普通微生物学演示文稿

普通微生物学演示文稿目前一页\总数四十七页\编于十九点ScheduleofMicrobiologyAcademicunit：2credithours/week×17weeksPracticalunit：3credithours/twoweeks(oddweek)×6weeks

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references：《微生物学》，沈萍主编，高等教育出版社«Microbiology»fifthedition,Prescott,Harley,KleinWebsite:目前二页\总数四十七页\编于十九点ChapterⅠ:IntroductiontoMicrobiology目前三页\总数四十七页\编于十九点1.microorganismsandMicrobiologyMicroorganisms(微生物)arenotequaltogerms(病菌).WhatisMicroorganism?Microorganisms——verytinylifeforms,mostofthemcannotbeseenwithoutmagnificationMicrobiology(微生物学)——thesciencedealswithmicroorganismsBasicaspectAppliedaspect目前四页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Including:Bacteria(细菌),Fungi(真菌),Algae(藻类),Protozoa(原生动物)andViruses(病毒)Micrometer(m,微米)isalwaysusedtodescribethesizeofmicroorganisms.Microscope(显微镜)isalwaysusedtoobserveindividualmicroorganism.目前五页\总数四十七页\编于十九点ThediscoveryofmicroorganismsDiseases-----invisiblelivingcreaturesTheconflictoverspontaneousgeneration(自然发生学说）---livingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingmatterItalianphysicianFrancescoRedimeat---maggors？？3containersfinegauze：flieslayeggsonthegauzeuncovered:layeggsonthemeatpaper

目前六页\总数四十七页\编于十九点ThescientificmethodProblemDevelophypothesisSelectinformationneededtotesthypothesisCollectinformationbyobservationorexperimentAnalyzeinformationfalsificationHypothesissupportedHypothesisrejectedConstructnewhypothesisExposetomoretestsEventualfalsificationDevelopnewhypothesisincorporatingstrongpointsofoldhypothesisControlgroup目前七页\总数四十七页\编于十九点2.ImportanceofMicroorganismstoHumankindTheTotalofbacteriainsoil:10034×1012ton；onthesurfaceofmoney：9million；humanskin：100thousand/cm2；mouth：>500kinds；intestines：total1015

目前八页\总数四十七页\编于十九点1）benefits

ofMicroorganismsManymicroorganismsbenefithumans,producingfoodsweeat,removingwastesweproduce,andmakingantibiotics(抗生素)andvaccines(疫苗)foruseinmedicine.Microorganismsareessentialformaintainingthebalanceofnatureandsustaininglifeonearth.Whichotherbenefitsdomicroorganismshave?目前九页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Wineproduction目前十页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Wineandbeerproduction目前十一页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Beerfermentation目前十二页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Mushroomculture目前十三页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Wastewatertreatmentwithmicroorganism目前十四页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Methaneproduction目前十五页\总数四十七页\编于十九点2）MicroorganismsandDiseaseThereducedimpactonhumankindofdiseasescausedbymicroorganismsisdueinparttoadvancesinourscientificknowledgeofmicroorganismsandtheirinteractionswithhuman.——Vaccines(疫苗)andAntibiotics(抗生素)ThebattlebetweenhumansandmicroorganismswillcontinueEnemiesorfriends?目前十六页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Mortalityduetodifferentdiseasesin1900and1990’s目前十七页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Chickenpox(水痘)目前十八页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Measles(麻疹)目前十九页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Smallpox(天花)目前二十页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Colorizedmicrographofthehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thatcauseAIDS,onthesurfaceofacell目前二十一页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Coronavirus(冠状病毒)thatcauseSARS目前二十二页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Avianinfluenzavirus(禽流感病毒)目前二十三页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Streptococcussuis(猪链球菌)thatcancausedeathonbothpigsandhumanbeings目前二十四页\总数四十七页\编于十九点DistributionofHIV/AIDSpatients目前二十五页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Spoilageofdairy目前二十六页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Spoilageoffood目前二十七页\总数四十七页\编于十九点3.HistoricalPerspective

stageⅠ:DiscoveryofMicroorganismsLeeuwenhoek(列文虎克；吕文虎克)ofHollandinventedthefirstmicroscopeandmadethefirstrecordedobservationofbacteriain1670.目前二十八页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Leeuwenhoek’smicroscopesandhissketchesofbacteria目前二十九页\总数四十七页\编于十九点LouisPasteur&RobertKoch

a.Pasteur

LouisPasteur（1822～1895）stageⅡ:experimentalstage目前三十页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Spontaneousgenerationofmicroorganisms???目前三十一页\总数四十七页\编于十九点b.KochRobertKoch（1843～1910）目前三十二页\总数四十七页\编于十九点

discoveryofantibiotics：1929Fleming:discoveryofpenicillin1940Florey:purificationofpenicillinImmunologicalstudiesPasteur-----chickencholera（霍乱）stageⅢ:development目前三十三页\总数四十七页\编于十九点MainBranchesofMicrobiologystageⅣ:modernmicrobiology目前三十四页\总数四十七页\编于十九点4.classificationsandcharacteristics1）classificationsmicroorganismAcellular:virusProkaryotic：Eubacteria(真细菌）Archaebacteria（古细菌）Cellular:Eukaryotic：Fungi（真菌）Algae（藻类）Protozoa（原生动物）目前三十五页\总数四十七页\编于十九点目前三十六页\总数四十七页\编于十九点2）Characteristicssimplestructure,tinysize：measureunit：μmornmaveragelengthofrod：2μm；1500rodbacteria=thelengthofasesametheratioofsurfaceareatovolume(SA/V)ofmicroorganismislargerthanotherorganism.acellular（virus）；unicellular；multicellular目前三十七页\总数四十七页\编于十九点strongdigestionandtransformation

variouswaystoacquirenutrition

thesourceofthenutritiontomicoorganisms:cellulose,lignose,keratin,oil,methanol,methane,plastic,manyorganiccompounds

目前三十八页\总数四十七页\编于十九点quicklyreproduce，easilyculture

EachE.Coli:10–12grams，20minutes/generationafter24hours：4.7×1022cells，theweightis4722tonsafter48hours：2.2×1043cells，theweightis2.2×1025tons=4000timesoftheweightoftheGlobe！Manymicroorganismscanbeeasilyculturedinlabs！目前三十九页\总数四十七页\编于十九点strongresistbadenvironments,highmutationExtremeenvironment：hightemperature,lowT,highpressureHighmutationtosurvive:突变率：10-5

Lotmutationsinshorttime目前四十页\总数四十七页\编于十九点ProductionofPenicillin：20U/ml（1943）10000U/mlDosageofPenicillin：最高：105U/day（40s）数百万-千万单位/次目前四十一页\总数四十七页\编于十九点broaddistribution

Soil,water,air,onthesurfaceofanimalsandplantsandsoon10~20×104specieshavebeenconfirmed,onlyoccupy1%ofthetotalVariousmetabolicproducts；diversityofphysiology(生理）