2022年吉林省四平市大学英语6级大学英语六级测试卷(含答案)

2022年吉林省四平市大学英语6级大学英语六级测试卷(含答案)学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.

Accordingto"cost-per-wear"rule,thereasonablepriceofclothingshouldbeunder______ifyouwearit10timesinayear.

2.

Duringthebloodtest,ifapatientissuspiciousofsomeinfection,hisbloodwillbeputinthe______.

3.

IfGoogleassuresprivacybydestroyinguserdata,thiswouldnegativelyinfluenceits______.

4.

Populationgrowthisthesolefactorthathaswidenedthegapbetweendevelopinganddevelopedcountries.

A.YB.NC.NG

5.

Typically,apidginlanguagederivesmostofitsvocabularyfrom______.

6.Airconditioning,especiallyheatinginwintercouldreallymakeusgainweight.

7.

Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatwemayhave______toworkonthebigprojectweareundertakingifsomeoneelsegetstheknowledgeaboutwhatweredoing.

8.

Thebasicprinciplesappliedtonatural-gasvehiclesarequitedifferentfromthoseappliedtogasoline-poweredvehicles.

A.YB.NC.NG

9.

ThegeneralviewofEuropeislikelytochangefromcultivatedfarm-landtogrowingshrubsandforestswithspecies-poorwildlifesuchaswildcats,bears,deerandwolves.

A.YB.NC.NG

10.

DuringChristmasof1963______wascomingintoMiamiforalanding.

11.Incaseoftheblack/whitetrickinadvertising,manypeoplewouldbuytheproductforitsgoodquality.

12.

Thosepeopleandcountrieswhicharerestrictingandopposedtogeneticallymodifiedplantsworryabout______.

13.

ItwasreportedthatSudanesePresidentOmarA1-BashirrequestedthattheSudaneseprisonersheldatGuantanamoBaybe______.

14.

Takingenoughcaffeinecanhelptorelievethepainwhenyouaresufferingamigraineheadache.

A.YB.NC.NG

15.Ajoint-stockcorporationallowspeopleto______.

A.dividethecorporation'sproperty

B.holdsharesofthecorporation

C.returntheirpercentagebacktothecorporation

D.dividetheirinitialinvestmentstoacorporation

16.

Whatwillhappentoaperson'shealthinsuranceafteranearlyretirement?

A.Hewilllosealltheprotectionagainstmedicalproblem.

B.Hewillbecoveredbythesamepolicyforacertaintime.

C.Hedoesn'thavetopayforthehealthinsuranceanylonger.

D.Heonlyhastopaypartofhismonthlyinsurancepremium.

17.

Beforesheswitchedfields,Freeland'sformerresearchdirectionwas______.

18.

Mr.Anglesaysaheterogeneousswarmofrobotswilltakecareofthehouseinsteadof______.

19.

SellersmaycontacteBayandapplyforanUnpaidItemdisputeagainst______.

20.ObesityEpidemic

Askanyonewhythereisanobesityepidemicandtheywillsaythatit'salldowntoeatingtoomuchandburningtoofewcalories.Thatisundoubtedlytrue.Butit'salsotruethatweliveinan"obesogenic(肥胖基因的)environment":calorificfoodisplentifulandcheapandourlifestylesareincreasinglysedentary.

Now,obesityresearchersareincreasinglydissatisfiedwithsuchexplanations.Theybelievethatsomethingelsemusthavechangedinourenvironmenttocausesuchdramaticrisesinobesityoverthepast40yearsorso.Nobodyissayingthatthe"bigtwo"--reducedphysicalactivityandincreasedavailabilityoffood--arenotimportantcontributorstotheepidemic.Buttheycannotexplainitall.

Earlierthisyearareviewpaperby20obesityexpertssetoutthe9mostplausiblealternativeexplanationsfortheepidemic.Heretheyare.

NotEnoughSleep

Itiswidelybelievedthatsleepisforthebrain,notthebody.Couldashortageofshut-eyealsobehelpingtomakeusfat?

Severallargeepidemiologicalstudiessuggesttheremaybealink.Peoplewhosleeplessthan7hoursanighttendtohaveahigherbodymassindex(BMI)thanpeoplewhosleepmore,accordingtodatagatheredbytheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey.Similarly,theUSNursesHealthStudyfoundthatthosewhosleptanaverageof5hoursanightgainedmoreweightduringthestudyperiodthanthosewhoslept6hours,whointurngainedmorethanthosewhoslept7.

It'swellknownthatobesityimpairssleep,soperhapspeoplegetfatfirstandsleeplessafterwards.Butthenurses'studysuggeststhatitcanworkintheotherdirectiontoo:sleeplossmaycauseweightgain.Onefactorthatcouldbeatworkhereisthewaysleepdeprivationaltersmetabolism(新陈代谢).Leptin,thehormonethatsignalssatiety(过饱),fallswhileghrelin,whichsignalshunger,rises--andthisboostsappetite.

ClimateControl

Wehumans,likeallwarm-bloodedanimals,cankeepourcorebodytemperaturesprettymuchconstantregardlessofwhat'sgoingonintheworldaroundus.Wedothisbyalteringourmetabolicrate,shiveringorsweating.Keepingwarmandstayingcooltakeenergy.

There'snodenyingthatsurroundingtemperatureshavechangedinthepastfewdecades.IntheUS,thechangeshavebeenattheotherendofthethermometerastheproportionofhomeswithairconditioningrosefrom23to47percentbetween1978and1997.Inthesouthernstates--whereobesityratestendtobehighest--thenumberofhouseswithairconhasshotupto70percentfrom37percentin1978.

Couldairconditioninginsummerandheatinginwinterreallymakeadifferencetoourweight?Sadly,thereissomeevidencethatitdoes--atleastwithregardtoheating.

LessSmoking

Badnews:smokersreallydotendtobethinnerthantherestofus,andquittingreallydoespackonthepounds,thoughnooneissurewhy.Itprobablyhassomethingtodowiththefactthatnicotineisanappetitesuppressantandappearstoupyourmetabolicrate.

KatherineFlegalandcolleaguesattheUSNationalCenterforHealthStatisticsinHyattsville,Maryland,havecalculatedthatpeoplekickingthehabithavebeenresponsibleforasmallbutsignificantportionoftheUSepidemicoffatness.Fromdatacollectedaround1991bytheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey,theyworkedoutthatpeoplewhohadquitinthepreviousdecadewere-muchmorelikelytobeoverweightthansmokersandpeoplewhohadneversmoked.Amongmen,forexample,nearlyhalfofquitterswereOverweightcomparedwith37percentofnonsmokersandonly28percentofsmokers.

PrenatalEffects

Yourchancesofbecomingfatmaybeset,atleastinpart,beforeyouareevenborn.Childrenof

A.YB.NC.NG

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.(36)

A.Amusiccritic.

B.Afamousplayer.

C.Amusichistorian.

D.Acomposer.

22.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Inthepasthundredyearsamillionpeoplehavediedinearthquakes,anothermillionhavebeenkilledby【B1】______andtornadoesand9millionhavelosttheirlivesinfloods.Inadditiontothismanymillionsmorehavediedasaresultoffamineanddisease.Weshouldalsonotforgetinmanyoftheworld'scountries【B2】______,chronicwatershortage,isafactoflife,especiallyintheAfricanSahelregion【B3】______theSaharadesert.

Scientistsandengineersaroundtheworldhavemadegreatadvancesinearthquakeengineering.Itis,ofcourse,【B4】______physicallytomovecitiessuchasTokyoandSanFranciscothathavebeenbuiltinearthquake【B5】______.Butmostoftenitisnottheearthquakethat【B6】______people,itisthe【B7】______buildings,bridgesandotherstructuresthatcausedeaths,andthe【B8】______ofthathappeningcanbegreatlyreducedbybetterbuildingprograms.

【B9】______.【B10】______wehavecatapulted(弹射)hundredsofspeciesofplantsandanimalsintoextinction,atthesametimepossiblywreckingourownlong-termprospectsforsurvival.【B11】______.

【B1】

23.(28)

A.Peoplewithoutexposuretosunlight.

B.WealthypeopleinEuropecenturiesago.

C.WorkersduringtheIndustrialRevolution.

D.WealthypeopleduringtheIndustrialRevolution.

24.听力原文：M：I'msorrybutnowthereisnotableavailableinnon-smokingsection．ButIcanarrangeyouatableinothersections．

W：Thankyou．butI'mverysensitivetosmoking，soforthesakeofmyhealth，IthinkI'dratherwait．

Q：Whatcanweinferaboutthewoman?

(17)

A.Sheisinnohurry.

B.Shecanaffordmoremoney.

C.Sheisexpectingsomebodyelse.

D.Sheishealth-conscious.

25.

【B7】

26.(29)

A.Theygotoaregularschool.

B.Theyattendaspecialschool.

C.Theyaretaughtbytheirparents.

D.Theyhaveaprivatetutor.

27.(38)

28.听力原文：W:Well,didyougettofindoutabouttiletrains?

M:Yes,I'vegottheleafletshere.Andyougotthecoaches,didyou?

W:Yes,look,I'vejustworkeditout.

M:Well,that'sOK.Therearetrainsallday,accordingtothis.Here,there'soneleavingKingCrossat8:00inthemorning.

W:(22)Oh,goodnessno.Thatwouldmeangettingupat6:00.Countmeoutforthatone,when'sthenext?

M:10o'clock.LeavesKingsCrossat10o'clock,getsintoAberdeenat17:21.Notbad.Sevenhoursandabitontheway.It's530miles,afterall.

W:Isupposeit'sveryexpensive,isn'tit?

M:No,(23)whataboutgoingbyplane?

W:YouknowhowIfeelaboutflying.

M:Whataboutthecoaches?(24)Butcanyouimaginebeingstuckinabusfortwelvehours?Atleastonthetrainyoucangetupandwalkaboutabit,youknow,stretchyourlegs.

W:Allright,then,youdobetter.Findmeanicecheapnighttrain.

M:That'sthetrouble.Therearen'tanycheapticketsatnight.Itsayssoclearlyhere.Itsaysthecheapticketsarevalidonlyfortrainstimedtodepartbetween10o'clockinthemorningand2:00intheafternoon.Mum,hereitis,notvalidforsleepers.

W:(25)That'swhytheDay,Saversarecheap,yousee.Theywantpeopletotravelatunpopulartimes.

(23)

A.Onthetraintherewouldbenocheaptickets.

B.Thecompanyisnotpayingtheirtravelexpenses.

C.Theywouldhavetoleavehomeveryearlytocatchit.

D.Thattrainwouldn'tarriveinAberdeenuntil6:00.

29.听力原文：Theworld'sfirstcompletelyautomaticrailwayhasbeenbuiltunderthebusystreetsofLondon.TherailwayiscalledtheVictoriaLine,anditispartofthecompleteLondonundergroundrailway.ThenewVictoriaLinewasopenedin1969.Thisnewlinewasverydifferentfromtheothers.Thestationsontheotherlinesneedalotofworkerstoselltickets,andtocheckandtocollectthemwhenpeopleleavethetrains.

ThisisalldifferentontheVictoriaLine.Hereamachinechecksandcollectsthetickets,andtherearenoworkersontheplatforms.

Onthetrain,thereisonlyoneworker.Ifnecessary,thismancandrivethetrain.Butusuallyhejuststartsit;anditrunsandstopsbyitself.Thetrainsarecontrolledbyelectricalsignalswhicharesentbytheso-called"commandspots".

Thecommandspotsarethesamedistanceapart.Eachsendsacertainsignal.Thetrainalwaysmovesatthespeedthatthecommandspotsallow.Ifthecommandspotsendsnosignals,thetrainwillstop.Mostofthecontrolworkisdonebycomputers.Thecomputersalsofixthetrain'sspeeds,andsendthesignalstothecommandspots.Othermachinesmakesurethatthetrainsarealwaysasafedistanceapart.Onetrainmaystaytoolongatastation;theothertrainswillthenautomaticallymoveslower.Sothereisnodangerofaccidentsontheline.

(30)

A.Railwayworkers.B.Arobot.C.Acomputer.D.Amachine.

30.

【B3】

31.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

(12)

A.Hewenthikingnotlongago.

B.Hehasn'ttraveledaroundtheworldyet.

C.Hewillgowhenhehasfinisheddoingallhiswork.

D.Hedefinitelydoesnotwanttogo.

32.(42)

33.(32)

A.Itservedasafertilizerforcrops.

B.Itformedanewmountain.

C.Itstabilizedairtemperatures.

D.Itdestroyedvariousinsectpests.

34.听力原文：Youmaybeallthesethingsattheoffice,andmore.Butwhenitcomestogettingahead,expertssay,theABCsofbusinessshouldincludeaP,forpolities,asinofficepolities.

Hardworkalonedoesn'tensurecareeradvancement.Youhavetobeabletosellyourselfandyourideas,bothpubliclyandbehindthescenes.Yet,despitetheobviousrewardsofengaginginofficepolities—abetterjob,araise,praise—manypeoplearestillunableorunwillingto"playthegame."

Peopleassumethatofficepolitiesinvolvesometactfulbehaviors,butpolitiesderivefromtheword"polite".Itcanmeancommunicationandformingassociations.Itcanmeanbeingkindandhelpful,oreventryingtopleaseyoursuperior,andthenexpectingsomethinginreturn.

Infact,today,expertsdefineofficepolitiesasproperbehavior.usedtopursueone'sownself-interestintheworkplace.Inmanycases,thisinvolvessomeform.ofsocializingwithintheofficeenvironment—notjustinlargecompanies,butinsmallworkplacesaswell.

Thefirstthingpeopleareusuallyjudgedonistheirability,butiftwoorthreecandidatesareupforapromotion,eachofwhomhasreasonablysimilarability,amanagerisgoingtopromotethepersonheorshelikesbest.It'ssimplehumannature.Yet,psychologistssay,manyemployeesandemployershavetroublewiththeconceptofpolitiesintheoffice.Somepeople,theysay,haveanidealisticvisionofworkandwhatittakestosucceed.Stillothersassociatepolitieswithflattery,fearfulthat,iftheyspeakupforthemselves,theymayappeartobeflatteringtheirbossforfavors.Expertssuggestalteringthisnegativepicturebyrecognizingtheneedforsomeself-promotion.

(30)

A.Thepoliticalviewsandbeliefsofofficeworkers.

B.Theinterpersonalrelationshipswithinacompany.

C.Thevariousqualitiesrequiredforasuccessfulcareer.

D.Thecodeofbehavior.forcompanystaff.

35.(17)

A.Adrivingtest.

B.Atrafficaccident.

C.Apolicemovie.

D.Thebestwaytomakesignals.

36.(47)

37.(15)

A.Shewantstoliveinthesuburbs.

B.Sheisoffendedbyhernaughtychildren.

C.Shedisagreeswithfather.

D.Sheturnsadeafeartoherhusband'swords.

38.听力原文：Botany,thestudyofplants,occupiesapeculiarpositioninthehistoryofhumanknowledge.Formanythousandsofyearsitwastheonefieldofawarenessaboutwhichhumanshadanythingmorethanthevaguestofinsights.ItisimpossibletoknowtodayjustwhatourStoneAgeancestorsknewaboutplants,butfromwhatwecanobserveofpm-industrialsocietiesthatstillexist,adetailedlearningofplantsandtheirpropertiesmustbeextremelyancient.Thisislogical.

Plantsarethebasisofthefoodpyramidforalllivingthings,evenforotherplants.Theyhavealwaysbeenenormouslyimportanttothewelfareofpeople,notonlyforfood,butalsoforclothing,weapons,tools,dyes,medicines,shelter,andagreatmanyotherpurposes.TribeslivingtodayinthejunglesoftheAmazonrecognizeliterallyhundredsofplantsandknowmanypropertiesofeach.Tothem,botany,assuch,hasnonameandisprobably'notevenrecognizedasaspecialbranchof"knowledge"atall.

Unfortunately,themoreindustrializedwebecome,thefartherawaywemovefromdirectcontactwithplants,andthelessdistinctourknowledgeofbotanygrows.Yeteveryoneunconsciouslyhasanamazingamountofbotanicalknowledge,andfewpeoplewillfailtorecognizearose,anapple,oranorchid.OurNeolithicancestors,livingintheMiddleEastabout10,000yearsago,discoveredthatcertaingrassescouldbeharvestedandtheirseedsplantedforricheryieldsthenextseason.Thatwasthefirstgreatstepinanewassociationbetweenplantsandanimals.Grainswerediscoveredandfromthemflowedthemarvelofagriculture:cultivatedcrops.

(30)

A.Botanyisaveryancientlearning.

B.PeopleintheStoneAgeknewalotaboutplants.

C.PeopleintheStoneAgeknewlittleaboutplants.

D.Pre-industrialsocietieshavelittleinsightsaboutplants.

39.【B8】

40.(45)

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.

Howshouldbook-sellersdo?

A.Theyshouldbothsufferforalongtimeandsatisfycustomers'wishes.

B.Theyshouldbothendureandindulgeforalongtime.

C.Theyshouldbebothtenderandlenient.

D.Theyshouldbebothpatientandkind.

42.

Accordingtotheauthor,______.

A.driversshouldapplycourtesyproperly

B.stricttrafficregulationsarebadlyneeded

C.roadcourtesyshouldbevaluedinanycircumstance

D.driversshouldencourageoldladiestocrosstheroad

43.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

"Ifnotnow,when?"theJewishsageHillelfamouslyasked,andwith"ASeriousMan"theCoenbrothershaveanswered.Writer-directorsJoelandEthanhaveseizedtheopportunityaffordedbytheOscar-winningsuccessof"NoCountryforOldMen,"tomaketheirmostpersonal,mostintenselyJewishfilm,apitch-perfectcomedyofdespairthat,againstsomeodds,turnsouttobeoneoftheirmostuniversalaswell.

Setinaveryspecifictimeandplace—theJewishcommunityinsuburbanMinneapoliscirca1967—thatcloselyechoestheCoens'ownbackground,"ASeriousMan"isamemorypiecere-imaginedthroughthedarkestpossiblelens.YetthemorethemanofthetitlesuffersthetormentsofJob,themorehetriestodealwiththeunknowabilityoftheusualwillfullyabsurdanddecidedlyhostileCoenuniverse,themorewe'reencouragedtowonderifthisisn'tjustthetiniestbitfunny.Andthemorerealthepainbecomes,themore,inaquintessentiallyJewishway,laughterbecomesouronlyseriousoption.

TheseriousmaninquestionisLarryGopnik(Tony-nominatedactorMichaelStuhlbarg),auniversityprofessorwho'supfortenureinphysics.Marriedwithtwochildrenandthestandardsuburbanhouse,he'salwaystriedtoliveuptoexpectations,triedtobethebestpersonhecan,sohe'stotallyunpreparedwheneveryaspectofhislifebeginstocollapseinaslow-motionriot.

Ononelevel—actually,onmanylevels—"ASeriousMan"isnotexactlyahappystory,butoneofthethingsthatmakeitasinvolvingasitistheformidablefilmmakingskilltheCoenshavehonedinmorethan25yearsofcollaboration."ASeriousMan"isrifewithspecificJewishreferences,likethegreatcantorYosseleRosenblatt.

DoingtheirowneditingandworkingwithsuchregularsascinematographerRogerDeakins,costumedesignerMaryZophres,composerCarterBurwell,theCoenshavesoexactlymadethefilmtheyenvisionedthatitishardnottobedrawnin.Workinglargelywithunfamiliaractors,theirtrademarkblurringofthelinebetweenseriousandcomichasneverbeenasartfullydoneasitishere.

Yetit'simpossibletowatchLarryGopnik'stravails(辛劳)withoutfeelingthattheywillspeaktoeveryonewhohasbeenbattered(打击)andblindsidedbylife'stormentingcrisesandwonderswhy.Bybeingsosite-specific,theCoenshavebroadenedtheirreachandexpandedtheirtouch."I'vetriedtobeaseriousman.I'vetriedtodoright,"Gopniklamentsmorethanonce.Haven'tweall,thisunexpectedfilm,atoncecomicandhaunting,asks.Haven'tweall?

Fromthefirstparagraph,wecanlearnthat______.

A.CoenbrothershavesucceededinmakingoneofthemostuniversalJewishfilms

B.ASeriousMan'hasgainedthemostpopularityasexpected

C.ASeriousMan'hasbeenconsideredasanOscar-winningsuccess

D.Coenbrothershavecombinedcomedywithtragedyforhisfilm

44.

Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.Whentravelinginspace,spacecrafttakeindirectroutetoavoidgravityfromotherplanets.

B.Spaceengineersarenowdevelopingspaceelevators.

C.Itwilltakethecurrentspacecraftseveralhundredyearstotraveltoothersolarsystems.

D.Scientistsfromdifferentcountriesareworkingtogethertodevelopnewspacetechnologies.

45.

【C9】

46.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

I'vealwaysbeenanoptimistandIsupposethatisrootedinmybeliefthatthepowerofcreativityandintelligencecanmaketheworldabetterplace.

ForaslongasIcanremember,I'velovedlearningnewthingsandsolvingproblems.SowhenIsatdownatacomputerfortilefirsttimeinseventhgrade,Iwashooked.Itwasaclunkyoldteletypemachineanditcouldbarelydoanythingcomparedtothecomputerswehavetoday.Butitchangedmylife.

Computershavetransformedhowwelearn,givingkidseverywhereawindowintoalloftheworld'sknowledge.They'rehelpingusbuildcommunitiesaroundthethingswecareaboutandtostayclosetothepeoplewhoareimportanttous,nomatterwheretheyare.

LikemyfriendWarrenBuffett,IfeelparticularlyluckytodosomethingeverydaythatIlovetodo.Hecallsit"tap-dancingtowork."MyjobatMicrosoftisaschallengingasever,butwhatmakesme"tap-dancetowork"iswhenweshowpeoplesomethingnew,likeacomputerthatcanrecognizeyourhandwritingoryourspeech,oronethatcanstorealifetime'sworthofphotos,andtheysay,"Ididn'tknowyoucoulddothatwithaPC!"

ButforallthecoolthingsthatapersoncandowithaPC,therearelotsofotherwayswecanputourcreativityandintelligencetoworktoimproveourworld.Therearestillfartoomanypeopleintheworldwhosemostbasicneedsgounmet.Everyyear,forexample,millionsofpeoplediefromdiseasesthatareeasytopreventortreatinthedevelopedworld.

Ibelievethatmyowngoodfortunebringswithitaresponsibilitytogivebacktotheworld.Asafather,IbelievethatthedeathofachildinAfricaisnolesspoignantortragicthanthedeathofachildanywhereelse.Andthatitdoesn'ttakemuchtomakeanimmensedifferenceinthesechildren'slives.

I'mstillverymuchanoptimist,andIbelievethatprogressoneventheworld'stoughestproblemsispossibleandit'shappeningeveryday.We'reseeingnewdrugsfordeadlydiseases,newdiagnostictools,andnewattentionpaidtothehealthproblemsinthedevelopingworld.

I'mexcitedbythepossibilitiesIseeformedicine,foreducationand,ofcourse,fortechnology.AndIbelievethatthroughournaturalinventiveness,creativityandwillingnesstosolvetoughproblems,we'regoingtomakesomeamazingachievementsinalltheseareasinmylifetime.

Whatdoestheauthorthinkabouthisfirstcomputer?

A.Itwasoldbutinspirational.

B.Itwascuriousbutbeautiful.

C.Itwasthemostpracticaltoolhehadeverused.

D.Itwasthesourceofhisknowledgeandpower.

47.

Ofthefollowing,whichhasriotasyetstarted?

A.Financingtheventure.

B.Buildingalarge-scalerefinery.

C.Constructingafull-scaleminingship.

D.Developingmethodsofrefiningmanganese.

48.WhydoesBillRandelsaythatthefindingsaresurprising?

A.Thefindingsarecompletelyoppositetopreviousfindings.

B.Thefindingsarenotunderstandableatall.

C.Watervaporhasbothpositiveandnegativeeffects.

D.Theeffectofwatervaporissosignificant.

49.

Fromthelastparagraphweknowthat______.

A.forgetfulnessisaresponsetolearning

B.thememorystoragesystemisanexactlybalancedinput-outputsystem

C.memoryisacompensationforforgetting

D.thecapacityofamemorystoragesystemislimitedbecauseforgettingoccurs

50.Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics--thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.

Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperform.somekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsub-millimeteraccuracy--fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.

Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves--goalsthatposearealchallenge."Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,"saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,"wecan'tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense'toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld."

Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.

Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented--andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated--thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.