挖掘机论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

ASummaryofSmall-sizeExcavatorsHomeandAbroadI.ThebriefintroductionofhydraulicexcavatorPartssuchasthehydraulicexcavatorisbyengine,hydraulicsystemandworksdeviceandwalksdeviceandelectriccontroletcareformed.Thehydraulicsystemisformedbyhydraulicpump,controlvalve,hydrauliccylinder,hydraulicpressuremotor,piperouteandfueltanketc.Theelectriccontrolsystemincludessupervisiondish,motorcontrolsystem,pumpbrainandvariouskindsofsensorandsolenoidvalvesetc.Thehydraulicexcavatorisgeneralbytheworkdeviceandturnsroundthedeviceandwalksdevicethreeismostlyformed.Accordingtohisconstructionanduse,wecandifferentiate:manykindsoftypessuchascaterpillartreadtype,tyretype,walktype,fullhydraulicpressure,halfhydraulicpressure,turnsroundentirely,notturnsroundentirely,utilityversion,mouldforaspecialpurpose,thejoiningwithahingetypeandarmtypestretchedoutanddrawnbacketc.Theworkdeviceisdirectlyaccomplishingthedevicethatexcavatestheassignment.Ithasbeenjoinedwithahingebymovesthearm,fightsthepoleandshovelsthefilletcthreeparts.Movingthatthearmrisesandfallsandthepolefoughtstretchesoutanddrawsbackandshovelingfightingmovesallwithmovingbackandforthtypetwoeffecthydrauliccylinderscontrol.Inordertosuittheneedsofvariousdifferenceconstructionschoolassignments,thehydraulicpressureexcavatorcanbejoinedinmarriageloadingmanykindsofworkdevices,ifexcavatingandmanykindsofschoolassignmentmachinesandtoolssuchasliftingjob,loading,leveling,clampandpushessoilandshockhammeretc.Turningroundandwalksthedeviceistheorganismofhydraulicpressureexcavator,uppersettinguppower-ondeviceandtransmissionsystemofturntable.Theengineisthepowersupplyofhydraulicpressureexcavator,andadoptsdieseloilwillalsocanmodifytheelectromotorintheconvenientplacemostly.Thehydraulicdrivesystembywayofthehydraulicpumpwiththeenginethemotive-1-forcetransmissiontohydraulicpressuremotorandhydrauliccylinderetcactuator,thepromotionworkdevicemoves,thusaccomplishesthevariousschoolassignments.TakemorePV-200'smouldhydraulicpressureexcavatorsofuseinbuildingsiteastheexample.Thismachineadoptsthetypetheopeningcenterloadofadvancedversiontobepassedfeelingsystem(OLSS).Thissystemiswithobliqueofcontroltypeobliquethemethodofangle(exportvolumeofflow)variableplungerpump,andreducedthepowerdeliveryofengine,thusreducestheoilconsumptionburnt,andisonekindofsavingenergymouldsystem.Thecharacteristicofthiskindofhydraulicsystemis:thefixedtorqueiscontrolled,anditisunchangeabletokeepthehydraulicpumpdrivetorque,andyearabsolutelycontrolcanreducetheoff-loadinglossofschoolassignmenttime;Oilcapacityiscontrolled,andtheexportvolumeofflowofhydraulicpumpinthetimeofcanreducingneutralgearandfinecontrolreducesthepowerloss.Thehistoryofthefirsthandexcavatorwaspublisheduptonowtohavemorethan130years,andwentthroughfromthesteamdrivefilltoturnroundthatthemachineryturnsroundthedevelopingthecoursestepbystepofthecompleteautomatichydraulicpressureexcavatorofexcavatorandapplicationmechanicalandelectricalliquidintegrationtechnologytopowerdriveandtheinternal-combustionenginedriveinthetime.Theapplicationowingtothehydraulictechniquehadtojoininmarriageonthetractorloadinghydraulicpressuretoanti-thetypehangingwhichshoveledmachineryinthe1940’s,anddevelopingoutthepullingtypeattheinitialstageofinthe1950’swithmiddleperiodinsuccession,toturnroundthefullhydraulicpressureofhydraulicpressureexcavatorandcaterpillartreadtypeentirelymechanical.Initialstagethetrialhydraulicpressureexcavatoristhehydraulictechniquethatadoptsplaneandmachinetool,lackingthehydraulicpressurecomponentthatissuitableinthemechanicalvariousoperatingmodes,itisstableinadequatelytomakethequality,andnecessaryisnotcompletelyyet.Frominthe1960’s,thehydraulicpressureexcavatorisenteredthepopularizationandinvigorousdevelopmentstage,andmechanicalmanufacturingplantandthebreedofeachcountryincreasesveryfast,andtheoutputisrapidlyincreased.83%ofthemechanicalgrossoutputwasoccupiedtohydraulicpressureexcavatoroutput,andiscloseto100%atpresent1968-1970certainperiod.20thcentury80~90'ssmallmechanicaldeviceinconstructionandsooninmunicipalengineering,transportation,pipelinehasdisplayedabiggersuperiorityandcanrapidly-2-develop.Thesmallexcavatorforsavedthemanpower,thephysicalresourceintheseprojectsmakesthesmallexcavatormainlytouseinthecitytheconstructionconstructionandgenerallyleftabiggercontribution,graduallybecameinthecityconstructiontohavetherepresentativeconstructionmachinery.Thesmallexcavatordevelopmentmainlyreliesontheurbanconstructiondevelopment,becausecitytransformation,constructionconstructionmore,therequestconstructiontimeshort,theconstructionmachineryaffectssmall,safe,thelowpollution,theradiusofgyrationtotheenvironmentissmall,isadvantageousfortransportsaswellashaswiththecitysceneryappearancecoordinationoutwardappearance,thesmallexcavatorhassatisfiedthecityeachkindofworkrequest,canmaximumlimitdisplayitsproductivityinthecitynarrowworkingspace,thereforehastheuniquesuperiority.1.ThedevelopmentofsmallexcavatorsThesmallexcavatormainlyusesinthecitytheconstructionconstructionandthegeneralhousingrepairsandmaintainsandsoonthework,therequesthasthegoodoperatingperformanceandtherotationperformance.Initialsmallexcavatorbytiretypeprimarily,becausethetiretypewalksthenaturalinthesoftgroundandthepassingdifference,afterwardsgraduallybythemarchingsubstitution,andinmovedthearmstrutorganizationplacetoincreasetherotationorganizationabout,enabledtheentireworkequipmenttherelativeorganismtocarryonswings,completedthetrenchsidewallexcavationrenovationworkbehind,butthiskindofsmallexcavatorexcavationscopewassmall,cannotrealizethematerial.Hereafter,thesmallexcavatorincreasedupsidehasrotatedtheorganization,hassolvedbehindthemetialandsoontheproblem,enhancedtheexcavatoroperatingperformance,formedthesmallexcavatorthebasicstructure.Afterwards,thesmallexcavatorintheradiusofgyration,behindthefieldofvision,movedaspectandsoonarmelevationangle,machinecapabilityhasthefurtherimprovement,developsforthepresentstandardtype.2.TechnicalprogressesSmallexcavatorworkingconditionsmajorityofincity,inordertopreventwalkswhendamagestheroadsurface,startsfromthe80'stousetherubbercaterpillarband,andgraduallyobtainsthepopularization.Arubbercaterpillarbandheavywheeliswhentheinternalironcircuitboardthemovement,thehardcircuitboardjointplaceandtheheavywheelcontactfallstotheground,becomeswalksthedestructionroadsurfacemainreason.Beforeusesthewidthshapeironcircuitboard,arubbercaterpillarbandheavywheeldiameterisbigger,thereforewhenapproachestheground,thisslitchangesinabigway,createsthecaterpillar-3-bandtotheroadsurfacedestruction.Thesupersmallexcavatoruseandthebeforesameheavywheel,onlywasthehardcircuitboardwhichinthecaterpillarbandusedchangesnarrowly,thereforewhencontactedthegroundtheslitchangesslightly,reducedtothedamageofground.Rearareathesmallrotationexcavatorrotationrearpartsizeisextremelysmall,inordertoguaranteetheexcavatorworkthestability,musthavetheenoughcounterweight,andindoesnotincreasethemechanicalweightunderthepremise,usesincreasesthecaterpillarbandlengthandwidensthechassisandsoontheeffectivemethod.But,thechassiswidthistransportedthetruckwidththelimit,forsolvesthisproblem,hasusedViCTASinthesupersmallexcavator(Vio-CrawlerTechnologybyAdvancedStability)thetechnology.3.ComfortablenessThesmallexcavatormajorityofsealscab,hasnotrainedwhenthechairfrequentlydripswetbytherainseeps.Inordertosolvethisproblem,theusesurfaceandtheinteriorgatherapeacefulfatrubberbodytomanufacturehasnotsewntheseamthechair,cannotagainfromsewtheseamplacedestruction,thedurabilityalsocanenhance,becomesthecompletewaterproofingchair.(1)Thesmallexcavatorhasthewidespreadserviceablesmallexcavatorvolumesmall,mobileisflexible,extremelyissuitableforworkandsooncitieseachkindofpipelining,foundationconstruction,publicutilitiesaswellashouseservice.Thesmallexcavatorcompactvolume,thespecialdesignenableitstocarryontheworkintheenvironmentwhichthelarge-scaleexcavatorisunabletoconstruct.(2)Thesmallexcavatorhasthemulti-purposesmallexcavatortruemeritisithasmulti-purpose.Thesmallexcavatorcaninstallmanyauxiliaryworksmachinesandtools,liketheinstallmentbrokenhammer,thehydraulicpressurepliersuseinthelightweightdemolisionwork,installsaclamptouseintoeliminatethework,installsthedrum,theplateusesinthetrenchtofillinburiesthecompaction,theinstallmentturnsonlathedigsdrillsusesinthedrillhole,thelifthookusesintohoistupheavyitemandsoon.(3)Thesmallexcavatorisadvantageousforthetransportationandoneofshiftworklocationsmallhydraulicpressureexcavatormarketrapidexpansionreasonsshouldbelongtoitssizeandtheweight.Thesmallexcavationfunctionconvenientlyshiftsineachjoblocation,thesmallexcavatordoesnotneedthelarge-scaletrailerperhapstheheavy-dutytruckcarriesonthetransportation,thesmalltransportmeansmaydeliver.Likethisnotonlycanfacilitate-4-thetransportation,butalsomaygreatlyreducethemachinethecartageexpense.(4)Smallexcavatorbrightworkcharacteristic:Therearpartradiusofturnforthezerodesign,causesthesmallexcavatornottoneedintheworkspacelimitedenvironmentmeanindustrytimeexcavatoroperatortoconsiderthejoblocationis,whetherthusenabletheoperatortohavetheobstacletohindertheexcavatortherotationtosufficewhollyabsorbedtothescoopoperation,thishasalsopreventedaroundthejoblocationthebuildingaswellastheexcavatorowndamage.Thesmallexcavatorpriceischeap,thecostrecyclesquickly.Slightlydigstakethe6tlevelastheexample,American,theEuropeandatebrandmachinepriceabout400,000Yuan,SouthKorea'smachinepriceabout320,000Yuan,thedomesticallyproducedmachinepriceis30~320,000Yuansomebrandsislower;Butthe20tlevelcenterdigsthepricein70~1millionYuan.Thehigherinvestmentrepaymentratecausesthesmallexcavatordeeplythegeneralcentersmallearthworkconstructiontocontractowner'swelcome.Thesmallexcavatortechnologicaldevelopmentcompliedwiththeglobaldiversificationjoblocationthedemand,hasexperiencedmorethan30yearshistorysuccessionalvariationprocess,passesthroughtheunceasingimprovementconsummation,inaspectandsoontechnicalperformance,jobfunction,workefficiency,security,environmentalprotection,energyconservationandmaintenancemaintenancehadthelargescaleenhancement,hasformedthequiteconsistenttechnicalstandardandtheworkstandard.Mainlymanifestsinfollowingseveralaspects:(1)Thetaillessrotationandmovesthearmdeflectiontechnologytotakeslightlydigsthebasicconcepttomovethearmdeflectionandthetaillessrotationfunctionlaterperiodpromotesinthe1990sfacetheworldmarket.Movesthearmdeflectionintheorganismfrontpart,butdoesnothavetheorganizationtobeabletorealizeislocatednearbythelowerpartofwallthedirectexcavationworktohavefrequentlytomovethefuselage.Thetaillessrotationstructureapplication,causesitwhentheneckoflandworkdoesnotneedtoworrytherearpartthecollision.Thetaillessrotationstructuraldesigndifficultyliesinrotatesintheplatformthegeneralarrangement,thedynamicsystemthermalequilibriumsolutionaswellastheentiremachinestablesolution.Butmovesthearmdeflectionorganizationthedesigndifficultytolieinanarticulationpositionthedeterminationandthehingebodymanufacturetechnology.(2)Newhydrauliccontroltechnology-5-Thenewhydrauliccontroltechnologyshouldhavetheworkefficiencyhigh,theserviceabilityisgood,hasthegoodefficiency,maycarryonthehighefficiency,thepowerfulwork.Thenewfluidenvironmentcompatibilitypressesthesystemnottoshoulderthesizetheinfluence,completelyneedstheoilofthehydraulicpressuresystem,thecurrentcapacityaccordingtothecontrolhandlescopedistributionpoint,definitelymaydefertooperator'sintentionwitheasetocompletethework.Atthesametime,becausetheengineloadissmallmayavoidthecurrentcapacitythesenselessloss,canrealizeslightlymovestheoperationandthecompoundoperation.Thenewhydrauliccontroltechnologyapplicationalsocanincreasethedynamicoutput,enhancestheworkspeed,reducesthefuelconsumption.(3)SecurityperformanceHasthestrictlegalruleintheEuropeanmarketandtheNorthAmericamarkettothesecurity,theequipmentsecurityperformancecangivetheoperatortoprovidetherelievedworktheenvironment,enhancesoperator'ssecurity.ThesmallexcavatorsecurityperformancemainlymanifestsinthecabROPS/FOPSdesignbelow,shouldsatisfytheperformancerequirementinthecabexperiment:②Maysatisfymustanti-load;Mainlymanifestsinthepower,thelowoilconsumption,cleanlydischargestheengineintheapplication.ThenewengineshouldsatisfytheAmericanEPATier2standardandtheEuropeanEUstandard,willcausetheenvironmentalpollutionthecompoundtodischargethecontrolinthethreshold.Thenewenginesimultaneouslyreducedthevibrationandthenoise,isbeneficialtotheenvironmentalprotectionandoperator'shealth.(5)Man-machineprojecttechnologyThecabconformstotheman-machineengineeringprinciple,internalspacious,fieldofvisionopen,modellingartistic,theeaseofoperation,reduceseffortthemeasuringappliancedemonstrationdirect-viewing,isaccurate,canprovideonekindofcomfortableoperatingenvironmenttothepilot,fullyreducespilot'sweariness.(6)ServicesthemaintenancetechnologyMaintainsfromthecurrentmaintenancetotheregularinspectionservice,thesimplificationoperationisextremelyessential,canenhancethemachinethereliability,makesthemachinethroughouttomaintainthegoodcondition.Mustcausethedailyinspectionside,-6-therealizationnottoneedwiththeaidofthetoolassoonastotouchthetypeoperation.Maintenancerepairthenquicklydndsimplely,butfastcarriesontheinternalsparepartandthesysteminspectionandtheservice.Moreover,inthedesignmustfullyconsiderpreventsthemachinetheaccidentdamage.Suchasthecowling,theguardplateguardsagainstthecollisionstructuraldesign;Movesthearmhydrauliccylinderguardplatedesign;Fueloiltankdraw-offvalve;Theindependencebulldozestheboardhydraulicpressurehosedesign;Waterproofingelectricsystemdesign;Intheworkinstallmenthosesetsatthedesign;Xframeandhalfwayupthemountainsidecaterpillarbanddesign;Theenginemachineoilfilterelementreplacementtimelengthens;Hasforerunnersystemwhichthepipelinefilters;Dualspatiallyfiltersstructuredesignandsoon.5ConclusionsSociety'sdevelopmenthasamoretremendousinfluencetothesmallexcavator,atpresenttheoverseassmallexcavatorhadthesuitabledevelopment,likeCarterotherforces,companyandsoonHitachi,smallpine,Mitsubishi,thesmallexcavatorproducthasformedtheseries,andinunceasinglycarriesonthedevelopment,theexpandeduse,theincreaseappendixtype.Thedomesticsmallexcavatordevelopmenthasalsoobtainedthecertainresult,butallneedsfurthertoimproveandtheconsummationinthetechnologyandtheproduction.-7-国内外小型挖掘机发展综述一、液压挖掘机简介液压挖掘机是由发动机、液压系统、工作装置、行走装置和电气控制等部分组成。液压系统由液压泵、控制阀、液压缸、液压马达、管路、油箱等组成。电气控制系统包括监控盘、发动机控制系统、泵控制系统、各类传感器、电磁阀等。液压挖掘机一般由轮胎式、步履式、全液压、半液压、全回转、非全回转、通用型、专用型、铰接式、伸缩臂式等多种类型。工作装置是直接完成挖掘任务的装置。它由动臂、斗杆、铲斗等三部分铰接而成。作业的需要，液压挖掘机可以配装多种工作装置，如挖掘、起重、装载、平整、夹钳、推土、冲击锤等多种作业机具。是液压挖掘机的动力源，大多采用柴油要在方便的场地，也可改用电动机。动工作装置动作，从而完成各种作业。以工地使用较多的PV-200型液压挖掘机为例。该机采用改进型的开式中心OLSS斜盘角（输出流量）的方法，减少了发动机的功率输出，从而减少燃油消耗，是一种节能型系统。这种液压系统的特点是：定转矩控制，能维持液压泵驱动转矩不变，载断控流量，减少功率损失。-8-逐步发展过程。由于液压技术的应用，20世纪40年代有了在拖拉机上配装液压反铲的悬挂式机械，20世纪50年代初期和中期相继研制出拖式全回转液压挖掘机和履带式全20世纪60年代起，液压挖1968-1970年间，液压挖掘机产量已占机械总产量的83%，目前已接近100%。二、小型挖掘机的发展及其趋势20世纪80～90年代小型挖掘机在市政工程、交通、管道等施工中发挥了较大优势并得以迅速发展。它在城市的土建施工工程中为节省人力、物力出了较大贡献,逐步成为城市施工中具有代表性的施工机械。小型挖掘机的发展主要依赖于城市建设的发展,由于城市的改造、建设施工较多,要求施工时间短、施工机械对周围环境影响小、安全、低污染、回转半径小、便于运输以及具有与城市景色相协调的外观,小型挖掘机满足了城市各种作业要求，在城市狭窄的工作空间内能够最大限度地发挥其生产能力,因此具有独特的优越性。1.小型挖掘机的发展小型挖掘机在城市中主要用于土建施工及一般住宅修整等工作,要求具有良好工作性能和回转性能。最初的小型挖掘机以轮胎式为主,由于轮胎式在软地面的行走性和通过性差,后来逐渐被履带式替代,并在动臂支撑机构处增加了回转机构,使整个工作装置能相对机体进行左右摆动,以完成沟道侧壁挖掘整修工作,但这种小型挖掘机挖掘范围小、不能实现后部卸料。此后,小型挖掘机增加了上部回转机构,解决了后部卸料等问题,提高了挖掘机的工作性能,形成小型挖掘机的基本结构。后来,小型挖掘机在回转半径、后部视野、动臂仰角、机械性能等方面得到进一步改善,发展为现在的标准型。2.技术的进步小型挖掘机工作环境大部分在城市,为了防止行走时损坏路面,从80年代开始使用橡胶履带,,铁芯板接缝处与支重轮接触落地时,成为行走破坏路面的主要原因。以前使用宽形铁芯板,橡胶履带的支重轮直径较大,因此在接近地面时,这个缝隙变大,-9-掘机使用与以前相同的支重轮,只是履带内使用的铁芯板变窄,因此在接触地面时缝隙变后方小回转型挖掘机的回转尾部尺寸非常小,为了确保挖掘机工作的稳定性,必须有足够的