RM自学重点笔记专业资料

Thenatureofbusinessandmanagementresearchandstructureofthisbookc1Thedefinitionofresearch：assomethingthatpeopleundertakeinordertofindoutthingsinasystematicway，therebyincreasingtheirknowledge.Systematicresearchsuggeststhatresearchisbasedonlogicalrelationshipsandnotjustbeliefs.Aspartofthis，yourresearchwillinvolveanexplanationofthemethodsusedtocollectthedata，willarguewhytheresultsobtainedaremeaningful，andwillexplainanylimitationsthatareassociatedwiththem.“tofindoutthings”suggeststhereareamultiplicityofpossiblepurposesforyourresearch.thesemayincludedescribing，explaining，understanding，criticizingandanalyzingthenatureofbusinessandmanagementresearchBasic/fundamentalresearchAppliedresearchPurpose·Expandknowledgeofprocessesofbusinessandmanagement·Resultsinuniversalprinciplesrelatingtotheprocessanditsrelationshiptooutcomes·Findingsofsignificanceandvaluetosocietyingeneral·Improveunderstandingofparticularbusinessormanagementproblem·resultsinsolutiontoproblem·newknowledgelimitedtoproblem·findingofpracticalrelevanceandvaluetomanagersinorganizationsContext·Undertakenbypeoplebasedinuniversities·choiceoftopicandobjectivesdeterminedbytheresearcher·flexibletime·noncommercial·theoreticalbeginningofscience·undertakenbypeoplebasedinavarietyofsettings，includingorganizations/companyanduniversities·objectivesnegotiatedwithoriginator·tighttimescalescontinuum持续统一体rigour严格，精准theresearchprocessformulatingandclarifyingatopic－ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎcriticallyreviewingtheliteraturedesigningtheresearch－researchstrategycollectingdata－ｇａｔｈｅｒｉｎｇｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎanalyzingdataａｎｓｗｅｒthepurposeandstructureofthisbooksummaryBusinessandmanagementresearchinvolvesundertakingsystematicresearchtofindoutthings.ItisTrandisciplinary规律andengage吸引withboththeoryandpractice.Allbusinessandmanagementresearchprojectscanbeabasic-appliedcontinuumaccordingtotheirpurposeandcontext.Whereveryourresearchprojectliesonthiscontinuum，youshouldundertakeyourresearchwithvigour.Todothisyouwillneedtopaycarefulattentiontotheentireresearchprocess.Inthisbook，researchisrepresentedasamulti-stageprocess；however，thisprocessisrarelystraightforwardandwillinvolvebothreflectingonandrevisingstagesalreadyundertakenandforwardplanning. Formulatingandclarifyingtheresearchtopicc2attributesofagoodresearchtopictopicshouldbesomethingthatyoureallyfascinatedbereasonablycertainofgainingaccesstoanydatayouarelikelytorequireforthetopicthetopicmustbesomethingthatyouarecapableofundertakingandonethatexcitesyourimaginationyourabilitytofindthefinancialandtimeresourcestoundertakeresearchonthetopicwillalsoaffectyourcapabilitytheissueswithintheresearcharecapableofbeinglinkedtotheoryclearlydefineresearchquestionsandobjectivesproposedresearchbeabletoprovidefreshinsightsintothistopictopicrelatetotheideayouhavebeengivenbyanorganizationthefindingsoftheresearchtopicarelikelytobesymmetricalresearchtopicmatchyourcareergoalstechniquesforgeneratingideasRationalthinking理性思维Creativethinking创造性思维examiningyourownstrengthsandinterestslookingatpastprojecttitlesdiscussionsearchingtheliteraturekeepinganotebookofideasexploringpersonalpreferencesusingpastprojectsrelevancetreebrainstormingrefiningresearchideasDelphitechniquepresent&classifythegeneralideaeachgeneratesrelatedtospecificideadiscuss&adapttheseandchoosethewingoneThepreliminarystudy初步研究Integratingideasturningresearchideastoresearchprojectsproblem：sketch素描oftheproblem→researchquestion/subquestion→goal/objectivespecificresearchidea→question：nottoodifficultandeasy，leadingtonewinformation，ifbigquestion→subquestionsTheorythethingyoufindinuniversitytextbooksanypersonallogicreasoningcanalsobeconsideredtheory(ex：conceptualmodel)researchproposalsummaryGeneratingandrefiningresearchideasmakesuseofavarietyoftechniques.Itisimportantthatyouuseavarietyoftechniques，includingthosethatinvolverationalthinkingandthosethatinvolvecreativethinking.Theideasgeneratedcanbeintegratedsubsequentlyusingatechniquesuchasworkingupandnarrowingdown.Clearresearchquestions，basedontherelevantliterature，willactasafocusfortheresearchthatfollows.Researchcanbedistinguishedfromintelligencegathering.Researchistheorydependent.Writingaresearchproposalhelpsyoutoorganizeyourideas，andcanbethoughtofasacontractbetweenyouandthereader.Thecontentofresearchproposalshouldtellthereaderwhatyouwanttodo，whyyouwanttodoit，whatyouaretryingtoachieve，andhowyoutoplantoachieveit.Criticallyreviewingtheliteraturec3SummaryAcriticalreviewoftheliteratureisnecessarytohelpyoutodevelopathoroughunderstandingof，andinsightinto，previousresearchthatrelatedtoyourresearchquestionsandobjectives.Yourviewwillsetyouresearchincontextbycriticallydiscussingandreferencingworkthathasalreadybeenundertaken，drawingoutkeypointsandpresentingtheminalogicallyarguedway，andhighlightingthoseareaswhereyouwillprovidefreshinsights.Itwillleadthereaderintosubsequentsectionsofyourprojectsreport.Literaturesourcescanbedividedintothreecategories：primary，secondaryandtertiary.OverlapUnderstandingresearchphilosophiesandapproachesc4Therearethreemajorwaysofthinkingaboutresearchphilosophy：epistemology，ontologyandaxiology.Eachcontainsimportantdifferenceswhichwillinfluencethewayinwhichyouthinkabouttheresearchprocess.１．Epistemology知识论concernswhatconstitutesacceptableknowledgeinafieldofstudy.－Positivism实证主义relatestothephilosophicalstanceofthenaturalscientist，thisentailsworkingwithanobservablesocialrealityandtheendproductcanbelaw-likegeneralizationssimilartothoseinthephysicalandnaturalsciences.－realism现实主义：Theessenceofrealismisthatwhatthesensesshowusisreality，isthetruth：thatobjectshaveanexistenceindependentofthehumanmind.－Interpretivism解释主义isanepistemologythatadvocatesthatitisnecessaryfortheresearchertounderstandthedifferencesbetweenhumansinourroleassocialactors.２．Ontology存在论isabranchofphilosophywhichisconcernedwiththenatureofsocialphenomenaasentities.－Objectivismistheontologicalpositionwhichholdsthatsocialentitiesexistinrealityexternaltosocialactorswhereasthesubjectivistviewisthatsocialphenomenaarecreatedfromtheperceptionsandconsequentactionsofsocialactors.－Pragmatism实用主义holdsthatthemostimportantdeterminantoftheresearchphilosophyadoptedistheresearchquestion.３．Axiology价值论isabranchofphilosophythatstudiesjudgmentsaboutvalue.Socialscienceparadigmscanbeusedinmanagementandbusinessresearchtogeneratefreshinsightsintoreal-lifeissuesandproblems.Thefourparadigmsexplainedinthechapterare：functionalist；interpretive；radicalhumanist；andradicalstructuralist.4.Therearetwomainresearchapproaches：deductionandinduction.、演绎/推论＆归纳Withdeductionatheoryandhypothesis(orhypotheses)aredevelopedandaresearchstrategydesignedtotestthehypothesis.Testingatheory：theory→production→testQuantitativedataWithinduction，dataarecollectedandatheorydevelopedasaresultofthedataanalysis.Creatingatheory：observation→theoryQualitativedataFormulatingtheresearchdesignc5ThreepurposeofresearchResearchprojectsareundertakenfordifferentpurpose..exploratorydescriptiveexplanatoryResearchdesignfocusesuponturningaresearchquestionandobjectivesintoaresearchproject.Itconsidersresearchstrategies，choicesandtimehorizons.mainresearchstrategiesExperiment:testapredicationSurveyquestionnaire，interview，observationCasestudyindepthinvestigationGroundedtheory扎根理论cycleinductiveEthnography人种史interpretsocialworldofdifferentculturesActionresearch：行动研究thesearcherbecomesthepartofsystemandtriestoinfluenceitArchivalresearch:文献研究法usingsolely/onlyhistoricalinformationYoushouldnotthinkoftheseasdiscreteentities.Theymaybeusedincombinationinthesameresearchproject.researchchoicetimehorizons-researchprojectsmaybecross-sectionalorlongitudinalcrosssectional横向：lookingatonetimeacrossdifferentsituationlongitudinal纵向：studyingdevelopmentsoverviewsatseveraldifferentmomentscredibilityofresearchfindingsthreatstoreliability:threatstovaliditygeneralisability/externalvalidityNegotiatingaccessandresearchethicsc6Researchethics：privacyNotharmingyourparticipantsvoluntaryparticipation自愿参加consent赞同confidentiality/anonymity保密匿名datause数据使用Selecting抽样Samplesc7-sample样本population总体1.WhySampling?lessworkcostlycanworkprettywell2.Twowayofsampling–dependentonyourresearchquestionsandobjectivestochoicethesamplingtechniquesProbabilitysampling：随机抽样quantitativedata–researchquestionsandobjectivesneedyoutoestimatestatisticallyNon-probabilitysampling：非随机抽样qualitativedataSamplingsizeisafunctionofconfidencelevel置信水平95%marginoferror3%populationsize∴Donottakesamples<30forrequirestatisticalanalysesPerfectrepresentativesamplePerfectlyrepresentsthepopulationResponserate=totalresponses/samplesizeNonresponse：peopleinthesamplethatdon’trespond∴weightingyoursample3.AnoverviewofsamplingtechniquesE.g.Sampleselection–Probabilitysamplingp217eachcaseinpopulationhasanequalchanceselectedintothesampleSamplerandom简朴随机抽样Systematic等距随机抽样、系统抽样Stratifiedrandom分层随机抽样Cluster整群随机抽样Multistagesampling分段随机抽样Nonprobabilitysamplingp228probabilityforselectioninthesampleisnotknowquotasampling:配额抽样definegroupsdeterminetherequiredquotapurposivesampling：立意取样extremecase/deviantmaximumvariation/heterogeneoushomogeneouscriticalcasetypicalcaseSnowballsampling滚雪球抽样：askafewandaskthemtoaskmorepeopleSelfselectionsampling：askpubliclyforparticipatione.g.internetsurveyConveniencesampling偶遇抽样、以便抽样：askthepeopleclosestby抽样类型依照概率论原理惯用抽样形式重要分为\o"随机抽样"随机抽样和\o"非随机抽样"非随机抽样两大类。两者区别在于：前者按照随机原则来抽取样本，而后者不按随机原则抽取样本。（一）\o"随机抽样"随机抽样随机抽样又称概率抽样，是指严格按照随机原则来抽取样本，规定总体中每个单位均有被抽取同等机会。由随机抽样所抽取样本称为随机样本，此类样本具备较高代表性。随机抽样法又分为下列五种不同抽样办法：1、\o"简朴随机抽样"简朴随机抽样简朴随机抽样，也称纯随机抽样，是指按照随机原则从\o"总体单位"总体单位中直接抽取若干单位构成样本。它是最基本概率抽样形式，也是其她几种随机抽样办法基本。2、\o"等距随机抽样"等距随机抽样等距随机抽样也称机械随机抽样或系统随机抽样，是指按照一定间隔，从依照一定顺序排列起来总体单位中抽取样本一种办法。详细做法是：一方面将总体各单位按照一定顺序排列起来，编上序号；然后用总体单位数除以样本单位数得出抽样间隔；最后采用简朴随机抽样方式在第一种抽样间隔内随机抽取一种单位作为第一种样本，再依次按抽样间隔做\o"等距抽样"等距抽样，直到抽取最后一种样本为止。3、\o"分层随机抽样"分层随机抽样分层随机抽样，也称类型随机抽样，是指一方面将调核对象总体单位按照一定原则提成各种不同类别(或组)，然后依照各类别(或组)单位数与总体单位数比例拟定从各类别(或组)中抽取样本数量，最后按照随机原则从各类(或组)中抽取样本。4、\o"整群随机抽样"整群随机抽样整群随机抽样，又称聚类抽样，是先把总体分为若干个子群，然后一群一群地抽取作为样本单位。它普通比简朴随机抽样和分层随机抽样更实用，像后者那样，它也需要将总体提成类群，所不同是，这些分类原则往往是特殊。详细做法是：先将各子群体编码，随机抽取分群数码，然后对所抽样本群或组实行调查。因而，整群抽样单位不是单个分子，而是成群成组。凡是被抽到群或组，其中所有成员都是被调核对象。这些群或组可以是一种家庭、一种班级，也可以是一种街道、一种村庄。5、\o"分段随机抽样"分段随机抽样分段随机抽样，也称多段随机抽样或阶段随机抽样，是一种分阶段从调核对象总体中抽取样本进行调查办法。它一方面要将总体单位按照一定原则划分为若干群体，作为抽样第一级单位；再将第一级单位分为若干小群体，作为抽样第二级单位；以此类推，可依照需要分为第三级或第四级单位。然后，按照随机原则从第一级单位中随机抽取若干单位作为第一级单位样本，再从第一级单位样本中随机抽取若干单位作为第二级单位样本，以此类推，直至获得所需要样本。（二）\o"非随机抽样"非随机抽样在实际调查过程中，尚有一类抽样办法，称之为非随机抽样，即它不是严格按照随机原则抽取样本，而是依照调查者主观经验和主观判断选取样本。与随机抽样相比，虽然此类非随机动抽样代表性差，提供资料信息较零散，难以从样本调查结论中对总体做出精确推断。但是，由于它非常简便易行，并能通过对样本调查而大体理解总体某些状况，对调查研究工作很有启发性。因而，它合用于那种调核对象总体难以详细界定，以及不需要精确推断总体状况调查。惯用非随机抽样办法重要有如下几种：1、\o"偶遇抽样"偶遇抽样偶遇抽样，也称以便抽样，是指调查者将自己在特定场合下偶尔遇到对象作为样本一种办法。如在商店门口、街头路口、车站码头、公园广场等公共场合，随便选用某些顾客、行人、旅客、观众等作为样本进行调查研究.这种办法比较简朴以便，合用于摸索性研究，但样本代表性较差，具备很大偶尔性。2、\o"立意抽样"立意抽样立意抽样，也称主观抽样，它是调查者依照自己主观印象、以往经验和对调核对象理解来选用样本一种办法；这种抽样合用于那些总体范畴较小、总体单位之间差别较大调查。这种主观抽样所抽取样本与否具备代表性、所得出结论与否精确，完全取决于调查者本人判断能力，以及对调核对象理解限度。因而这种办法具备很大主观随意性。但是当对总体状况较为熟悉时，用这一抽样法所选取样本也有较高代表性。例如当在们对某一群体作调查时，就可以依照咱们所理解群体状况选用某些样本做研究。3、\o"配额抽样"配额抽样配额抽样，也称定额抽样，即调查者一方面拟定所要抽取样本数量，再按照一定原则和比例分派样本，然后从符合原则对象中任意地抽取样本。其办法类似于分层随机抽样，但它不是按照随机原则抽取样本。例如，咱们可以依照研究目，把总体按性别、民族等变量进行分组，然后分派相应样本数选用样本。这种配额抽样比前两种办法所抽取样本更有代表性，并且简便易行，在民意调查中经常使用。但这种办法也具备很大主观随意性和局限性，如\o"盖洛普"盖洛普采用此抽样法曾几次成功地\o"预测"预测了美国总统大选，但在1948年总统选举民意调查中却失败了。当前，人们有时把这一办法与随机抽样法结合起来使用，其效果会更好些。4、\o"滚雪球抽样"滚雪球抽样滚雪球抽样，即以少量样本为基本，逐渐扩大样本规模，直至找出足够样本。此法合用于对调查总体不甚清晰状况，惯用于摸索性实地研究，特别合用于对\o"小群体"小群体关系研究。例如咱们要理解某个人经常交往社会圈子，就可以通过这个人提供线索找到更多与她关于联人。其详细做法是，先找到一种或几种符合研究目对象，然后再依照这些对象所提供线索找此外有关对象，依次进行，直至达到研究目。但滚雪球抽样法所选取样本有时会有很大随意性和特殊性，因而代表性不高。Usingsecondarydatac8Secondarydata：datafromsomebodyelse.E.g.books，articles，organizationsDatathathavealreadybeencollectedforsomeotherpurpose，perhapsprocessedandsubsequentlystored，aretermedsecondarydata.Typesdocumentarysurvey-basedmultiplesourceAdvantages:compare，easilysharedsavetime/moneylongitudinalstudies纵向研究Disadvantages:copymistakes，dataqualitycouldbelowcopyrightcouldbeveryexpensivepurposemaynotmatch，variablesareslightlydifferent2.Locatingsecondarydatastep1：assesslikelyavailabilitye.g.industryjournalsstep2：locateitexactly，contactinformants/representativesAccordingtothe…inbookAretherightvariablestrue?Whatisthesource，whatisthedataquality、Isituseful，fecssible?Collectingprimarydatathroughobservationc9Onewaytogettheinformation/datayourselfparticipantobservation参加观测typology类型ofparticipantobservationresearcherrolesResearchertakespartinactivityResearcher’sidentityParticipantasobserverCompleteparticipantResearcher’sidentityIsrevealedObserverasparticipantCompleteobserverIsconcealedResearcherobservesactivityfactorsthatwilldeterminethechoiceofparticipantobserverrolepurposeofresearchtimeavailableethicalconsiderationorganizationalaccessdegreetowhichyoufeelsuitedtoparticipantobservationdatacollectionandanalysisPrimaryobservation:Secondaryobservation：Analyticinduction–aprevalentformofdataanalysisusedinparticipantobservationisanalyticinduction.Thismayleadtoaninitialhypothesisbeingredevelopedmorethanonce.ReliabilityandvalidityAdvantagesanddisadvantagesp293structuredobservation规划性观测thesituationthatstructuredobservationuseddatacollectionandanalysisUsecodingscheduletocollectdataAdvantagesanddisadvantagesThreatstovalidityandreliabilitysubjecterrortimeerrorobservereffectsTosolvethisproblemofobservingeffect：minimalinteractionhabituationCollectingprimarydatausingsemi-structured，in-depthandgroupinterviewsc101.Define：apurposefordiscussionbetween2ormorepersonsquestion→answerfacetofaceatleast2personslearnsomething2.Formsofinterviewsp313IInterviewsStandardized(Structured)Non-standardized(Semi-structuredandunstructured/in-depth)InterviewadministeredquestionnairesOnetooneOnetomanyFacetofaceTelephoneInternet&internet-mediated/electronicGroupInternet&internet-mediated/electronicgroup3.PurposeofyourresearchexploratorydescriptiveexplanatoryTypesofinterviewsSemi-structuredinterview：usealistofthemes→useforqualitiesresearch(feelingopinion)unstructured/in-depthinterview：onlyonethemeisknowexploratorydescriptiveexplanatoryStructured●●●Semi-structured●●●Unstructured●●whentousesemi/un-structuredinterviewproblemsusinginterviewspreparationofinterviewinterviewingcompetenceopeningtheinterviewusingappropriatelanguagequestioning-knowingthewholevarietylisteningtestingandsummarizingunderstanding，checkweatheryouunderstandrecognizinganddealingwithdifficultparticipants-emotionsandreluctantrecordingdatanodding-littleencouragementandshowingunderstandingbehaviors-tone，gesturesandpositiontimekeepingCollectingprimarydatausingquestionnairesc11typesofquestionnairedecidingwhatdataneedtobecollectedopinion//thinkingandbelieveaboutsthbehavior//whatthedoinpastorwantdoinfurtherattribute–age，gender，martialstatus，educationoccupationandincomedesignTestingforreliabilitytestre-testinternalconsistencyalternativeform(checkquestion)TypesofquestionsopenquestionlistquestioncategoryquestionrankingquestionratingquestionDesigningthesurveyformtheorderandflowofquestions-thesensitivequestioninendlanguagesadaptedtotheaudiencelayoutofthequestionnaire：keepitsampleandclear/lengthupto4sheets/usecolorandheadings→goodforstructuredExplainthepurposeofquestionnairecoveringletterintroducingthequestionnaireclosingandthanksPilottesting-allquestionnairemustbepilottestedpriortocollectingdatatoassessthevalidityandlikelyreliabilityofthequestions.REPONSERATEmomentaryencouragementmakeitshortinterestingsurveyreturnstampsmakeiteasytoreplyresponse–exceldata-graphandtableandpiechartSummary????Analyzingquantitativedatac12datatypescategoricaldata分类数据-normal/descriptivedata描述数据e.g.Colors，political，parties-ordinal/rankeddata分级数据，级别数据e.g.Ordinal，schoolsystemquantifiabledata可量化数据-continuousdata持续数据e.g.Weight，IQ-discretedata离散数据e.g.#student，#carscodingthedata-storetheinformationCodingmeansfillingoutnumbersortheclosednumberDataareenteredforcomputeranalysisasadatamatrixinwhichea