德国魏玛共和国-The-Weimar-Repub课件

TheWeimarRepublicinGermanyIssues,Impacts,SuccessesandFailuresWastheWeimarRepublicdoomedfromthestart?GermanposteroftheKaiserBeingbootedOutofGermany:1919←Germanyin1914KaiserWilhelmII(hereditarymonarch):AppointsGovernmentChancellorMinistersCalls/DismissestheReichstagwhichcanstoplawsproposedbythegovernment,butcannotmakelaws.(However,electors;

Menover25canvoteforitsmembers)ControlsThe

Army

WeimarGermany(1919-1933)BillofRightspromisesallGermansequalitybeforethelawandpoliticalandreligiousfreedom.

ElectorsAllmenandwomenovertheageof20canvote,bothpresidentialandparliament.FreidrichEbertisthefirstelectedpresident–thePresidentcontrolstheArmy

Reichstag(elected)controlsfromwhichisselectedbasedonpartypercentage(representativeparliament)ChancellorcontrolstheReichstagMinistersmusthaveamajorityintheReichstag,anddoastheReichstagsays.

Basicoverview:1919–1923

AtfirsttheWeimarRepublichadgreatdifficulties:LeftwingrebellionsAllpeoplewereangrywithitRight-wingrebellionsandterrorismInvasionandinflationMunichPutsch•Lossofterritory:Alsace-

Lorraine,Poland

•Clause231:blameforwar,alongwithallies

•Reparations:$5Bperyearingolduntilfinalbillsetin1921

•DemilitarizedRhineland;alliestooccupyareauntil1935

•FrancetomineRuhrfor15years

•MilitarydramaticallyreducedtodefensiveuseEurope,at1919,withstripesshowingterritorylostbyGermanyandRussiaTheKappPutschEvents:RightwingjournalistopposedtheEbertgovernmentandthehumiliationofGermanyatVersaillesAlongwithtwokeymilitaryofficers(GeneralLuddwitzandGeneralLudendorff)andtheparamilitaryFriekorpsheseizedcontrolofBerlinanddeclairedanewrightwinggovernmentEbertfledbutcalledonthepeopletoorganizeanationwidestrike.ThestrikewaseffectiveandmadethecoupunsustainableSignificances:Thesupportofthearmycouldnotbetakenforgranted

TherewasnotuniversalsupportfortheWeimarGovernment

TheGovernmenthadlimitedmeansofdealingwithuprisingsofthisnature

PoliticianswerenotnecessarilysafeinBerlinProblems1919-1924AngerdirectedatthegovernmentforsigningtheTreatyofVersaillesThenewconstitutionreliantoncoalitiongovernments,whichweakensitspowerEconomicproblemsasallprofitissentdirectlytotheAlliesasreparationspay-outsValuelesscurrencyaseconomiccrisisleadstohyper-inflationRiseofextremistgroupsattemptingtowrestlepowerfromthede-stabilisedgovernment(Freikorps,Spartacistsetc.)OppositionUprisings&dissolusionedmilitarymembers(freikorps)TheCommunistSpartacistsin1919,defeatedbytheright-wingmilitiaoftheFreikorps1919FriekorpsinBavariaalsoputdownthestrengtheningBavarianCommunistMovementTheright-wingKappPutsch,defeatedbyageneralstrike1919-1923InitialCollapse1921:Alliessetreparationsat132Bgoldmarks;GermanyagreedunderthreatofinvasionGermanyrefusedcooperationwithFranceinRuhr:FranceenteredRuhr(1923)toregainanduseresourcesinlieuofpayment;GermangovernmenttriedtopayidleworkersGovernmentborrowedheavily,andprintedpapermarkstorepaybondsRampantinflationstruckmiddleandlowerclassesevenmore1923GustavStresemannChancellorAug-Nov1923AbandonedpassiveresistanceinRuhr;cooperatedwithFrancetoavoidruinousgovernmentspendingHjalmarSchacht,financialminister,helpedcreatenewstablecurrencyStresemannbecameforeignminister,andrenegotiatedreparationsandborderdisputesBasicOverview:1923–1929

ButtheRepublicsurvivedand(afterGustavStresemannbecameChancellorin1923)didwell:EconomicProsperityForeignPolicysuccessesCulturalfloweringStressmann’snegotiatedAdjustmentstoVersaillesReparationswererescheduledtwice:(1)1924DawesPlanloweredpaymentsandtiedthemtoGermanyeconomicgrowth;gavealliessomecontroloverGermaneconomy(2)1929YoungPlanreducedpayments,limitedtime,removedGermanyfromoutsidecontrolLausanneTreaty1932essentiallyendedreparationsLocarnoTreaty(1925):–GermanyandFranceagreeduponVersaillesborder–Francetowithdrawtroopsby1930–GermanyadmittedtoLeagueofNations–UKandItalytointerveneincaseofattackonborderTHEDAWESPLAN-1924Germany’sreparationspaidoveralongerperiodAmericalentmoneytoGermanindustryandalsototheGovernmenttopayreparationsGermancurrencyreorganisedUSAGermanyGB&FRANCEloansRep’sWardebts*By1929,Germanindustrialoutputhadsurpasseditspre-1914levelsForeignPolicyStresemannshowedrealskillinforeignpolicy–1925LocarnoTreaties–19251926–GermanyjoinedtheLeagueofNationsKellogg–BriandPact–1928(StressemannawardedtheNobelPeacePrize!)Youngplan-1929 AfteranumberofyearsinthewildernessGermanywasacceptedbackintotheinternationalcommunityLocarnoTreatiesGermany,France,Italy,Belgium,Czechoslovakia,PolandmetatLocarnoinSwitzerland.SignedanumberoftreatiestosettledisputesbetweenthemselvesFrance,BelgiumandGermanyagreedtoacceptbordersasdrawnupbyTreatyofVersaillesRhinelandstayeddemilitarisedFrancewouldprotectPolandandCzechoslovakiaifattackedbyGermanyGermanywouldnotuseforcetosettledisputeswithneighboursOtherfeaturesoftheStresemannYears

GoldenageofGermancinemaNightlife,cabaretRemovalofcensorship

UnemploymentandpovertystillhighGrowingprosperitybasedonUSAloans–whatwouldhappenifUSAwantedthemoneyback?POSITIVESnegativesAnythingelse?Stresemannwasn’tpopularwitheithertheextremenationalistslikeHitlerandtheNazis,orwiththeCommunistsHitlerdislikedtheLeaguebecauseitsupportedtheTreatyofVersaillesBUTboththeNazisandtheCommunistsmadelittleprogressintheseyearsbecausepeopleweremuchbetteroffandtheirEXTREMEideasdidnotappealtopeopleInitialRiseofAdolphHitler(1923)Naziposterof1924,showingJewishbankeratopGermanyYoungdecoratedveteranofWW1,miraculouslysurviveddangerousmissions(cultofpersonality)AttractedtoscapegoatpoliticsthatexplainedGermany’swarfailureand“betrayal”atVersaillesInMunich,joinedtinynewNationalSocialistGermanWorkers’Party“Nazis”Redefined“socialism”toequatetoanti-communistnationalism(fascism)1923:failed“BeerHallPutsch”inMunich:jailed

andwrote

Mein

KampfTheBeer-HallPutsch“Lifeseemedmorefree,moremodern,moreexcitingthananyplaceIhaveeverbeen…Everywheretherewasanaccentonyouth.Onesatupwithyoungpeopleallnightinthepavementcafes,theplushbars,onaRhinelandsteamerorinasmokefilledartist’sstudioandtalkedendlessleyaboutlife.Mostgermansonemetstruckyouasbeingliberal,evenpacifist.OnescarcelyheardofHitlerandtheNazisexceptasbuttsofjokes–usuallyinconnectionwiththeBeerhallPutschasitcametobeknown.”–AnonymousGermancitizen,1964.Basicoverview:1929–1933

WallStreetCrashof1929WeimarRepubliccollapsedasdidmostgovernmentsintheera(eitherbyelectionorforce)UnemploymentNaziPartygrewmorepowerfulIn1933,AdolfHitlerbecameChancellorTheGreatDepressionWhateffectswouldthishaveonyourgovernmentanddecisionsifyouwereapolicymaker?Whateffectswouldthishaveonyouropinionsofpolicy-makingasanaveragecitizen(considerdifferentclasses)?TheEndofOptimism:TheGreatDepressioninEurope–

IBStylequestionforPaper3:TowhatextentdideconomiccrisiscausepeopleinEuropetoquestiontheeffectivenessandsustainabilityofdemocraticinstitutions,andhowdidtheseconcerns,doubts,andfearstranslateintopoliticalaction?TheComingoftheDepression:UnderstandingtheContextDisruptioninworldtradeWallStreetCrash,October1929SubsequentcollapseofAmericanfinancialsystemDepressionwasaglobalbreakdownofeconomicsystems.Commonpatternsofeconomiccrisis:DecreasedtradeCutbacksinproductionandconsumptionIncreasedunemploymentWidespreaddeprivation/frustrationRadicalpoliticalagitationEconomicpatternsandpolicyresponses:GermanyEconomywasweakenedby:Post-WWIsettlement(TreatyofVersailles)Inflationofthe1920sExtensiveborrowingbycentralbankPoliticalinstabilityofWeimargovernmentGermangovernmentrespondsby:CuttingpublicservicesUseofemergencypowerstomaintainorderEconomicpatternsandpolicyresponses:BritainEconomywasweakenedby:Persistenteconomicproblemsin1920sShippingandbankingweakenedbycollapseinworldtradeBritishgovernmentrespondsby:Protectingindustries(decreasedtrade)ResistedcallsforspendingonservicesEconomicpatternsandpolicyresponses:FranceEconomicpatternsearly1930’sModernizationprovidedsomepartialimmunityintheearlyyearsofdepression.Economicpatternslate1930’s: Productionandconsumptionbegintofall.HighunemploymentEconomicsufferingDemandsforpoliticalactionConditions,ActionsandMotivations

EconomicConditionsUnemployment/frustration/povertyMotivationsandActionsDemonstrations/strikes/protestsPoliticalactivism/elections/TransformingpoliticalstructuresRiseofnewnationalgovernmentsUnemploymentMostvisiblesignofdepressionLinesforfoodreliefStatisticalevidenceofrisingunemploymentRadicalactivistscalledforimmediateactiontoalleviatesufferingofthepeople.Demonstrations,Strikes,andProtestsEconomicconditionsprovokedcollectiveaction.Collectiveactionresultedinpolicyresponsesandpoliticaltransformation.Britishexperience:WaveofstrikesandprotestsSeveregovernmentresponses:arrestingprotestersandprosecutingorganizersGermanexperience:PartiesontheextremerightANDleftorganizedprotestsChallengedthelegitimacyofthegovernmentPublicdisillusionmentingovernmentFrenchexperience:MassprotestofbothleftandrightpartiesinParisSeenbymanyasafailedattempttooverthrowgovernmentElectionsand

PoliticalTransformationsAnothermeasureofgrowingdissatisfactionwitheconomiccrisisInBritain:FormationofNationalGovernmentbasedonacoalitionInGermany:IncreasingsupportforradicalleftandrightHitlerappointedheadofNationalSocialistgov’tInFrance:FormationofaPopularFrontGovernmentSoughteconomicrecoverywhileavoidingradicalsolutionsSoAgain…TheHistoricalQuestion TowhatextentdideconomiccrisiscausepeopleinEuropetoquestiontheeffectivenessandsustainabilityofdemocraticinstitutions,andhowdidtheseconcerns,doubts,andfearstranslateintopoliticalaction?Closure“WhatwasthelegacyofthechangeswroughtbytheGreatDepressioninEurope?”Ingroups,youwillcreateaPowerPointthatdetailsaspecificlistofsourcesbasedonatopic.Youwillpresentthisassignmenttotheclassanduploadittooursharedwiki.AssignmentofandExpectationsforPowerPointWritteninformationshouldsupporttheteachingofyourexpertise.Includeimagesandtextdirectlyfromthesite/sourcetomakeconnectionsforyouraudienceanddemonstrateyourpoints.(Copyandpaste)Eachslideshouldhaveacleartitle.Slidesshouldrelatedirectlytoyourtopicandhelpanswerthehistoricalquestion.GROUPS:Unemployment:Paul,Sarah,Aziz,Eleni.Sources3,4,6,&8Demonstrations,StrikesandProtests:Alaz,Daniela,Myriam,Achilleas,Ashlee,Dasha.Sources10,11,13,14,15,&17ElectionsandextremisminGermany:Charlie,Irene,Yazan,Antonia,Yiannis.Sources18,20,22,24,25,&29/modules/eu/mod04_depression/evidence.html#elections"PoliceAttackHungerMarch.BigBattleasJoblessProtest'MeansTest',"WorkersAgeNovember151932….Theoperationofthe“MeansTest”hasdeprivedanyreliefandhumiliatedhundredsofthousandsmore.Throughouttheirroute,themarchersreceiveddemonstrationsofthesympathyoftheEnglishworkingpeople.InLondon,about50,000workersturnedouttocheerthemanddemonstratealongwiththem.TheMacDonald“National”-Torygovernmentimmediatelymobilizeditsforcesofrepressionandcalledintoactiontheentirepolice...Brutalattacheswerelaunchedonthejoblessdemonstrations,(SampleStudentSlideUsingText)

RisingDiscontentwithGovernme