胡壮麟语言学第四版

InvitationstoLinguistics1.1WhyStudyLanguage?1.2WhatIsLanguage?1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage1.4OriginofLanguage1.5FunctionsofLanguage1.6WhatIsLinguistics?1.7MainBranchesofLinguistics1.8Macrolinguistics1.9ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics1.1WhyStudyLanguage?1.Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction.2.Languageoperatesbyrules.3.Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem,asystemoflexicogrammarandasystemofsemantics.4.Everyonespeaksadialect.5.Languageslowlychanges.6.Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstylesandasetofjargons.7.Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem.8.Writingisderivativeofspeech.1.2WhatIsLanguage?Language:isasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguageArbitrarinessDualityCreativityDisplacement1.Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning2.Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel3.Arbitrarinessandconvention1.3.1Arbitrariness1.3.2DualityDuality(doublearticulation)Lowerlevel----sounds(meaningless)Higherlevel----meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)1.3.3CreativityPeculiartohumanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.Agibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesires1.3.4Displacement----Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.

1.4.OriginoflanguageOriginoflanguage语言旳起源是语言学旳基本理论问题之一。对于语言旳起源问题。有摹声说bow-wow、劳动号子yo-he-ho说、“社会契约”论和“手势语言”论。语言旳发展必然包括两个方面：语言交际功能旳发展和语言构造系统旳发展。消灭旳词汇不少，但是新产生旳更多。词汇变化旳另一形式体现为词意旳变化。词汇在不同旳历史时期能够具有不同旳词义，语音旳变化虽然不如词汇明显，但是它也是伴随时间旳推移在发展旳。英语历史上就出现了“元音大变迁”。语法也一样在发生变化。1.4.1The“bow-wow”theory1.4.2The“pooh-pooh”theory1.4.3The“yo-he-ho”theory1.4.1The“bow-wow”theoryInprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.Onomatopoeicwordsseemtobeaconvenientevidenceforthistheory.Buttheyareverydifferentinthedegreeofresemblancetheyexpresswiththenaturalsounds.Thistheorylackssupportiveevidence.

1.4.2The“pooh-pooh”theoryInthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpain,angerandjoy.Asforevidence,wecanonlycitetheuniversaluseofsoundsasinterjections.Twoproblems:Thereisonlyalimitednumberofinterjectionsinalmostalllanguages.Besides,interjectionssuchasOh,Ah,Oopsbearlittlerelationshipwiththesoundsystemofalanguageandthereforearenotgoodevidence.1.4.3The“yo-he-ho”theoryAsprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.Wedohaveprosodicuseofrhythmsinlanguages,butrhythmicgruntsarefardifferentfromlanguageinitspresentsense.Thetheoryisagainatmostaspeculation.1.5FunctionsoflanguageInformativeInterpersonalFunctionPerformativeEmotiveFunctionPhaticcommunionRecreationalFunctionMetalingualFunction1.6Whatislinguistics?Linguistics:isthescientificstudyoflanguageorthescienceoflanguage.Processoflinguisticstudy:①Certainlinguisticfactsareobserved,generalizationareformed;②Hypothesesareformulated;③Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;④Alinguistictheoryisconstructed.1.7MainbranchesoflinguisticsPhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmaticsPhonetics----speechsound(description,classification,transcription):articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,auditoryphonetics.Phonology----soundpatternsoflanguagesMorphology----theformofwordsSyntax----therulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentence.Semantics----themeaningoflanguage(whenthemeaningoflanguageisconductedinthecontextoflanguageuse----Pragmatics)Pragmatics---isthestudyofmeaningincontext.1.9Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics1.9.1Descriptivevs.PrescriptiveDescriptive----describe/analyzelinguisticfactsobservedorlanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)Prescriptive----laydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar)1.9.2Synchronicvs.Diachronic

Synchronicstudy----descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)

Diachronicstudy----descriptionofalanguagethroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime1.9.3Langue＆ParoleLangue----theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallm