河海大学水文专业水文测验课程设计陈建军小组报告

长江奉节站1975年

水文数据处理报告

班级：2008级水文水资源工程1班

指导老师：谢悦波

负责人：陈建军

小组成员：0801010102傅航0801010103刘彤

0801010104潘垣臻0801010106束慧连

0801010107龚晓璐0801010108周密

0801010114李浩0801010115陈建军

0801010116廖敏杰0801010117安冬

0801010118徐琨0801010119高鹏

0801010121冯祥进0801010122王超

0801010123柯军0801010124焦伟杰

水文水资源学院

2011-7-7

目录

1.摘要.............................................1

2.前言.............................................2

3.测站概况.........................................3

4.测站特性分析....................................3

5.处理方法说明....................................3

(1)连时序法....................................4

(2)单一线法....................................6

(3)水力因素法..................................14

(4)方法比较....................................22

6.结论...............................................22

7悬移质泥沙定线..................................23

8.参考文献...........................................24

9.附录...............................................24

10.心得体会...........................................102

摘要

本次课程设计主要是运用连时序法和水力因素法（包括校正因素法、本站水

位后移法、落差指数法以及定落差法）对长江奉节站1975年数据资料进行整编，

同时进行悬移质泥沙定线分析。主要成果包括：在不同方法下的定线、推流以及

误差分析比较结果；单沙断沙关系图；小组成员心得体会。

Summary

Thiscurriculumdesignedforhydrometrymainlyconcentrates

onusingchronologicalmethodandhydraulicfactormethod

whichincludesadjustingfactorsandcharacteristicriverlength

methodandfallpowermethodandfixedfallmethodto

reorganizethedatafor1975ofFengjiestationwhichlocateson

ChangjiangRiver,alsowewilldealwiththedataforsuspended

loadtodecidetherelationUne.Themainachievementsinclude

theprojecttodecidetherelationUneandgettingthedisacharge

andtheanalysisandcomparisionoftheerrorunderdifferent

method.A/sowecangettherelationshipbetweentheaveragesi/t

contentonthecrosssectionandthesiltcontentofaunitof

volume.Ofcourseyoucanseethefeelingsofthemembersofour

team!

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水文测验课程设计报告

刖5

作为水文专业的核心课程之一，水文测验学经过了漫长的发展，时至今日，

累计了大量的水文数据处理的经验和方法。如何让学生学会并能够灵活运用这些

经验和方法就显得尤其重要，而水文测验学课程设计正好搭建了这样一个平台，

让大家都能够近距离去感受、去学会这些方法。

本次水文测验课程设计主要是通过不同方法对长江奉节站1975年相关的数

据进行整编，使得同学们全面的掌握水文数据处理方法，在此基础上学会水文资

料整编方法，同时加深对课程内容的理解与认识。

整个整编过程围绕连时序法、本站水位后移法等5种方法展开。其中连时序

法由龚晓璐、周密、束慧连、陈建军、廖敏杰、高鹏、冯祥进负责，本站水位后

移法由傅航、潘垣臻、李浩、陈建军、冯祥进、徐琨、高鹏负责，校正因素法由

龚晓璐、周密、束慧连、安东、廖敏杰、冯祥进、高鹏负责，落差指数法由刘彤、

束慧连、安冬、王超、柯军、焦伟杰负责，定落差法由傅航、潘垣臻、刘彤、安

冬、徐琨、柯军、焦伟杰负责，最后由陈建军统稿。在这里要特别感谢王超同学

为定落差法和落差指数法的计算做出了很大的贡献。谢悦波教授在各种方法上给

予了大量的讲解与介绍，使得本次课设能够顺利进行，在此表示感谢！

由于时间仓促，水平有限，整编中难免有不妥之处，欢迎批评指出。

陈建军

2011-7-7于南京

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水文测验课程设计报告

一、测站概况

测站基本水尺断面位于左岸，河床左岸下部为砾石、卵石组成，中上部为泥

沙，冲於变化较大。右岸耕地为沙土，下游约2km左岸有梅溪河汇入，河口形

成卵石夹沙的磺坝流突出江心，低水江面收缩，水流湍急。再下游4km为瞿塘

峡峡口，高水时起束水作用，使得水流平稳，流量段位于基本断面上游4km的

两弯道之间顺直河段内，河床右岸系乱石和卵石构成，左岸为卵石夹沙及沙砾，

断面为复式河床，深槽偏右，断面位于秤杆硬末端，上游700m有马福滩，朱四

滩，再上游2000m有二道河从左岸汇入。

二、测站特性分析

图1奉节站1975年水位流量关系

上图反映的是本站1975年水位流量关系，由图中的关系曲线可以看出，

该测站水位流量关系呈典型的绳套关系，由此可以推断奉节站受洪水涨落影

响明显。另外，由测站概况的分析可以知道，奉节站上下游都分别有河段汇

入，也就是说该站还有可能会受到回水变动的影响。

三、处理方法说明

由图1按照时序将长江奉节站1975年资料点绘出的水位流量关系可以看出

该站受洪水涨落影响，水位流量关系呈典型的复式绳套关系，由于复式绳套过多，

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在数据处理过程当中，我们按照测点顺序将其划分成了九个部分，即测点1-29、

测点30-35、测点36-42、测点43-53、测点54-58、测点58-67、测点68-78、测

点79-89、测点90-95（分别见《长江奉节站1975年数据处理图册》图1-1〜图1-8,

图1-23）,其中第一部分和第九部分（即低水和高水部分）分别呈单一线关系，

故运用单一曲线方法进行数据处理，而中间部分均呈单一绳套或者复式绳套关

系，分别利用了校正因素法、本站水位后移法、落差指数法、定落差法进行数据

处理。

1.连时序法流量资料整编说明

（1）连时序法处理同样是按照上述划分方式将整个时间段划分成为了九个计

算时段，即4月16日〜6月13日、6月14日〜6月23日、6月24日〜7月

4日、7月5日〜7月28日、7月29日〜8月7日、8月8日〜8月30日、9

月1日〜9月29日、9月29日〜10月23日，这样下来，只需要参考《长

江奉节站1975年数据处理图册》中的图1-1〜图1-8中的水位流量关系曲

线即可进行连时序推流。

（2）各段连时序中方法论证：对于没有实测流量数据的峰、谷或者实测流量数

据很少难以控制流量的变化过程的水位过程连线，一般可以同时参考水位

过程线，通过水位过程线的走向来判断水位流量关系的变化趋势，这样在

很大程度上能够弥补资料不足带来的缺陷，减小误差。

（3）难点论证和对实测点的质疑：从《长江奉节站1975年数据处理图册》图

1-26水位流量关系线，可以看到首先一个难点就是高水部分实测点资料明

显偏少，难以准确把握水位流量关系线的走向，故可能会带来比较大的误

差。还一个质疑就是对于在8月10日2点水位是94.75m,到了14点突然

降到91.81m,然后91.80m、91.79m、91.79m,91.92m,然后又突然变化到

95.29m,该点在水位过程线当中明显成一个突变点，所以当时我们就对该

点水位提出了质疑，结合流量变化我们可以看到94.75m对应的流量是

20800m3/s,然后流量缓慢上升并稳定下来，水位急剧下降而流量却缓慢上

升，这明显不合常理，由此我们推断14点水位应该是94.80m,接下来的四

个时刻水位均应该高于94m,这样改正以后正好符合常理。造成这种情况

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水文测验课程设计报告

的原因•个可能是刊印错误，还一个可能是测量时错误。

（4）与刊印值比较：连时序处理该站得到年流量统计表如下表1,进一步进行

径流量比较可以得到表2,由表2的统计结果显示，5月、6月、7月以及

8月、9月的径流量相对误差都控制的比较好，尤其是6月与8月，误差

都达到或者接近于（LOO%,再看整个计算时段内总径流量的相对误差绝对

值能够控制在0.58%,再结合附录中的连时序法瞬时流量与日平均流量计

算精度比较可以看出，连时序法用于处理长江奉节站精度很高。

表1连时一序法年流量统可卜表（流量单位k/s）

日'月份123456789101112

1113001820024900276001330026200

2106001620023100278001320030400

3106001360022800269001440038400

4105001320022500247001530044400

5104001280023700226001650042700

6106001280025000213001650039100

7116001430031700202002180033300

8127001380034700207003170027100

9117001430030200204003030022800

10112001760028900208003160020600

11102001910032400211003110020000

1291002200034500242002560019400

1392501950036500327002260019000

1196601580032300368002160019500

1599701440027800341002220020400

164400118001610024000313502330021200

175050135002350021100285002360021600

186120136002770019600238002300021200

197600132002510018800197002210019600

208720144002280017900168002460017900

218800150002010017100147002610016300

227890145001760016900136502620015200

237500138001500018000130002750014200

247230121001320019100123002740013300

256790112001360019300120502420012700

266300107002450019300120002200012500

2770401180031600189001180020900

2888401380033900186001195020000

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水文测验课程设计报告

29121001510032700267001265019100

30125001790028400319001350021700

31189002960013600

平均1230019400248002080022600

最大1890027700365003680031600

日期3118131410

最小910012800171001180013200

日期12521272

最大流量月日最小流量月日平均流量

年统计径流量亿m3径流模数径流深

附注空白处表示缺乏资料

计算：傅航时间：6-30校核：傅航时间：6-30复核：傅航时间：6-30

表2连时序法径济匕量精度比较（V卜算时段为4.16-10.26）

时间5月6月7月8月9月计算时段总径流

刊印值（亿立方）333.7504.1641.1558.7598.23285

计算值（亿立方）328.9504.1663.3555.85873266

相对误差-1.44%0.00%3.46%-0.52%-1.87%-0.58%

计算：陈建军时间：7-1校核：陈建军时间：7T复核：陈建军时间：7-1

（5）存在问题：连时序法要求实测资料一定要充分准确，就比如说如果水位流

量关系资料不够，就很难准确把握水位流量线的走势，即使可以参考水位

过程线，可如果水位过程线的资料匮乏那也难以准确把握，这样下来，误

差难免会比较大。还有一些问题，比如说，在实测点1-29点里面，整体

上来看的确是呈一个单一线，但是仔细看，里面还是存在小绳套的，只不

过绳套跟整个单一线相比比较小，故忽略不计，但是这样还是会带来很大

的误差。

2.单一线法数据处理说明

（1）选择依据：

由该站水位流量关系曲线可以看到该站1-29实测点（4月16日〜6月13日

即《长江奉节站1975年数据处理图册》中的图1-1）以及90-95实测点（9月29

日〜10月23日即《长江奉节站1975年数据处理图册》中的图1-23）过程线均呈

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单一线关系，故可以考虑将两段分别以单i线法进行数据处理，在进行定线检验

后，做出流率表，分别如下表3、表4。

表3长江奉节站1975年4月16日〜6月13日流率表

水位0123456789

76.03270328032903300331033203320333033403350

76.13360337033803390340034003410342034303440

76.23450346034703480349035003500351035203530

76.33540355035603570358035803590360036103620

76.43640365036603670368036803690370037103720

76.53730374037503760377037803780379038003810

76.63820383038403850386038603870388038903900

76.73920393039403950396039603970398039904000

76.84010402040304040405040604060407040804090

76.94100411041204130414041404150416041704180

77.04200421042204230424042404250426042704280

77.14290430043104320433043404340435043604370

77.24380439044004410442044204430444044504460

77.34480449045004510452045204530454045504560

77.44570458045904600461046204620463046404650

77.54660467046804690470047004710472047304740

77.64760477047804790480048004810482048304840

77.74850486048704880489049004900491049204930

77.84950496049704980499050005000501050205030

77.95040505050605070508050805090510051105120

78.05130514051505160517051805180519052005210

78.15230524052505260527052805280529053005310

78.25320533053405350536053605370538053905400

78.35410542054305440545054605460547054805490

78.45510552055305540555055605560557055805590

78.55600561056205630564056405650566056705680

78.65690570057105720573057405740575057605770

78.75790580058105820583058405840585058605870

78.85880589059005910592059205930594059505960

78.95970598059906000601060206020603060406050

79.06060607060806090610061006110612061306140

79.16160617061806190620062006210622062306240

79.26250626062706280629063006300631063206330

79.36340635063606370638063806390640064106420

79.46440645064606470648064806490650065106520

79.56530654065506560657065806580659066006610

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79.66620663066406650666066606670668066906700

79.76720673067406750676067606770678067906800

79.86810682068306840685068606860687068806890

79.96900691069206930694069406950696069706980

80.07000701070207030704070407050706070707080

80.17090710071107120713071407140715071607170

80.27180719072007210722072207230724072507260

80.37280729073007310732073207330734073507360

80.47370738073907400741071207120743071107450

80.57460747074807490750075007510752075307540

80.67560757075807590760076007610762076307640

80.77650766076707680769077007700771077207730

80.87740775077607770778077807790780078107820

80.97840785078607870788078807890790079107920

81.07930794079507960797079807980799080008010

81.18020803080408050806080608070808080908100

81.28120813081408150816081608170818081908200

81.38210822082308240825082608260827082808290

81.48300831083208330834083408350836083708380

81.58400841084208430844084408450846084708480

81.68490850085108520853085408540855085608570

81.78580859086008610862086208630864086508660

81.88680869087008710872087208730874087508760

81.98770878087908800881088208820883088408850

82.08860887088808890890089008910892089308940

82.18950896089708980899090009000901090209030

82.29050906090709080909091009100911091209130

82.39140915091609170918091809190920092109220

82.49230924092509260927092809280929093009310

82.59330934093509360937093809380939094009410

82.69420943094409450946094609470948094909500

82.79510952095309540955095609560957095809590

82.89600961096209630964096509660967096809690

82.99700971097209730974097509760977097809790

83.09800981098209830984098509860987098809890

83.19880989099009910992099309940995099609970

83.2998099901000010000100001000010000100001010010100

83.310100101001010010100101001020010200102001020010200

83.410200102001020010200102001020010300103001030010300

83.510300103001030010300103001040010400104001040010400

83.610400104001040010400104001040010500105001050010500

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83.710400104001040010400104001040010500105001050010500

83.810500105001050010500105001060010600106001060010600

83.910600106001060010600106001060010700107001070010700

84.010700107001070010700107001080010800108001080010800

84.110800108001080010800108001080010900109001090010900

84.210900109001090010900109001100011000110001100011000

84.311000110001100011000110001100011100111001110011100

84.411100111001110011100111001120011200112001120011200

84.511200112001120011200112001120011300113001130011300

84.611300113001130011300113001140011400114001140011400

84.711400114001140011400114001140011500115001150011500

84.811500115001150011500115001160011600116001160011600

84.911600116001160011600116001160011700117001170011700

85.011700117001170011700117001180011800118001180011800

85.111800118001180011800118001180011900119001190011900

85.211900119001190011900119001200012000120001200012000

85.312000120001200012000120001200012100121001210012100

85.412000120001200012000120001200012100121001210012100

85.512100121001210012100121001220012200122001220012200

85.612200122001220012200122001220012300123001230012300

85.712300123001230012300123001240012400124001240012400

85.812400124001240012400124001240012500125001250012500

85.912500125001250012500125001260012600126001260012600

86.012600126001260012600126001260012700127001270012700

86.112700127001270012700127001280012800128001280012800

86.212800128001280012800128001280012900129001290012900

86.312900129001290012900129001300013000130001300013000

86.413000130001300013000130001300013100131001310013100

86.513000130001300013000130001300013100131001310013100

86.613100131001310013100131001320013200132001320013200

86.713200132001320013200132001320013300133001330013300

86.813300133001330013300133001340013400134001340013400

86.913400134001340013400134001340013500135001350013500

87.013500135001350013500135001360013600136001360013600

87.113600136001360013600136001360013700137001370013700

87.213700137001370013700137001380013800138001380013800

87.313800138001380013800138001380013900139001390013900

87.413900139001390013900139001400014000140001400014000

87.514000140001400014000140001400014100141001410014100

87.614100141001410014100141001420014200142001420014200

87.714200142001420014200142001420014300143001430014300

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87.814200142001420014200142001420014300143001430014300

87.914300143001430014300143001440014400144001440014400

88.014400144001440014400144001440014500145001450014500

88.114500145001450014500145001460014600146001460014600

88.214600146001460014600146001460014700147001470014700

88.314700147001470014700147001480014800148001480014800

88.414800148001480014800148001480014900149001490014900

88.514900149001490014900149001500015000150001500015000

88.615000150001500015000150001500015100151001510015100

88.715100151001510015100151001520015200152001520015200

88.815200152001520015200152001520015300153001530015300

88.915300153001530015300153001540015400154001540015400

89.015400154001540015400154001540015500155001550015500

89.115500155001550015500155001560015600156001560015600

89.215500155001550015500155001560015600156001560015600

89.315600156001560015600156001560015700157001570015700

89.415700157001570015700157001580015800158001580015800

89.515800158001580015800158001580015900159001590015900

89.615900159001590015900159001600016000160001600016000

89.716000160001600016000160001600016100161001610016100

89.816100161001610016100161001620016200162001620016200

89.916200162001620016200162001620016300163001630016300

90.016300163001630016300163001640016400164001640016400

90.116400164001640016400164001640016500165001650016500

90.216500165001650016500165001660016600166001660016600

90.316600166001660016600166001660016700167001670016700

90.416700167001670016700167001680016800168001680016800

90.516700167001670016700167001680016800168001680016800

90.616800168001680016800168001680016900169001690016900

90.716900169001690016900169001700017000170001700017000

90.817000170001700017000170001700017100171001710017100

90.917100171001710017100171001720017200172001720017200

91.017200172001720017200172001720017300173001730017300

91.117300173001730017300173001740017400174001740017400

91.217400174001740017400174001740017500175001750017500

91.317500175001750017500175001760017600176001760017600

91.417600176001760017600176001760017700177001770017700

91.517700177001770017700177001780017800178001780017800

91.617800178001780017800178001780017900179001790017900

91.717900179001790017900179001800018000180001800018000

91.818000180001800018000180001800018100181001810018100

10

2011-7-7

水文测验课程设计报告

91.918000180001800018000180001800018100181001810018100

92.018100181001810018100181001820018200182001820018200

92.118200182001820018200182001820018300183001830018300

92.218300183001830018300183001840018400184001840018400

92.318400184001840018400184001840018500185001850018500

92.418500185001850018500185001860018600186001860018600

92.518600186001860018600186001860018700187001870018700

92.618700187001870018700187001880018800188001880018800

92.718800188001880018800188001880018900189001890018900

92.818900189001890018900189001900019000190001900019000

92.919000190001900019000190001900019100191001910019100

93.019100191001910019100191001920019200192001920019200

93.119200192001920019200192001920019300193001930019300

93.219200192001920019200192001920019300193001930019300

93.319300193001930019300193001940019400194001940019400

93.419400194001940019400194001940019500195001950019500

93.519500195001950019500195001960019600196001960019600

93.619600196001960019600196001960019700197001970019700

93.719700197001970019700197001980019800198001980019800

93.819800198001980019800198001980019900199001990019900

93.919900199001990019900199002000020000200002000020000

94.020000200002000020000200002000020100201002010020100

94.120100201002010020100201002020020200202002020020200

94.220200202002020020200202002020020300203002030020300

94.320300203002030020300203002040020400204002040020400

94.420400204002040020400204002040020500205002050020500

94.520500205002050020500205002060020600206002060020600

94.620600206002060020600206002060020700207002070020700

94.720700207002070020700207002080020800208002080020800

94.820800208002080020800208002080020900209002090020900

94.920900209002090020900209002100021000210002100021000

95.021000210002100021000210002100021100211002110021100

计算：潘垣臻时「间：6-26校核：潘垣臻时间：6-26复核：潘垣臻时间：6-26

T表4长江奉节站9月29日〜10月23日流率表

0123456789

78.

5480549054905500550055105520552055305530

4

11

2011-7-7

水文测验课程设计报告

78.

5540555055505560556055705580558955905600

5

78.

5600561056105620562056305640564056505650

6

78.

5660567056705680568056905700570057105710

7

78.

5720573057305740575057605760577057805780

8

78.