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《英语应用文写作》《英语应用文写作》《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(Sentences)(Paragraphs)(Essay)(BasicWritingSkills)

《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(Sentences)(Basi《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件1.1.1.英语基本句型

(BasicElementsofaSentence)英语句子的主要构成成份有:S=Subject

主语V=Verb

动词O=Object宾语

C=Complement

补语A=Adverbial

状语《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件1.1.1.英语基本句型

《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件英语的七种基本句型:SV:

主谓SVO:

主谓宾SVC:

主谓补SVA:

主谓状SVOO:

主谓(间接)宾(直接)宾SVOC:

主谓宾补SVOA:

主谓宾状

此外还有比较常用的Therebe

句型,表示“存在,有”《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件英语的七种基本句型:此外还有《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Yourdinnerseemsready.()ImustsendmyparentsaChristmascard. ()Thatclassinterestedme.()Myschoolisonthenextstreet. ()Manystudentsfindthatbookveryhelpful. ()Youmayputyourumbrellaunderthetable. ()Shewassmiling. ()Wehavemadehertheheadofourgroup. ()同步练习

Nowreadthefollowingsentencesandtellwhichclausetypetheybelongto.SVCSVOOSVOSVASVOCSVOASVSVOC《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Yourdinnerseem《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件1.1.3.有效句子(EffectiveSentences)

《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件1.1.3.有效句子(Effec《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件完整的句子

(Completeness)清晰的句子

(Clarity)简洁的句子

(Conciseness)平行结构的句子(Parallelism)

5.灵活多变的句子

(Variety)《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件完整的句子(Completen《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件1.写完整的句子

(Completeness)

一个完整的句子既包括结构上的完整,也包括意义上的完整。(1)结构上的完整《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Wrong:

Friendlypeople,anotherthingIlikeaboutcollege.Correct:Friendlypeople,that’sanotherthingIlikeaboutcollege.Wrong:

Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguagesquickly.Becausetheyknowhowtolisten.Correct:Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguagesquickly

becausetheyknowhowtolisten.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Wrong:Friendly《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Noneofthefollowingsentencesarecomplete.Make

necessarycorrectionstomakethemcomplete.1.Idislikedogsbecauseverysmelly(气味难闻).2.ThedogsalwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisit.-Idislikedogsbecausetheyareverysmelly.-ThedogsarealwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisitthem.3.Waysofnamingnewbabiesdifferentaroundtheworld.-Ways

of

naming

new

babies

are

different

around

the

world.同步练习《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Noneofthefoll《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件4.In

Guangzhou

is

hotter

than

in

Beijing.

5.Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,gotogetastickifyouthrowit.-In

Guangzhou,it

is

hotter

than

in

Beijing.-Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,theygotogetastickifyouthrowit.-It’stoocoldinthisroom.6.Istoocoldinthisroom.7.Becausewedon’thaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet.8.Abookthatyoulike.-Thatisabookthatyoulike.-Becausewedon’thaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet,wedon’tkeepone.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件4.InGuangzhou《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件2.写清晰的句子

(Clarity)

写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨碍文章的清晰,影响读者的理解。

(1)缺乏必要的细节。简洁尽管重要,但必要细节的缺乏也会使读者产生误解甚至不知所云。例如:a.

Helovessportsmuchmorethanhissister.b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.c.Thecityhasaboutonemillion.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件2.写清晰的句子(Clarit《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件a句既可理解为“他比妹妹更喜欢运动”,也可以理解为“他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹”。为了使意义清晰明了,应该在该句的后半部补上相应的谓语:修改:Helovessportsmuchmorethanhissisterdoes.

或:Helovessportsmuchmorethanheloveshissister.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件a句既可理解为“他比妹妹更喜欢运《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.

b句中的aperson和you指代不明。应改为:Whenapersongetsmarried,hetakesonnewresponsibilities.(泛指)

或:Whenyougetmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.(特指)c.Thecityhasaboutonemillion.c句中,“onemillion”究竟指什么,缺乏必要的细节说明,应改为:修改:Thecityhasapopulationofonemillion.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件b.Whenaperson《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(2)缺乏连贯性。一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子,这样一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系,读起来费解,妨碍思维。

为了使句子连贯,应注意不要将联系密切的词分开;应围绕一个中心意思,多用修饰语(如分词短语、介词短语、从句等)。例如:

Somepeoplecannotdistinguishbetweencolors.theyaresaidtobecolor-blinded.

此句将其中一句改成定语从句应该为:Somepeoplewhocannotdistinguishbetween

colorsaresaidtobecolor-blinded.

《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(2)缺乏连贯性。《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件b.Hefoundthekitchenwindowopen.Heputaladderagainstthewindow.Heclimbedin.此句子可改为:Findingthekitchenwindowopen,heputaladderagainstitandclimbedin.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件b.Hefoundthe《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件②语态和主语的随意转换。Hewasrunningveryhardintheraceandhisanklewasbroken.

应改为:

Hewasrunningveryhardintheraceandbrokehisankle.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件b.Theteacherlefttheclassroomafterthelecturewasfinished.

应改为:

Theteacherlefttheclassroomafterhefinishedthelecture.

或:

Havingfinishedthelecture,theteacherlefttheclassroom.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件b.Theteacherl《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件c.Shereviewedthelessonsandalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacherweredone.应改为:

Shereviewedthelessonsanddidalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacher.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件④人称和数的随意转换。

a.Ifonehastalents,wewillbelikelytosucceed.

应改为:

Ifonehastalents,onewillbelikelytosucceed.

或:Ifwehavetalents,wewillbelikelytosucceed.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件④人称和数的随意转换。《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件b.Ifapersonisselfish,theywillhavefewfriends.应改为:b.Ifapersonisselfish,hewillhavefewfriends.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件b.Ifapersoni《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件⑤代词指代不明。Thepollutioninthisareaisserious;theyshoulddosomethingaboutit.应改为:

Thepollutioninthisareaisserious;thegovernmentshoulddosomethingaboutit.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件⑤代词指代不明。《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件同步练习:

Correctthefollowingsentencesifnecessary

Therearealwaysalotofgoodnewsovertheradio.Eachoftheplanshasitsadvantage.EitheryouorIaretocleantheroom.Allthosewhowanttogoonthetripshouldgethisequipmentreadyimmediately.is

amtheir《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件同步练习:

Correctth《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件5.Paidlittleattentiontohistablemanners.6.Theteachergivingsuchahardexam.-----He

paidlittleattentiontohistablemanners.(addasubject)-----Theteacheris

givingsuchahardexam.(addahelpingverb)《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件5.Paidlittlea《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件7.Whenonlyfiveyearsold,myfathertookmetoacircus(杂技团)._____Whenonlyfiveyearsold,Iwastakentoacircusbymyfather._____WhenIwasonlyfiveyearsold,myfathertookmetoacircus.8.Acardrovedownthestreetdeckedwithribbon.

(用缎带装饰起来的)____Acardeckedwithribbon

drovedownthestreet.(Misplacedmodifier误置修饰语)《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件7.Whenonlyfive《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件3.写简洁的句子(Conciseness)

简洁就是用尽可能少的词表达尽可能充分的意思。在不改变句子意义的情况下,在能用词的地方,不用短语;在能用短语的地方不用句子。《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件比较下列两个句子:a.Heexpressesanumberofcleverexpressionsmuchtotheaudience’sdelight.—Hedelightedtheaudiencewithhiscleverexpressionsb.ThismorningIwenttotheclassroom,whenIgotthere,Isawmanypeopleintheclassroom.—ThismorningIwenttotheclassroomandsawmanypeoplethere.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件比较下列两个句子:《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件要想使句子简洁应注意以下几点:(1)避免重复意义相同的词。a.Itwasblueincolor.b.Itwassmallinsize.c.Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.d.Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman.

以上划线部分都属于意义重复,应去掉。《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件要想使句子简洁应注意以下几点:《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件

又如:

Hegavemanyreasonsforhisfailure,butthereasonshegavewerenotconvincing.应改为:

Hegavemanyreasonsforhisfailure,butnoneofthemwasconvincing.Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(2)

避免使用累赘的词。累赘的词指的是拖泥带水,啰啰唆唆的词或词组。例如:Shewastoldofthefactthateatingjunkfoodmightharmherhealth.b.Mrs.SmithlikestodrinkallkindsofwinesthatareproducedinFrance.c.Therearesomestudentswhocheatinexams.以上划线部分都是累赘的词,应去掉。《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(2)避免使用累赘的词。《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件同步练习

Thechairmanwillgiveuphisjobnextyearbecauseofoldage.-------Thechairmanwillretirenextyear.Thewomanwhoisdressedinblackoverthereisthepersonwhoisnowinchargeofoursalesdepartment.-------Thewomaninblackoverthereisthe

managerofoursalesdepartment.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件同步练习Thechair《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件同步练习1.

Shespendsherfreetimereading,listeningtomusic,andsheworksinthegarden.——Shespendsherfreetimereading,listeningtomusicandworkinginthegarden.

《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件同步练习《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件2.Theteachertoldusthatweshouldreadourtextandtowriteashortreviewofit.——

Theteachertoldusthatweshouldread

ourtextandwrite

ashortreviewofit.——Or:Theteachertoldus

toread

ourtextand

write

ashortreviewofit.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件2.Theteachert《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件3.Mr.Butlerisamanofwideexperienceandwhoisverypopularwithhisco-workers.——Mr.Butlerisamanof

wideexperience

and

greatpopularity

amonghisco-workers.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件3.Mr.Butleris《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件

4.Wouldyouprefertogoforawalkoutsideorstayingindoors?——Wouldyouprefertogoforawalkoutsideorstayindoors?

《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件——Wouldyoupr《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件5.Pleasecleanthekitchen,theheatmustturndown,andlockthedoors.

——Pleasecleanthekitchen,turndowntheheat,and

lockthedoors.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件5.Pleaseclean《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件6.ThemanagertoldHenrythathehadonlytwochoices:toworkharderorleavingthecompany.——ThemanagertoldHenrythathehadonlytwochoices:toworkharderortoleavethecompany.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件6.Themanagert《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件7.Mybestfriendishonest,clever,andworkshard.

——Mybestfriendishonest,clever,andhard-working.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件7.Mybestfri《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件8.Afterthelongtrip,Iwastiredout,thirsty,andwantedtoeat.

———Afterthelongtrip,Iwastiredout,thirsty,andhungry.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件8.Afterthelon《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件5.写灵活多变的句子(Variety)

要使文章生动吸引人,写作时要经常变换句型和句子结构。(1)句子开头多样化《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件5.写灵活多变的句子(Vari《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件①分词或分词短语开头。a.Wereachedourdestinationexhausted.应该为:Exhausted,wereachedourdestination.b.Ifinishedmyhomeworkandbegantoreviewthelessons.应该为:Havingfinishedmyhomework,Ibegantoreviewthelessons.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件①分词或分词短语开头。《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件②形容词开头。Hewasintelligentandhard-working,andhegraduatedwithhonors.应该为:

Intelligentandhard-working,hegraduatedwithhonors.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件②形容词开头。《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件③介词短语开头。a.Thegirlwasindespairandturnedtoherfriendsforhelp.应该为:

Indespair,thegirlturnedtoherfriendsforhelp.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件③介词短语开头。《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件④不定式短语开头。a.Heworkedharddayandnighttopasstheexams.应该为:Topasstheexams,heworkedharddayandnight.b.Hespokeslowlyandemphaticallytomakeeverythingclear.应该为:

Tomakeeverythingclear,hespokeslowlyandemphatically.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件④不定式短语开头。《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(Paragraphs)《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件TopicSentence(general)SupportingSentenceNo.1(specific)(explanation,example,ormoredetails)SupportingSentenceNo.2(specific)SupportingSentenceNo.3

(specific)ConcludingSentence(general)《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件TopicSentence(《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件主题句(TopicSentence)

主题句在英语段落中起着举足轻重的作用。英语段落的主题句大多位于句首,但也有居于中间或末尾的。主题句位于句首,开段明义,让读者很快就能了解作者要说明的问题。例如:《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件主题句(TopicSente《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件

Let’sSpeakforOurselves

Mostofusdependtoomuchonpreprintedgreetingcardstoexpressourfeelingsonspecialoccasion.

Insteadofmakinganefforttosaywhatwefeel,wecommunicatealmostexclusivelythroughwordswrittenbyprofessionalcardwriters.Wesendpreprintedcardsforbirthday,anniversaries,congratulations,majorholidays,andnumerousotherevents.Weusethesecardstoexpresslove,longing,regrets,andcongratulations.Mostofthesecardscommunicatetheirmessages---ourmessages---throughcorny(平淡的)rhymesorsillyjokes.Whatanimprovementitwouldbeifwepurchasedcardsthatwereblankinsideandtookthetimetowriteourownwords,orifwetelephonedorsentahandwrittennote.Ourwordsmightnotbeasslick(灵巧的)orfunnyasstore-boughtsentiments,buttheywouldcertainlybemoregenuine.TopicSentenceSupportingSentencesConclusionExample《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件

《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件II.根据下列段落,选择恰当的主题句:

Myfirstvisitwasinthesummerof1974,toseetheworld’sFair.Thesecondtimewasin1976,toseefriends.ThelasttimeIvisitedNewYorkjustlastmonth,whenIwenttheretolookforajob.MaybesoonIwillbearesidentofNewYorkinsteadofavisitor.IhavemadethreevisitstoNewYorkIhavevisitedNewYorkfourtimesIwillliveinNewYorksoonKey:a.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件II.根据下列段落,选择恰当的主《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件III.将下列句子改写成简洁明晰的主题句:Ingeneral,Iusuallygotocinemaonweekend.Inmyopinion,myfavoritemovieisGonewiththeWindIoftenthinkifImadeaspeechbeforeotherswholistento,itishardformetodoso.Iusuallygotocinemaonweekend.GonewiththeWindismyfavoritemovie

Itishardformetomadeaspeechbeforeothers.Makingaspeechbeforeothersishardforme.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件III.将下列句子改写成简洁明《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件1.2.2段落的特征(QualitiesofEffectiveParagraph)

1.段落的统一性(Unity)。

2.段落的连贯性(Coherence)。

3.段落的完整性(Completeness)。

《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件1.段落的统一性(Unity)

一个好的段落通常只有一个中心思想。段落的统一性体现在用这个中心思想来统帅全段内容,段落中的其他句子则都应围绕这一主题,一切与主题无直接关系的句子都必须删除例如:《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件1.段落的统一性(Unity)《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Sample1:

Televisionisnotonlyaconvenientsourceofentertainment,butalsoacomparativelycheapone.WithaTVsetinthefamily,peopledon’thavetopayforexpensiveseatsatthetheatre,themovies,ortheopera.Alltheyhavetoistopushabuttonorturnonaknob,andtheycanseeplays,films,operasandshowsofeverykind.

此段的主题句即段首句是本段的中心(Thisparagraphisabouttheconvenienceandcheapnessoftelevision)全段围绕这一中心展开,符合段落的统一性原则。再如:Sample1《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Sample1:Sam《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件

Aneducatedmanisatolerantman.Herespectstheopinionsofhisfriends.Forexample,Dr.Reynoldslikesoldthings.Helikesoldpaintings.Heenjoysoldbooks.Heownsoldfurniture.Somepeopledon’tlikeanyoldthing.Theydon’tlikeoldpaintings.Theydon’tenjoyoldbooks.Theyalwaysbuymodernfurniture.Dr.Reynoldsnevercriticizesthem.Herespectspeople’sdifferences.Heunderstandshumannature.Heisawiseandkindman.

这种“主题句加例证”的写作格式是取得统一性的常用方法。Sample2《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Sample2《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件2.段落的连贯性(Coherence)。一个好的段落除了内容要统一、完整外,还要结构连贯。连贯性指的是段落的结构是否有条理。一个段落内的各句应该有逻辑地、自然地衔接在一起,成为一个完整的整体。只有这样,读者才能跟上作者的思路,明白他讲的意思。达到连贯性的一个重要策略是使用合适的连接词。例如:《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件2.段落的连贯性(Cohere《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件

Sample1:

Themoonhasalwaysbeenanobjectofinteresttohumanbeings.Untilthe1960s,gettingtherewasonlyadream.Somethoughtthatpeoplecouldneverreachthemoon.NeilArmstrongsteppedontothelunar(月亮的)surfacein1969.Moonlandingshavebecomeroutine(日常事务)tothegeneralpublic.本段没有加连接词,比较下段加连接词的效果。Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Sample1:本段没有加《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件

Themoonhasalwaysbeenanobjectofinteresttohumanbeings;howeveruntilthe1960s,gettingtherewasonlyadream.Althoughsomethoughtthatpeoplecouldneverreachthemoon,NeilArmstrongsteppedontothelunar(月亮的)surfacein1969.Afterthatmoonlandingshavebecomeroutine(日常事务)tothegeneralpublic.

经过两段的比较可以看出,加了连接词的段落,段落内句与句之间衔接和谐、条理清晰、层次分明、通顺流畅。可见学会正确使用连接词对段落的协调连贯是非常重要的《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Themoonhas《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件II.Arrangethefollowingsentencesintoparagraphsaccordingtotheirlogicalorder.(将下列各组句子依逻辑顺序排列成意义连贯的段落。)

①Achangeofcropandtheuseofagoodfertilizerwillkeepthelandingoodcondition. ②Ifwedonotgiveitanyfertilizer,theplantswillbeweak. ③Thesamecropoughtnottobegrowninthesameplaceeveryyear;itisbettertohaveadifferentcrop. ④Allsoilneedsfood. ⑤Animalwasteisthebestfoodforthesoil;butchemicalfertilizersarealsoveryuseful.

④-②-⑤-③-①

《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件II.Arrangethe《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Crossout2irrelevantsentencesJoeandIdecidedtotakethelongtripwe’dalwaysacrossthecountry.Wewerelikeyoungkidsbuyingourcamperandstockingitwithallthenecessitiesoflife.Bellabakesthebestrhubarbpie.WestartedoutinearlyspringfromMinneapolisandheadedwestacrossthenorthernpartofthecountry.Joereceivedawatchathisretirementdinner.Tooursurprise,wefoundthatwelikedthewarmsouthernregionsverymuch,andsowedecidedtostayhereinNewMexico.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Crossout2irre《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件

3.段落的完整性(Completeness)

这里段落的完整性指整个段落在意义上的完整性。段落的中心思想必须得到充分的讨论,一个观点必须得到足够的事实支持,方可进入下一段落。换言之,写了主题句以后还必须回答与之相关的问题。否则,这个段落就是不完整的。例如:

《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Physicalworkcanbeausefulformoftherapyforamindinturmoil.Workconcentratesyourthoughtsonaconcretetask.Besides,itismoreusefultowork—youproducesomethingratherthanmoreanxietyordepression.《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Physicalworkca《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Itisnotalwaystruethatagoodpictureisworthathousandwords.Oftenwritingismuchclearerthanapicture.Itissometimesdifficulttofigureoutwhatapicturemeans,butacarefulwritercanalmostalwaysexplainit.Itisnotalwaystruethatagoodpictureisworthathousandwords.Sometimes,picturesareprettyuselessthings.Ifyoucan’tswimandfallintheriverandstartgulpingwater,willyoubebetterofftoholdupapictureofyourselfdrowning,orstartscreaming“help!”《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Itisnotalways《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(theparagraphwillbemuchbetterifthethreereasonsarefurtherdeveloped.)《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(theparagraphw《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件

Nowadaysmoreandmorestudentstakepart-timejobs.AsfarasIamconcerned,it’sverygood.Thereasonsareasfollows;Firstly,bydoingpart-timejobs,studentscanrelievethefinancialburdenoftheirparents.Thetuitionnowadaysisveryexpensiveandsomestudentsfrompoorfamilieshavedifficultyaffordingit.Ofcourse,notallstudentsworryabouttheirfees.Somestudentswhodopart-timejobsjustwanttoearnmorepocketmoneysothattheycanbuymorethingstheylike.

《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件 Nowad《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件第三节(Essay)

一篇文章有若干个段落,它们构成一个整体,表达一个主题。文章的结构与段落结构相似,段落由主题句、扩展句和结尾句组成;文章的结构也是三个部分:开头(Introduction)、正文(Body)和结尾(Conclusion)。文章的开头、正文和结尾与段落中的主题句、扩展句和结尾句基本上作用相同。因此,一篇文章在形式上是段落的扩展。《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件第三节(Essay)《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件TitleoftheEssayDevelopingParagraphOpeningParagraphGeneralstatementThesisstatementConcludingParagraphDevelopingParagraphDevelopingParagraphDevelopingParagraph《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件TitleoftheEss《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件

下面一篇题名为“Punctuality”(守时)文章,分别说明文章三大部分的关系。《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件下面一篇题名为“Punctu《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件PunctualityWhenyouarewaitinginfrontofatheatreoratatrainterminal,youwillrealizehowimportantpunctualityis.Punctualityisreallyavirtue,especiallyinabusycitylikeShanghai.Perhapsifeverybodywerepunctual,therewouldbelesssufferingandsorrow.Para.1是本文的开头段(Introduction)。在此段中,作者表明了该文将谈及“守时的实质”(—Punctualityisreallyavirtue.)以及“守时的好处”(—ifeverybodywerepunctual,therewouldbelesssufferingandsorrow.)它在全文中起了“开宗明义”即“启”的作用,是全文的主题所在。Para.1《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件PunctualityPara《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Para.2Punctualityisthemainconstituentofgoodcharacter.

Aperson,whoalwaysarrivesintimeforhisappointment,showsrealconsiderationforothers.Ontheotherhand,apersonwhoisalwayslate,showshisselfishnessandthoughtlessnessandheisnotworthytomakefriendswith.Para.3Somepeopleoftensaythattheycannotalwaysbepunctualsincetrafficissoheavythesedays.Ithinktrafficcongestion交通堵塞cannotbeexcuseforbeinglate.Aseverybodyknowsthatwemightmeetaunexpectedcongestionontheroads,weshouldleaveabitearlierfortheappointmenttoensurethatwewouldnotbelate.Para.2Para.3《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Para.2Punctuali《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Para.4Somepeoplealwayshavealotofexcusesforcominglate.Whentheyfinallyarrive,theykeeponsayingsorrytotheirfriendsandthenexplain.Theexcuseisnotalwaystrafficcngestion,sometimestheycomplainthattheyhavemetafriendontheroadorhaehelpedablindmantocrosstheroad.Somealsoliketoblametheirwatches,theclocksathomeorintheoffice.Tosuchpeople,wecannothelpbutsaysorrythatwehavecometooearly.Para.5Yetafterallsuchsmartfellowswillsoonfindthatgraduallytheirfriendsbecomefewerandfewer.Perhapsatthattime,theywouldrealizehowimportpunctualityis.

段落(2—5)四段是正文部分,段2进一步说明守时的必要性,指出“守时是构成优良品德的要素”,它对开头段起了“承”的作用。段3和段4的主题开始转到批评种种不守时的现象和借口;段5则指出了不守时可能带来的后果,这三段在全文中起了“转”的作用。Para.4Para.5《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Para.4Somepeo《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Para.6

Tobeornottobepunctualisahabit.Sowhenweareyoung,weshouldtrytobepunctualeverytimeandneverbelateforitismuchmoreeasilyacquiredinyouththanwhenweareolder.

段6是结尾段向读者提供了启示和思考的问题:我是否能做到守时?如何才能培养守时的习惯?它在全文中起了“合”的作用。总之,英语作文中的开头段、正文和结尾段三个部分实际上起着“启、承、转、合”的作用。不过,其中“转”的部分,在有些文章中是可以不必体现的。以下分别介绍几种常见的开头段和结尾段的写法。Para.6《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Para.6Tobeor《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件

1.3.2文章的基本写作(BasicSkillsofEssayWriting)

1.开头段(Openingparagraph)

文章的开头是文章的一个重要部分,万事要有一个好的开头,写作也是一样。开头应能吸引读者的注意,使其对文章内容产生兴趣。开头一般都较简短,可以是一句话,也可以是一段话,在较长的文章中,有时还不止一段。开头用于引出文章的主题,其作用类似段落中的主题句。开头的写法很多,不同内容的文章会有不同的开头。

《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(1)背景法:说明事件发生的时间、地点、情景等背景。

Iwasoncespendingthemonthof1982inasmallseasidevillageinthesouthofChina.Itisawonderfulplace,quietandnotfashionable.Peopleusuallydonotgothere.…Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(1)背景法:说明事件发生的时间《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件

(2)

人物法:交代文章所要描述的主要人物或有关人物。如:

OnceuponatimetherewasanhonestoldfellownamedHans.Hehadakindheartandafunny,round,good-humoredface.Helivedinatinycottageallalone,andeverydayheworkedinhisgarden.…Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(3)主题句法:提出一个观点或论据作为文章要阐明和论述的主题。如:ACountryontheMove MobilityisanimportantpartofAmericanlifebecausefewAmericansliveinoneplaceforlongerthanfiveyears.ThemovementofAmericansisnotonlyfromonestatetoanother;itiswithinthestates,counties,andcities.….

提出观点或论点作为文章讨论的主题。Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(3)主题句法:提出一个观点或《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(4)定义法:常见于对标题下定义,然后通过举例、逻辑推理等方法加以详细说明。如:

Hobbies

Ahobbyisaninterestingwayofspendingyourfreetime.It’sanactivityyouturntoforpleasure,notsomethingthatyouhavetodo,likehelpingwiththedishes.It’smorelikeaspecialfriendthatyouchooseforyourself.Youspendyourfreetimewithitbecauseitinterestsyouandbecauseyouenjoyit.….

开头段采用对文章的标题下定义,然后再详细说明。Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(4)定义法:常见于对标题下定义《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(5)引语法:摘录或引用某些名人的名言或常见的习语、谚语,作为文章的开头。如:

Happinessisveryimportanttoourlife.Shakespearesaid,“Onewhoisunhappycannevergetabeneficialresult.”(6)问题法:用提出问题的方法来引出文章的内容,以吸引读者的注意力。如:

Whatisthenatureofthescientificattitude,theattitudeofthemanwhostudiesandappliesphysics,chemistry,medicine,engineeringoranyotherscience?以上是几种常见的开头段的写法,其他开头段的写法还有,如数据法、故事法等。

ExampleExample《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(5)引语法:摘录或引用某些名人《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件2.结尾段(ConcludingParagraph)

做任何事情都讲究善始善终,写文章也是一样,既要有一个好的开头,也要有一个好的结尾。好的开头能从一开始便引起读者对文章的兴趣、吸引住读者的注意力。好的结尾能使读者对文章的内容留下深刻印象。文章的结尾与文章的开头一样写法很多,但常见的结尾段写法有以下几种。(1)总结全篇:总结、概括全文的内容,提出带有结论性的意见,进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者观点。《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件2.结尾段(Concluding《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件…

Inshort,wecansaythatsciencetohumanbeingsislikefoodtoourbodies.Sciencefreesusfromthebondageofnature.Scienceitselfisinnocent,butsometimesmanhasmisused(误用)it.

采用总结、概括全文的内容,提出带有结论性的意见,进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者观点。

Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(2)提出展望或期望:对未来提出展望或期待读者一起投入行动。

…Nowwecansaythatinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury,societywillprobablyhaveitsgreatestchange.

(3)使用引语:用名言、谚语或习语等结束全文。Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(2)提出展望或期望:对未来提出《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件

TodaytheGreatWallhasbecomeaplaceofinteresttopeoplefromallovertheworldaswellastotheChinesepeople.ManyofthemhavecometoknowthefamousChinesesaying:“HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.”

使用引语,用名言、谚语或习语等结束全文。Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(4)重复主题:回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上,一起到再次肯定或强调的作用。

ThesefivestepsoftheSQ3RMethod—Survey,Question,Read,ReciteandReview,shouldresultinthestudent’sreadingfaster,pickingouttheimportantpoints,andfixingtheminmemory.Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(5)设问:通过设问或反问来结束全文。… Iftherewerenohomeworkonweekends,studentswouldcometoschoolonMondaywellrefreshedandwillingtowork.Teachers,don’tyouagree?

用反问结尾,虽然形式是问句,但意义却是肯定的,具有明显的强调作用,引起读者思考。Example《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件(5)设问:通过设问或反问来结《英语应用文写作》多媒体课件3.列提纲(MakinganOutline)

在着手写作文前,先要学会列提纲(Outline)。提纲相当于文章的骨架。一篇文章通常有若干个段落组成,每个段落包含哪些内容,段落之间有什么

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