2020年9月六级真题及音频9第2套

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(40SectionDirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.YoumaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanQuestions26to35arebasedonthefollowingItwasperhapswhenmyparents—whoalsohappentobemyhousemates—lefttogotravellingforacoupleofmonthsrecentlythatit26onmewhyIhadnotyetleftthefamilyhome.Itwasn'tthatIreliedonthemfor27reasons,ortokeepmylifeinorder,ortoeasethechaosoftheThesedays,IrelyonthemfortheirImissedcominghomeandtalkingaboutmydayatwork,andImissedbeingabletoreadtheirfacesandsensehowtheirdaywas.Imissedhavingunique28intotinydetailsthatmakealife.Whiletheconversationaboutyoungadultsstayinglongerathomeis29bytalkoflaziness,ofdependence,ofaninabilityforyoungpeopletopullthemselvestogether,30dowetalkoftheway,inmycaseatleast,myrelationshipwithmyparentshas31strengthenedthelongerwehavelivedtogether.Overtheyearsthepowerdynamichaschangedandisnolongerdefinedbyonebeingthegiverandanother,thetaker.So,whatdoesthissayforourrelationshipswithinthefamilyhome?AccordingtopsychologistSabinaRead,thereare“someverypositivepossible32whenadultchildrensharethefamilyhome”,notingthe“parent-childrelationshipmayindeedstrengthenandmature”intheprocess.But,shenotes,astrong33doesn'tsimplycomewithtime.“Themanychangingfactorsoftherelationshipneedtobeacknowledged,ratherthanhothatthemerepassageoftimewill34connectparentstotheiradultchildren.It'simportanttoacknowledgethattherelationshipparametershavechangedtoavoidfallingbackinto35fromtheteenI)SectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.HowemedicineIsTransformingAfteryearsofbigpromises,emedicineisfinallylivinguptoitspotential.Drivenbyfasterinternetconnections,ubiquitous(无处不在的)smartphonesandchanginginsurancestandards,morehealthprovidersareturningtoelectroniccommunicationstodotheirjobs—andit'sdramaticallychangingthedeliveryofhealthcare.Doctorsarelinkingupwithpatientsbyphone,and(头).They’realsoconsultingwitheachotherelectronically—sometimestomakesplitseconddecisionsonheartattacksandstrokes.Patients,meanwhile,areusingnewdevicestorelaytheirbloodpressure,heartrateandothervitalsignstotheirdoctorssotheycanmanagechronicconditionsathome.emedicinealsoallowsforbettercareinceswheremedicalexpertiseishardtocomeby.Fiveto10timesaday,DoctorsWithoutBordersrelaysquestionsabouttoughcasesfromitsphysiciansinNigerSouthSudanandelsewheretoitsnetworkof280expertsaroundtheworld,andbackagainviainternet.Asameasureofhowrapidlyemedicineisspreading,consider:Morethan15millionAmericansreceivedsomekindofmedicalcareremoylastyear,accordingtotheAmericanemedicineAssociation,atradegroup,whichexpectsthosenumberstogrowby30%thisyear.Noneofthisistosaythatemedicinehasfounditswayintoallcomersofmedicine.Arecentsurveyof500tech-savvy(精通技术的)consumersfoundthat39%hadn’theardofemedicine,andofthosewhohaven’tusedit,42%saidtheypreferredin- doctorvisits.Inapollof1500familyphysicians,only15%haduseditintheirpractices—but90%saidtheywouldifitwereappropriayreimbursed(补偿).What'smore,foralltherapidgrowth,significantquestionsandchallengesremain.Rulesdefiningandregulatingemedicinedifferwidelyfromstatetostate.PhysiciansgroupsareissuingdifferentguidelinesaboutwhatcaretheyconsiderappropriatetodeliverandinwhatSomecriticsalsoquestionwhetherthequalityofcareiskeeupwiththerapidexpansionofemedicine.Andthere'sthequestionofwhatservicesphysiciansshouldbepaidfor:Insurancecoveragevariesfromhealthntohealthn,andabigfederalncoversonlyanarrowrangeofservices.emedicine'sfuturewilldependonhow—andwhether—regulators,providers,payersandpatientscanaddressthesechallenges.Here'sacloserlookatsomeoftheseissues:Dopatientstradequalityforconvenience?Thefastest-growingservicesinemedicineconnectconsumerswithcliniciansthey'venevermetforaphone, visit—on-demand,24/7.Typically,thesearefornonemergencyissuessuchascolds,flu,ear-achesandskinrashes,andtheycostaround$45,comparedwithapproximay$100atadoctor'soffice,$160atanurgent-careclinicor$750andupatanemergencyroom.Manyhealthnsandemployershaverushedtooffertheservicesandpromotethemasaconvenientwayfornmemberstogetmedicalcarewithoutleavinghomeorwork.Nearlythree-quartersoflargeemployerswilloffervirtualdoctorvisitsasabenefittoemployeesthisyear,upfrom48%lastyear.WebcompaniessuchasadocandAmericanWellareexpectedtohostsome1.2millionsuchvirtualdoctorvisitsthisyear,up20%fromlastyear,accordingtotheAmericanemedicineAssociation.Butcriticsworrythatsuchservicesmaybesacrificingqualityforconvenience.Consultingarandomdoctorpatientswillnevermeet,theysay,furtherfragmentsthehealth-caresystem,andevenminorissuessuchasupperrespiratory(上呼吸道的)infectionscan’tbethoroughlyevaluatedbyadoctorwhocan’tlistentoyourheartorfeelyourswollenglands.Inarecentstudy,researchersposingaspatientswithskinproblemssoughthelpfrom16emedicinesites—withunsettlingresults.In62encounters,fewerthanone-thirddisclosedclinicians'credentialorletpatientschoose;only32%discussedpotentialsideeffectsofprescribedmedications.Severalsitesmisdiagnosedseriousconditions,largelybecausetheyfailedtoaskbasicfollow-upquestions,theresearcherssaid.“emedicineholdsenormouspromise,butthesesitesarejustnotreadyforprimetime,”saysJackResneck,study'sleadTheAmericanemedicineAssociationandotherorganizationshavestartedaccreditation(鉴定)programstoidentifytop-qualityemedicinesites.TheAmericanMedicalAssociationthismonthapprovednewethicalguidelinesforemedicine,callingforparticipatingdoctorstorecognizethelimitationsofsuchservicesandensurethattheyhavesufficientinformationtomakeclinical Whopaysfortheservices?Whileemployersandhealthnshavebeeneagertocovervirtualurgent-carevisits,insurershavebeenfarlesswillingtopayforemedicinewhendoctorsusephone,ortoconsultwithexistingpatientsaboutcontinuingissues.“It'sveryhardtogetpaidunlessyouphysicallyseethepatient,”saysPeterRasmussen,medicaldirectorofdistancehealthattheClevelandClinic.Some32stateshavepassed“parity”(等同的)lawsrequiringprivateinsurerstoreimbursedoctorsforservicesdeliveredremoyifthesameservicewouldbecoveredin ,thoughnotnecessarilyatthesamerateorfrequency.Medicarelagsfurtherbehind.Thefederalhealthnfortheelderlycoversasmallnumberofemedicineservices—onlyforbeneficiariesinruralareasandonlywhentheservicesarereceivedinahospital,doctor'sofficeorclinic.BillstoexpandMedicarecoverageofemedicinehavebipartisan(两党的)supportinCongress.Opponentsworrythatsuchexpansionwouldbecostlyfortaxpayers,butadvocatessayitwouldsavemoneyinthelongrun.Expertssaymorehospitalsarelikelytoinvestinemedicinesystemsastheymoveawayfromfee-for-servicepaymentsandintomanaged-care-typecontractsthatgivethemasetfeetoprovidecareforpatientsandallowthemtokeepanysavingstheyachieve.Isthestate-by-stateregulatorysystemoutdated?Historically,regulationofmedicinehasbeenlefttoindividualstates.Butsomeindustrymemberscontendthathaving50differentsetsofrules,licensingfeesandevendefinitionsof“medicalpractice"makeslesssenseintheeraofemedicineandishamperingitsgrowth.Currently,doctorsmusthaveavalidlicenseinthestatewherethepatientislocatedtoprovidemedicalcare,whichmeansvirtual-visitcompaniescanmatchusersonlywithlocallylicensedclinicians.Italsocausesadministrativehassles(麻烦)forworld-classmedicalcentersthatattractpatientsfromacrossthecountry.AttheMayoClinic,doctorswhotreatout-of-statepatientscanfollowupwiththemviaphone,orwebchatswhentheyreturnhome,buttheycanonlydiscusstheconditionstheytreatedin .“Ifthepatientwantstotalkaboutanewproblem,thedoctorhastobelicensedinthatstatetodiscussit.Ifnot,thepatientshouldtalktohisprimary-carephysicianaboutit,”saysSteveOmmen,whorunsMayo'sConnectedCareprogram.Todate,17stateshavejoinedacompactthatwillallowadoctorlicensedinonememberstatetoquicklyobtainalicenseinanother.While ingthemove,someemedicineadvocateswouldpreferstatestoautomaticallyhonoroneanother'slicenses,astheydowithdrivers'licenses.Butstatesaren’tlikelytosurrendercontrolofmedicalpractice,andmostareconsideringnewregulations.Thisyear,morethan200emedicine-relatedbillshavebeenintroducedin42states,manyregardingwhatservicesMedicaidwillcoverandwhetherpayersshouldreimburseforremotepatientmonitoring.“Alotofstatesarestilltryingtodefineemedicine,”saysLisaRobbin,chiefadvocacyofficerfortheFederationofStateMedicalBoards.AnoverwhelmingmajorityoffamilyphysiciansarewillingtouseemedicineiftheyaredulyManyemployersareeagertoprovideemedicineserviceasabenefittotheiremployeesbecauseofitsDifferentstateshavemarkedlydifferentregulationsforWithemedicine,patientsinregionsshortofprofessionalmedicalserviceareabletoreceivebettermedicalUnlikeemployersandhealthns,insurershavebeenratherreluctanttopayforsomeemedicineSomesupporters emedicinehopestateswillaccepteachother'smedicalpracticelicensesasThefastestgrowingarea emedicineservicesisforlesserhealthAsemedicinespreadsquickly,someofitsopponentsdoubtwhetheritsservicequalitycanbeTheresultsobtainedbyresearcherswhopretendedtobepatientsseekinghelpfromemedicineprovidersareSomepeoplearguethatthefactthatdifferentstateshavedifferentregulationsconcerningmedicalserviceshindersthedevelopmentofemedicine.SectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingDanielleSteel,the71-year-oldromancenovelistisnotoriouslyproductive,havingpublished179booksatarateofuptosevenayear.ButapassingreferenceinarecentprofilebyGlamourmagazinetoher20-hourworkdayspromptedanoutpouringofadmiration.Steelhasgiventhat20-hourfigurewhendescribingher“exhausting”processinthepast:“Istartthebookanddon'tleavemydeskuntilthefirstdraftisfinished.”Shegoesfrombed,todesk,tobath,tobed,avoidingallcontactasidefromphonecallswithherninechildren.“Idon'tcombmyhairforweeks,”shesays.Mealsarebroughttoherdesk,whereshetypesuntilherfingersswellandhernailsbleed.ThebusinessnewswebsiteQuartzheldSteelupasaninspiration,writingthatifonlyweallfollowedher“actuallyextremelyliberating”exampleofindustrioussleeplessness,wewouldbequicktoseeresults.Wellindeed.Withresearchresultsshowingthecumulativeeffectsofsleeplossanditsimpactonproductivity,doubthasbeenvoicedabouttheaccuracyofSteel’sself-assessment.Heroutputmaybeundeniable,butscepticshavesuggestedthatsheisguiltyoferasingtheroleofghostwriters(代笔人)atworst,grossexaggerationatbest.Steelsaysworking20hoursadayis“prettybrutalphysically.”Butisitevenpossible?“No,”saysTayloroftheSleepWorks.Whileyoucouldworkthatlong,theimpactonproductivitywouldmakeitworthwhile.IfSteelwasroutinelysleeforfourhoursanight,shewouldbedrasticallyunderestimatingthenegativeimpact,saysAlisonGardiner,founderofthesleepimprovementprogrammeSleepstation.“It’sakintobeingdrunk.”It’spossiblethatSteelisexaggeratingthedemandsofherschedule.Self-imposedsleeplessnesshas“ abitofastatussymbol”,saysTaylor,amisguidedmeasuretoprovehowpowerfulandproductiveyouare.MargaretThatcherwasalsosaidtogetbyonfourhoursanight,whilethe130-hourworkweeksenduredbytechheadshasbeenheldupaskeytotheirsuccess.Thatisstartingtochangewithincreasedawarenessoftheimportanceofsleepformentalhealth.“Peoplearestartingtorealisethatsleepshouldnotbesomethingthatyoufitinbetweeneverythingelse,”saysTaylor.Butitispossible—ifstatisticallyextremelyunlikely—thatSteelcouldbeborna“shortsleeper”withanunusualbodyclock,sayssleepexpertDr.SophieBostock.“It’sprobablypresentinfewerthan1%ofthepopulation.”EvenifSteeldoeshappentobeamongthattinyminority,saysBostock,it's“prettyirresponsible”tosuggestthat20-hourdaysaresimplyaquestionofdisciplinefortherestofus.WhatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutGlamourmagazineTheyareintriguedbytheexoticromanceinDanielleSteel'sTheyareamazedbythenumberofbookswrittenbyDanielleTheyaredeeplyimpressedbyDanielleSteel'sdailyworkTheyarehighlymotivatedbyDanielleSteel’sunusualWhatdidthebusinessnewswebsiteQuartzsayaboutDanielleShecouldserveasanexampleofSheprovedwecouldliberateourselvesfromShecouldbeaninspirationtonovelistsallovertheSheshowedwecouldgetallourworkdonewithoutWhatdoscepticsthinkofDanielleSteel'sworkscheduleTheyareTheyare TheyareTheyareWhatdoesnneTaylorthinkofself-imposedItmayturnouttobekeytoasuccessfulItmaybepracticedonlybycertaintechItmaysymboliseone'simportanceandItmaywellserveasameasureofself-HowdoesDr.SophieBostocklookatthe20-hourdailyworkOneshouldnotadoptitwithoutconsultingasleepThegeneralpublicshouldnotbeencouragedtofollowOnemustbedulyself-disciplinedtoadheretoThemajoritymustadjusttheirbodyclockforPassageQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingOrganicagricultureisarelativelyuntappedresourceforfeedingtheEarth'spopulation,especiallyinthefaceofclimatechangeandotherglobalchallenges.That'stheconclusionIreachedinreviewing40yearsofsciencecomparingthelong-termprospectsoforganicandconventionalfarming.Thereviewstudy,“OrganicAgricultureinthe21stCentury,”isfeaturedasthecoverstoryfortheFebruaryissueofthejournalNature nts.ItisthefirsttocompareorganicandconventionalagricultureacrossthemaingoalsofsustainabilityidentifiedbytheNationalAcademyofSciences:productivity,economics,andCriticshavelongarguedthatorganicagricultureisinefficient,requiringmorelandtoyieldthesameamountoffood.It'struethatorganicfarmingproducesloweryields,averaging10to20percentlessthanconventional.Advocatescontendthattheenvironmentaladvantagesoforganicagriculturefaroutweightheloweryields,andthatincreasingresearchandbreedingresourcesfororganicsystemswouldreducetheyieldgap.Sometimesexcludedfromtheseargumentsisthefactthatwealreadyproduceenoughfoodtomorethanfeedtheworld's7.4billionpeoplebutdonotprovideadequateaccesstoallindividuals.Insomecases,organicyieldscanbehigherthanconventional.Forexample,inseveredroughtconditions,whichareexpectedtoincreasewithclimatechangeinmanyareas,organicfarmscanproduceasgood,ifnotbetter,yieldsbecauseofthehigherwater-holdingcapacityoforganicallyfarmedsoils.Whatsciencedoeslusisthatmainstreamconventionalfarmingsystemshaveprovidedgrowingsoffoodandotherproductsbutoftenattheexpenseofothersustainabilitygoals.Conventionalagriculturemayproducemorefood,butitoftencomesatacosttotheenvironment.Biodiversityloss,environmentaldegradation,andsevereimpactsonecosystemserviceshavenotonly paniedconventionalfarmingsystemsbuthaveoftenextendedwellbeyondtheirfieldboundaries.Withorganicagriculture,environmentalcoststendtobelowerandthebenefitsgreater.Overall,organicfarmstendtostoremoresoilcarbon,havebettersoilquality,andreducesoilerosioncomparedtotheirconventionalcounterparts.OrganicagriculturealsocreateslesssoilandwaterpollutionandlowerOrganicagricultureisalsoassociatedwithgreaterbiodiversityofnts,animals,insectsandmicroorganismsaswellasgeneticdiversity.Biodiversityincreasestheservicesthatnatureprovidesandimprovestheabilityoffarmingsystemstoadapttochangingconditions.Despiteloweryields,organicagricultureismoreprofitableforfarmersbecauseconsumersarewillingtopaymore.Higherprices,calledpricepremiums,canbejustifiedasawaytocompensatefarmersforprovidingecosystemservicesandavoidingenvironmentaldamageorexternalcosts.Whatdowelearnfromtheconclusionoftheauthor'sreviewMoreresourcesshouldbetappedforfeedingtheworld'sOrganicfarmingmaybeexploitedtosolvetheglobalfoodThelong-termprospectsoforganicfarmingareyettobeOrganicfarmingisatleastaspromisingasconventionalWhatisthecritics'argumentagainstorganicItcannotmeettheneedforItcannotincreasefarmItisnotreallyItisnotthatWhatdoestheauthorthinkshouldbetakenintoaccountinarguingaboutorganicGrowthinworldDeteriorationinsoilInequalityinfoodAdvanceinfarmingWhatdoessciencelusaboutconventionalItwillnotbeabletomeetglobalfoodItisnotconducivetosustainableItwilleventuallygiveawaytoorganicItisgoingmainstreamthroughouttheWhydoestheauthorthinkhigherpricesoforganicfarmproduceareTheygivefarmersgoingorganicabigcompetitiveTheymotivatefarmerstoupgradefarmingOrganicfarmingcostsmorethanc