塑料和不锈钢的表面上比较其在铜和硬纸片表面上的稳定性要更好些，且施加到这种表面上后，直到72小时时仍可检测出活性的病毒。某英国管理者总结到：这种“研究使用了暴露在实验室环境下的高病毒载量的表面，因此，其可能代表了一种“最严重的状况”的情境”。24AircraftcleaninganddisinfectionduringandpostpandemicNotcontrolledwhendownloadedorprintedEd.1–June19,202011.4Cabinwasteclassification客舱垃圾的分类Normal:cabinwastesgeneratedduringflightoperationsandcleaningwastegeneratedafteraflightwherenopassengerorcrewmemberexhibitsCOVID-19symptomsshouldbehandledasnormalwaste,asrecommendedbyWHO.正常类：如WHO（世界卫生组织）之建议，在没有任何旅客、或者机组成员显示出COVID-19症状的航班完成后，航班飞行过程中产生的客舱垃圾以及清洁所产生的的垃圾，应该作为正常类垃圾处理。Biohazardous:IfapassengerorcrewmemberdoesexhibitCOVID-19symptoms,allwastematerialsincludingpart-consumedmeals,beveragesanddisposableitemsincludingusedpapertowels,tissuesandPPEgeneratedwhilsttreatingorsupportingthepassengerorcrewmembershouldbetreatedaspotentiallybiohazardouswaste.ThecleaningoperativesshouldinformedthatasuspectedCOVID-19casewaspresentontheflightandthatthecleaningwastesshouldalsobeplacedinabiohazardwastedisposalbagordoublebaggedinstandardplasticwastebag(ifabiohazardbagisnotavailable).Thebagsshouldbelabelledandsealedforspecialisthandling,storageandtreatment.Theairportauthorityandaircraftserviceprovidersmustbeinformedofthepresenceofpotentiallybiohazardouswaste.生物危害类：如果某个旅客或者机组成员确实显示出了COVID-19症状，则所有的垃圾材料，包括部分剩余的餐食、饮料和可处理的项目（一次性用品）都应该作为具有潜在生物危害类的垃圾处理；可处理的项目包含用过的纸巾、处理、或者保障旅客或者机组成员所产生的纸巾和PPE。清洁人员应该得知该航班有疑似COVID-19案例出现，并且，清洁所收集的垃圾也应该装进生物危害类垃圾处理袋中，或者双层的标准垃圾袋中（如果没有现成的生物危害类垃圾袋可用），且装好的垃圾袋要挂有标签，封存留待专业人员处理、储存和处置。必须通知机场当局和飞机服务提供者此潜在生物危害类垃圾的存在。11.5Cabinwastetreatmentanddisposal客舱垃圾的处理和处置Normal:cabinwastesshouldbehandledandstoredusingnormalwasteproceduresanddisposedusingthemunicipallandfillorincinerator.Thereuseandrecyclingofwastefromtheseflightsshouldcontinuebutrecyclableitemsshouldbesegregatedon-boardandshouldnotcontainanydiscardedPPE.Forthosecountriesthatclassifycabinwastefrominternationalflightsasbiohazardousforagriculturalhealthreasons(InternationalCateringWaste–ICW),airportsorlocalwastemanagementcontractorsalreadysubjectthewastetospecialhandlingandthermaltreatment(incinerationorsteamsterilization).正常类：客舱的垃圾应该按照正常垃圾处理程序处理和储存，并利用城市填埋场或者焚化炉处置。这类航班的垃圾的重新利用和再循环应该继续，但是，其再循环的项目应该在机上就分类妥当，且不能含有任何废弃的PPE。对于那些为了农业健康的原因，已经把国际航班垃圾当做生物危害分类（国际配餐废料--ICW）的国家，机场、或者当地的垃圾管理承包商已经开始对垃圾进行专门处理和高温处置了（焚化或者蒸汽消毒）。Biohazardous:thereare6potentialoptionsforthetreatmentanddisposalofpotentiallybiohazardouscabinwasteresultingfromthepandemic.Theseincludethefollowing:生物危害类：因疫情产生的潜在生物危害类的客舱垃圾，其处理和处置有六种选择，包括如下：(a)AirportThermalTreatmentattheairportorlocalwastemanagementcontractor’sfacilitywithnoadditionalrequirementsdeemednecessaryforpotentiallybiohazardouswaste在机场或者当地垃圾管理承包商的设施中高温处置，而对潜在生物危害类垃圾没有任何附加的要求(b)SecureStorageattheairportorlocalwastemanagementcontractor’sfacilityuntilthetestresultsindicatethatthepassengerorstaffmemberdidnothaveCOVID-19.Thewastecanthenbetreatedas“normal”.确保封存在机场或者当地垃圾管理承包商的设施中，直至测试结果显示该旅客或者员工没有感染COVID-19，所封存的垃圾当做“正常类”垃圾处置(c)SecureStoragefor72hoursattheairportorlocalwastemanagementcontractor’sfacility.Thewastecanthenbetreatedas“normal”.确保封存在机场或者当地垃圾管理承包商的设施中72小时，随后，可作为“正常类”垃圾处置(d)HealthcareWasteThermalTreatment–thewastescanbedeemedbiohazardousandsentdirectlyforthermaltreatmentatalocalhealthcarewastefacility.医疗保健垃圾高温处置—客舱垃圾当做生物危害类垃圾直接送到当地医疗保健垃圾处置设施内高温处置(e)DeepLandfillBurial:ManydevelopingcountrieslacktheinfrastructuretotreathealthcarewasteandtheInternationalSolidWasteAssociation(ISWA)recommends,thatinsuchcircumstances,COVIDcontaminatedwastesareeithersecurelystoredforover72hoursand/orsentfordisposalinalandfillundercloselycontrolledconditions.深度填埋场：许多发展中国家缺乏基础设施，处置医疗保健垃圾，因此国际固体废料协会（ISWA）建议：在此情况下，新冠污染的废料（垃圾）要么确保封存72小时，和/或送至在密切监管下的填埋场填埋。(f)CementKilns–Intheabsenceofotheralternatives,thehightemperatures,longresidencetimesandalkalineenvironmentofcementkilnsareconsideredsuitablefortreatingbiohazardouswaste.ThisoptionhasalreadybeenusedinChinaandSpain,inresponsetotheCOVID-19pandemic.水泥窑封—在没有其它选择时，高温、历时悠久且碱性环境的水泥窑据认为适合于处置生物危害类的废料（垃圾）。在应对COVID-19疫情中，中国和西班牙已经利用过此种方法。25AircraftcleaninganddisinfectionduringandpostpandemicNotcontrolledwhendownloadedorprintedEd.1–June19,2020Theflowchartbelowsummarizesthepandemiccabinwastetreatmentanddisposaloptions:下述流程图总结了疫情期间客舱垃圾处理和处置的选择：11.6Pandemicwasteminimization疫情垃圾最小化IATArecommendsthatpassengerswearreusablefacecoveringsandcrewwearsurgical-typemasks.Airlinesmaywishtoprocuresurgicalmasksfittedwithreplaceablefilters.Ifapassengerchoosestoweartheirownsurgical-typemaskstheyshouldbeencouragedtoonlydisposeofthismaskaftertheyhavelefttheaircraft,inaclosedwastebin.Forcreworpassengersthatwishtoreplacetheirsurgical-typemaskorglovesduringtheflight,thediscardeditemsshouldbeplacedinthelavatorywastebins.Inaddition,airlinesshouldconsiderworkingwithairportstoprovidehandsanitizerdispensingunitsintheterminalthatcouldbeusedtorefillpersonalsanitizerbottles.IATA建议旅客佩戴可重复使用的面罩，机组成员则使用外科型的面罩；航空公司或许会希望购买装配可换滤芯的外科型面罩。如果旅客选择佩戴其自己的外科型面罩，则应该鼓励其只能够在其离开飞机后再行处置其面罩，并放置于密闭的垃圾桶里。对于机组成员或者旅客，如果其要在航程中更换其外科型面罩、或者手套，则废弃的面罩或者手套应该放置在盥洗室内的垃圾桶中。另外，航空公司应该和机场协同工作，在候机楼内提供那种用于个人人手消毒瓶灌充消毒液的手部消毒液灌充设备。11.7SingleUsePlastic(SUP)bansuspensions一次用塑料制品禁令的暂停BasedontheUNEnvironmentreport,therehasbeenasurgeinSUPbanswithover127countriesregulatingtheconsumptionofplasticbags,and27moreextendingthesebanstootherSUPproducts,includingplates,cups,strawsandmaterialssuchaspolystyrene.AirportsandcivilaviationauthoritieshaveaddedanextralayerofcomplexitybyapplyingtheirownSUPrestrictions.Unfortunately,theseSUPbansarenotcompatiblewithmedicalrestrictionsbeingimposedonflightsduringthepandemic.AirportsandcivilaviationauthoritiesshouldallowtheuseofSUPformedical,hygieneandsafety