2011年高考英语阅读理解分类汇编之科普知识类(DOC)

PAGEPAGE62011年高考英语阅读理解分类汇编之科普知识类（2011·湖南卷）CArecentstudyofancientandmodernelephanthascomeupwiththeunexpectedconclusionthattheAfricanelephantisdividedintotwodistinct(不同的)speciesThediscoverywasmadebyresearchersatYorkandHarvardUniversitywhentheywereexamingthegeneticrelationshipbetweentheancientwoollymammothandmastodonmodernelephants—theAsianelepphant,Africanforestelephant,andAfricansavannaelephant.OncetheyobastainDNAsequences（序列）fromtwofossils（化石）,mammothsandmastodons,theteamcompartedthemwithDNAfrommodernelephants.TheyfoundtheiramazementthatmordernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasAsianelephantsandmammoths.ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephantandtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.ThedivergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofAsianelephantsandwoollymammoths.Thisresultamazedallthescientists.Therehaslongbeendebateinthescientificcommunitythatthetwomightbeseparatespecies,butthisisthemostconvincingscientificevidencesofarthattheyareindeeddifferentspecies.Previously,manynaturalistsbelievedthatAfricansavannaelephantsandAfricanforestelephantsweretwopopulationgsofthesamespecies,despitetheelephants’significantsizedifferences.Thesavannaelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof3.5metreswhiletheforestelephanthasanaverateshoulderdoubletheweightoftheforestelephant.Butthefactthattheylooksodifferrentdoesnotneccssarilymeantheyaredifferentspecies.HowevertheprooflayintheanalysisioftheDNA.AlfriedRoca,assitantprofessorintheDepartmentofAnimalSciencesattheUniversityofIllinois66.Oneofthefossilesstudiedbytheresearchersisthatof.A.theAsianelephantB.theforestelephantC.thesavannaelephantD.themaslodonelephant67.Theunderlinedword“divergence”inParagraph4means“.”A.evolutionB.exhibitionC.separationD.examination68.Theresearchers’conclusionwasbasedonastudyoftheAfricanelephant’s.A.DNAB.heightC.weightD.population69.WhatareAlfredRoca’swordsmainlyabout?A.TheconservationofAficanelephantB.ThepurposeofstudyingAficanelephantC.ThewaytodivideAficanelephantsintotwounitsD.TherensonforthedistinctionofAfricanelephants70.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttilleforthepassage?A.Naturalist’BeliefsaboutElephantsB.AmazingExperimentsaboutElephantsC.AnUnexpectedFindingahoutElephantsD.ALongScientififDebateaboutElephants【文章大意】本文为说明文。最近的一项研究表明非洲大象被分为两种截然不同的物种。66.D细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句OncetheyobtainedDNAsequences（序列）fromtwofossils(化石)，mammothsandmastodons……可知答案为D。67.C词义猜测题。前面一句讲到了这两种大象分离成不同的物种已有数百万年了，由此可判断divergence在此是“分离”之意。68.A细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的最后一句可知研究人员的结论是在检测非洲大象DNA的基础上得出来的。69.A推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知AlfredRoca的话主要讲的是对不同的非洲大象要分别采取不同的保护措施。70.C主旨大意题。根据本文的主题句（第一段）可知选C。（2011·江西卷）DWhyshouldmankindexplorespace?Whyshouldmoney,timeandeffortbespentexploringandresearchingsomethingwithsofewapparentbenefits?WhyshouldresourcesbespentonspaceratherthanonconditionsandpeopleonEarth?Thesearequestionsthat,understandably,areveryoftenasked.Perhapsthebestanswerliesinourgeneticmakeup(基因构成)ashumanbeings.Whatdroveourancestorstomovefromthetreesintotheplains,andonintoallpossibleareasandenvironments?Thewiderthespreadofaspecies,thebetteritschanceofsurvival.Perhapsthebestreasonforexploringspaceisthisgenetictendencytoexpandwhereverpossible.Nearlyeverysuccessfulcivilizationhasexplored,becausebydoingso,anydangersinsurroundingareascanbeidentifiedandpreparedfor.Withoutknowledge,wemaybecompletelydestroyedbythedanger.Withknowledge,wecanlessenitseffects.Explorationalsoallowsmineralsandotherpotential(潜在的)resourcestobefound.Evenifwehavenoimmediateneedofthem,theywillperhapsbeusefullater.Resourcesmaybemorethanphysicalpossessions.Knowledgeortechniqueshavebeenacquiredthroughexploration.Thetechniquesmayhavemedicalapplicationswhichcanimprovethelengthorqualityofourlives.Wehavealreadybenefitedfromotherspin-offsincludingimprovementsinearthquakeprediction,insatellitesforweatherforecastingandincommunicationssystems.Evennon-stickpansandmirroredsunglassesareby-products(副产品)oftechnologicaldevelopmentsinthespace,thechancetosaveourselvesmightnotexist.Whilemanyresourcesarespentonwhatseemsasmallreturn,theexplorationofspaceallowscreative,braveandintelligentmembersofourspeciestofocusonwhatmayservetosaveus.Whilespacemayholdmanywondersandexplanationsofhowtheuniversewas可知D正确。（2011·湖北卷）B

Howlingisabehaviorcommonlyobservedamongawolfpark.Ananimals,wolvesworktogethertohuntandrelyonhowlingwasanimportantmeansofcommunicationeachother.Therearedifferentexplantsofawolf’showlanditappearsthattheremaybemoretodiscover.

Onetheoryisthatwolveshowltobendbettertogether.It’salmostasifhowlingtogetherhelpsthepackstaytogether.Perhapssomethingsimilartopeoplefeelingasenseofinvolvementwitheachotherwhensingingasongtogether.Butthistheorymaybewrong,explainsFredH.Harington,aprofessorwhostudieswolfbehavior.

Indeed,therehavebeentineswhenwolveshavebeenseenonemomenthowlinginaexhorts,andthenext,quarrelinganionseachother.Itappearsthatusuallythelowest-tankingmenthesofthepackmayactuallybe“punished”forJoininginthechursattimes.Soishowlingawaytostrcagthenasocialboadorjustawaytoreconfirmstatusamongitsmembers?——Whydowelveshowlforsure?Whatiscleat,however,isthathowlingisoftenusedamongpackmatestolocateeachother.Huntinggroundsaredistantandithappensthatwolovesmayseparatefromoneanotherattimes.Whenthishappens,howlingappcarstobeanercellentmeansofgathering.Howling,interestingly,isacontagiousbehaviour.Whenonewolfstartstohowl,verylikelyotherswillfollow.Thisisoftenseentooccatinthemorning,asifwolvesweredoingsomesotrof“rollrall”wherewolvesallhowltogetertohowl,verylikelyotherswillfollow.Thisisoftenseentooccarinthemorning,asifwolvesweredoingwsomesotrof“rollcall”wherewolvesallhowltogethertorepotrtheirpteence.55.Whatthepossiblesimilaritybetweenwolves’howlingtogetherandhumansinginchorus?A.Theactofcallingeachother.B.thesenseofaccomplishment.C.Theactofhuntingforsomething.D.Thesenseofbelongingtoagroup.56.WhydoesHarringtonthinkthe“secialboad”theorymaybewrong?A.Wolvesseparatefromeachotherafterhowling.B.Wolvestendtoprotecttheirhuntinggrounds.C.Wolvessometimeshavequarrelsafterhowlingtogether.D.Wolvesoflowrankareencouragedtojoininthechorus.57.Reseatchersaresurethatwolvesoftenhowlto______.A.showtheirranksB.findtheircompanionC.reportthemissingonesD.expresstheirlonelingess58.“Howling…isacontagiousbehaviour”(inthelastparagraph)means_______.A.howlingisasignalforhuntingB.howlingisawayofcommunicationC.howlingaftenoccursinthemorningD.howlingspreadsfromonetoanother（2011·湖北卷）EWhichareyoumorelikelytohavewathyouatsnygivenmement—yourcellphoneoryourwallet?Soonyoumaybeabletothrowyourwalletawayandpayforthingswithaquickwaveofyoursmartphoneoveranelectrouescannet.InJanuary,Starbucksannouncedthatcustomerscouldstartusingtheirphonestobuycoffeein6,800ofitsstates.Thisisthefirstpay-by-phonepracticeintheU.S.,butwe’relikelytoseemorewitelesspaymentalternativesassomethingcalleducarfieldcommuncation(NFC)GETSINTOAmerica’sconsumetelectanies.LastDeccmbetsomenewsmartphaneswhichcantainanNFCchipwereintroducedtothepublic.AlreadyinuseinpartofAsiaandEurope,NFCallowsshopperstowavetheiephonesafewinchsaboveapaymentterminal-acontact-freesystembuildforspeedandconvenience.planafewinceesliveapaymenttetminalaoneafewptahtneedtobeworkedout,likewhowillgettocollecttheprofitabletrunsacian(交易)fees.AlthoughsomecreditcardprovidershavebeenexperimentingwithwaveandpaysystemsthatuseNFCenabledcreditcards,cellphoneserviceproviderstruaytrytomusedtheirwayintothepointofsale(POS)market.Threebigcellphoneserviceprovidershaveformedajoinftenture(合资企业)thatwillgointoopentionoverthenext15months.Itsgoalis“toleadtheU.S.paymentsindustryfromcardstomobilephone.”TheotherbigNFCsue,apartfromhowpaymeatswillbeprocessed,issecurity,Forinstance,what’stostopathieffromdigitallypickpocketingyou?“We’restillnotatthepointwhereanattackercanjustbrushagainstyeeinacrowdandstealallthemoneyoutofyourphone,”saysJimmyShah.Amobilesecurityrescarcher,“Useramayalsobeabletosettransactiontimeits,requiringapasswordtobeentecedforlargerputchases.Bussiness?Keepinmundyoulostyoursmartphone,itcanbelocatedonalocatedonamapandremotelydisabled.Plus,yourphonecanbepasswordprotected,Yourwalletisn’t.67.WhatispredictedtohappenintheU.S.?A.Theexpansionofcellphonecompanices.B.Theboomofpay-by-phonebusiness.C.Thedissppearanceofcreditcards.D.TheincreaseofStarbuckssales.s68.TheNFCtechnologycanbeusedto________.A.ensurethesafetyofshoppersB.collecttransactionfeeseasilyC.makepurchasefasterandsimplerD.improvethequalityofcellphones69.Threecellphoneserviceprovidersformajointventureto__________.A.strengthentheirrelationshipB.getashareinthepaymentsindustryC.sellmorecellphonesD.testtheNFCteehnoingy70.Accordingtothewhatcanusersdoiftheylosetheirsmartphones?A.Stopthefunctionoftheirphones.B.Stopapasswant.C.Catallthemoneyoutoftheirphones.D.Canlargepurchases.（2011·全国2卷）BForthosewhostudythedevelopmentofintelligence（智力）intheanimalworld,self-awarenessisanimportantmeasurement.Ananimalthatisaware（意识）ofitselfhasahighlevelofintelligence.Awarenesscanbetestedbystudyingwhethertheanimalrecognizesitselfinthemirror,thatis,itsownreflectedimage（反射出的影像）.Manyanimalsfailthisexercisebitterly,payingevrylittleattentiontothereflectedimage.Onlyhumans,andsomeintelligentanimalslikeapesanddolphins,haveshowntorecognizethattheimageinthemirrorisofthemselves.Nowanotheranimalhasjoinedtheclub.IntheProceedingsoftheNational“Wethoughtthatelephantswerethenextimportantanimal,”saidDinanaReissoftheWildlifeConservationSociety,anauthorofthestudywithJoshuaM.PlotnikandFansB.M.deWaalofEmoryTheresearcherstestedHappy,MaxineandPatty,threeelephantsattheBronxZoo.Theyputan8-foot-squaremirroronawalloftheanimals’playarea(outofthesightofzoovisitors)andrecordedwhathappenedwithcameras,includingonebuiltinthemirror.Theelephantsusedtheirlongnosestofindwhatwasbehindit,andtoexaminepartsoftheirbodies.Ofthethree,Happythenpassedthetest,inwhichaclearmarkwaspaintedononesideofherface.Shecouldtellthemarkwastherebylookinginthemirror,andsheusedthemirrortotouchthemarkwithherlongnose.DianaReisssaid,"Weknewelephantswereintelligent,butnowwecantalkabouttheirintelligenceinabetterway."45.Whatcanmirrorteststellusaboutanimals?A.Whethertheyhavelargebrains.B．Whethertheyhaveself-awareness.C.Whethertheyenjoyoutdoorexercises.D.Whethertheyenjoyplayingwithmirrors.46.Whydoestheauthormentionapesanddolphinsinthetext?A.Theyaremostfamiliartoreaders.B.Theyarebigfavoriteswithzoovisitors.C.TheyareincludedinthestudybyReiss.D.Theyarealreadyknowntobeintelligent.47.WhatmadeHappydifferentfromMaxineandPatty?A.Sheusedhernosetosearchbehindthemirror.B.Sherecognizedherownimageinthemirror.C.Shepaintedamarkonherownface.D.Shefoundthehiddencamera.【文章大意】自我意识是衡量动物智力水平的重要标志。一头亚洲象通过了测试，加入了高智商动物的行列。45.B细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句Awarenesscanbetestedbystudyingwhethertheanimalrecognizesitselfinthemirror,thatis,itsownreflectedimage可知，通过研究动物是否能在镜中识别自己可以测试它们是否有自我意识。46.D推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句Onlyhumans,andsomeintelligentanimalslikeapesanddolphins,haveshowntorecognizethattheimageinthemirrorisofthemselves.可知，作者提到猿和海豚是因为它们和人一样可以识别镜中自己的影像，是人们已知的高智商的动物。47.B细节理解题。根据倒数第二段，三头大象中只有Happy通过了镜子测试，也就是说只有她能识别镜中自己的影像，因此这是她有别于其他大象的地方，故选择B。（2011·福建卷）ETheinternetwillopenupnewvistas(前景),createtheglobalvillage—youcanmakenewfriendsallaroundtheworld.That,atleast,iswhatitpromisedus.Thedifficultyisthatitdidnottakethehumanmindintoaccount.Therealityisthatwecannotkeeprelationshipswithmorethanalimitednumberofpeople.Nomatterhowhardtheinternettriestoputyouincommunication,itsbesteffortswillbedefeatedhumanmind.Theproblemistwofold（双重的）.First,thereisalimitonthenumberofpeoplewecanholdinmindandhaveameaningfulrelationshipwith.Thatnumberisabout150andissetbythesizeofourbrain.Second,thequalityofyourrelationshipsdependsontheamountoftimeyouinvest（投入）inthem.Weinvestalotinasmallnumberofpeopleandthendistributionwhat’sleftamongasmanyothersaswecan.Theproblemisthatifweinvestlittletimeinaperson,ourengagementwiththatpersonwilldecline（减弱）untileventuallyitdiesinto“someoneIonceknew”.Thisisnot,ofcourse,tosaythattheinternetdoesn’tserveasociallyvaluablefunction.Ofcourseitdoes.Butthequestionisnotthatitallowsyoutoincreasethesizeofyoursocialcircletoincludetherestoftheworld,butthatyoucankeepyourrelationshipswithyourexistingfriendsgoingeventhoughyouhavetomovetotheothersideoftheworld.Inonesense,that’sagoodthing.Butitalsohasadisadvantage.Ifyoucontinuetoinvestinyouroldfriendseventhoughyoucannolongerseethen,thencertainlyyouaren’tusingyourtimetomakenewfriendswhereyounowlive.AndIsuspectthatprobablyisn’tthebestuseofyourtime.Meaningfulrelationshipsareaboutbeingabletocommunicatewitheachother,facetoface.Theinternetwillslowdowntheratewithwhichrelationshipsend,butitwon’tstopthathappeningeventually.72.Whatisstressedinthefirstparagraph?A.Thepresentsituationoftheinternet.B.Thedifficultyincommunicationontheinternet.C.Thesociallyvaluablefunctionoftheinternet.D.Theroleofthehumanmindintheinternetcommunication.73.Theunderlinedword“engagement”inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans“___________”.A.appointmentB.connectionC.interviewD.agreement74.Accordingtothepassage,theauthorholdstheviewthat___________.A.theinternetfailstoplaysovaluablearoleincommunicationasitpromisedB.theinternetdeterminesthequalityofsocialrelationshipsC.theinternetgreatlyincreasesthesizeofsocialcirclesD.theinternetcommunicationisnolesseffectivethantheface-to-facetalk75.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheuseoftheinternettostrengthenrelationships?A.Heisuncertainaboutit.B.HeishopefulofitC.HeapprovesofitD.Hedoubtsit【文章大意】本文介绍的是在人际交往中体现的因特网的利与弊。72.D推理判断题。文章第一段说虽然因特网有利于交朋友，但人的大脑关注的人的数量毕竟有限，所以因特网的”努力”会被人的大脑击败。显然强调的是人脑在网络交流中的作用。73.B猜测词义题。本文第二段讲到我们将大多数时间花在了与很少的人的交往中，而将很少的时间分给了很多人，这就会导致对某一个人投入的时间少，跟他的联系就会减弱，所以engagement应该是“联系”之意。74.A推理判断题。依据文章倒数第二段可知，作者认为因特网达不到第一段第一句话提及的目标，所以选A。75.D推理判断题。依据文章最后一段尤其是最后两句话可知，有意义的人际关系要能够面对面地交流，因特网无法阻止人际关系的淡化，所以作者对因特网会加强人与人之间的关系持怀疑态度。（2011·陕西卷）DEversincetheywerefirstputonthemarketintheearly1990s,genticallymondified(GM,转基因)foodshavebeenincreasinglydevelopedandmarketedinmanycountriesintheword,mainlyonthebasisoftheirpromisetoendtheworldwidefoodcrisis.ButcanGMtechnologysolveworldhungerproblems?Evenifitwould,isitthebestsolutiorr?Despitewhatitpromiises,GMtechnologyactuallyhasnotincreasedtheproductionpotentialofanycorp.InfactStudiesshowthatthemostcrownGMcroo.GMsoybeans,hassufferedreducedproductivity.Forinstance,areportthananalysednearlytwodecadesofresearchonmojorGMfoodcropsshowsthatGMengineeringhasfailedtosignificantlyincreaseUScropproduction.Somethingelse,however,ha